ebusiness notes
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8/6/2019 Ebusiness Notes
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B2B Service Providers : Application Service Provider
Rents internet based software applications to businesses. Traditional software has been overtaken
in recent years by Web solutions, also known as ‘application service provider’, ‘software as a
service’ “online / hosted / on-demand software.”
Traditional software built on client-server architecture requires big up-front software investment
that's expensive to install and maintain. With an ASP rental model which follows a ‘pay-as-you-
go’ model held lower the price dramatically. It eliminates the need for a big up-front capital
investment thereby improving the ROI on Web based ASP model.
Traditional software implementations need 12 months or longer deployment time as compared to
ASP which happen in a matter of weeks or months.
With ASP solutions, basic customizations are easy, so even business users can make changes in
minutes via a point-and-click interface.
ASP provides unlimited scalability. Salesforce.com uses a multitenant approach, so there’s no
single instance of the software and you can scale your implementation fast—without incurring
high costs or waiting weeks or months.
ASP provide painless upgrades. Because deployments of new features are virtually
instantaneous, you’re always on the latest version with web-based CRM systems—so upgrades
are painless.
One area where this has been successfully applied is in Customer Relationship Management
(CRM) application. E.g. SalesForce.Com (ASP)
It is also known as Web-based CRM, hosted CRM, on-demand CRM, software-as-a-service
(SaaS) CRM, or cloud computing CRM—all these terms refer to the same thing: a new model
for delivering CRM over the Internet.
With this popular type of CRM offered by salesforce.com, there’s no software or hardware to
buy, install, maintain, or upgrade.
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Virtual Distributors : The first generation of Net markets provided community features alone.
However, in the second generation, transaction revenue derived from buying and selling products
is becoming critical. Virtual distributors are an example of this genre of trading exchange.
Virtual distributors offer one-stop shopping for a fragmented buyer and seller community by
aggregating disparate product information, primarily associated with multiple catalogs, from
multiple suppliers (i.e., manufacturers) into one mega-catalog.
Virtual distributors help streamline the supply chain for direct goods and lower transaction costs
by issuing a single purchase order and parsing the order to each relevant supplier that ships the
product direct.
Many have added richer services, such as meshing with software that handles a company’s
backend operations — from order-taking to tracking inventory. Virtual distributors generally
don’t carry inventory, nor do they directly supply products. Instead, they assist buyers in
arranging for third-party carriers to transport the ordered goods.
Virtual distributors can serve specific industries or multiple industries. Grainger's
OrderZone.com sells supplies across many industries. Chemdex in life sciences and PlasticsNet
in polymers and resins focus on specific industries.
Corporate Procurement Portals : Corporations with substantial buying power are racing to
create private portals for the procurement of both production- related goods and other goods.
Production goods include raw materials, components, assemblies, and other items needed to produce finished goods. Other goods are items businesses need for their daily operations (e.g.,
capital equipment, office and industrial supplies, and travel and entertainment).
Industry Consortiums: Large companies are using their clout to create industry consortiums.
These consortia are of two types: buyer consortiums and supplier consortiums.
A) In a buyer consortium, a group of large companies aggregate their buying power; the premise
being that more buying power will drive down prices. Traditional industry players have a big
advantage over Net-born startups when it comes to starting exchanges for high-volume
commodity goods. Their advantage stems from instant commercial activity and liquidity.
For instance, Eastman Chemical spun off its logistics operation into ShipChem.com, which will
help chemical suppliers arrange shipments. PetroCosm is an example of an industry consortium
for the oil and gas industry — with Chevron and Texaco as anchor participants and Ariba
providing the technology. Another example is MetalSpectrum, which plans to be the online
neutral marketplace for aluminum, stainless steel, and other specialty metals.
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B) Supplier-led consortiums also are emerging. These consortiums are forming in industries
where a few firms comprise a high concentration of market power. The big difference is that
supplier consortiums must give sponsors the opportunity to promote and differentiate their
products.
They must provide the most compelling environment for buyers by aggregating key industrysuppliers and offering a compelling amount of product depth, breadth, selection, and service. To
this end, supplier consortium sites will quickly evolve beyond the transactional focus of buyer-
centric markets to support value-added, pre- and post-sale support. These consortiums will likely
be most successful in segments where more complex products are traded.
i) The first hurdle is governance. Traditional competitors must form an independent
company that promotes the interests of all the participants.
ii) Technology selection is another hurdle. How will the consortium meet the
requirements of all its members, each of whom has its own technology standards and
systems?
iii) Antitrust is another issue that has to be worked out.
Pure e: Digital Products and Mobile Portals
Clearly, we’re entering the pure “e” decade: an era of digital products. A digital product is one
where the product is made online, stored online, sold online, delivered online, and consumed
online.
First-generation examples include music, software, books, and photos. Delivery of digital goods
has changed to become as an Internet service (e.g., streaming media) instead of as a packaged
product.
Even the means for creating digital content is changing. Factors contributing to the growth of
digital products:
i) The proliferation of Internet-access devices (e.g., set-top boxes, WebTV, and video game
consoles)
ii) Increasingly cheap and abundant bandwidth
iii) Falling prices for PCs
iv) The growing number of free PC programs
v) Industry standardization of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).
vi) In the standards area, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) lets digital content be writtenso it interfaces with speech and handwriting systems. This means such content can appear
in different forms than it has in the past.
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e-Portals, or business-to-consumer (B2C) models, have evolved in three phases in the last three
years. The first was saw looking towards increasing customer traffic and the second was towards
building better transaction capabilities. Now in the third phase, companies are beginning to
striving towards maintaining their differentiation over others and are engaging in partnershipswith Click-and-brick partnerships.
Collaborative Click and Brick
Brick and mortar + click and order = click and brick (C&B).
So-called bricks and mortar (BAM) companies are looking increasingly like new-economy
enterprises as they harness technology for greater productivity. A growing number of BAM
companies (e.g., Merrill Lynch, Circuit City, Toys ’R’ Us, Wal-Mart, and Barnes & Noble) have
adopted a digital business model.
Meanwhile, several Internet-based companies are also looking to build a physical channel in
addition to their virtual one. They want to move beyond selling strictly through the Net. So, the
most likely e-tail trend is adoption of the C&B model, a hybrid online / offline model requiring
both physical and digital assets and activities.
The C&B model allows an existing, offline business to profit from partnering with an emergingonline presence. A great example is discount stockbroker Charles Schwab.
Schwab’s success has proved that storefronts can drive traffic to Websites. Thefirm continues to
open new storefront offices every year because that’s where customers feel most comfortable
signing up for their accounts. But once the relationship is established, most customers use
Schwab’s Website to monitor and manage their accounts. The online customer costs less to
serve. This lesson has not been lost on other retailers, who are finally starting to see benefits of
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combining e-commerce with old-fashioned department-store service. An established retailer’s
name has tangible advantages in cyberspace, where consumers face too many choices.
A new variation in C&B strategy unfolded when Amazon.com revealed a 10-year partnership
with Toys ’R’ Us. Toys ’R’ Us will provide products and Amazon will sell and deliver them
through a new co-branded Website featuring toys and video games. Visitors to Toysrus.com will be redirected to Amazon.com. Amazon will receive periodic fixed payments, per-unit payments,
and a single-digit percentage of revenue. Many analysts see this strategic move as an
acknowledgement by Amazon that it can’t compete outside its core markets without significant
help selling such things as hardware, lawn and garden supplies, and furniture.
Online Auctions: Auctions are markets in which prices are variable and based on competition
among participants who are buying or selling products and services.
Variable Pricing: The price of the product varies, depending directly on the demand
characteristics of the customer and the supply situation of the seller. The merchants change their prices based on both their understanding of how much value the customer attaches to the product
and their own desire to make a sale. Likewise, customers change their offers to buy based on
both their perceptions of the seller’s desire to sell and their own need for the product.
Auctions are used in all the different E-Commerce segments – B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G.
Types of Auctions:
English Auctions: It is the easiest and most common type of auction. Typically, there is a single
item up for sale from a single seller. There is a time limit when the auction ends, a reserve price
below which the seller will not sell and a minimum incremental bid set. Multiple buyers bidagainst one another until the auction time limit is reached. The highest bidder wins the item.
Dutch Auctions: It is used where sellers start by listing a minimum starting bid for one item, and
the number of items for sale. Bidders specify both a bid price and the quantity they want to buy.
If there are more buyers than items, the earliest successful bids get the goods.
Reverse Auctions: It is reverse English Auction. Multiple sellers bid against one another until the
time limit is reached. The lowest-price provider wins the item.
Name Your Own Price Auctions: This type of auction was pioneered by Priceline.com and is a
type of Reverse Auction. In this type of auction, the users specify what they are willing to payfor goods and services, and multiple providers bid for their business. Prices do not descend and
are fixed: the initial consumer offer is a commitment to purchase at that price. The incentive to
the providers is to be able to sell perishable services such as airline seats, hotel rooms, rental
cars, vacation packages and cruises on a last minute basis.
When to Use Auctions (and For What): There are many situations when auctions are the
appropriate channel for businesses to consider.
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F1) Type of Product: Online auctions are most commonly used for rare and unique products for
which prices are difficult to discover, and there may have been no market for the goods.
F2) Product Life Cycle: By and large businesses have traditionally used auctions for goods at the
end of their product life cycle and for products where auctions yield a higher price than fixed-
price liquidation sales.
However for digital content such as music, books, games and digital appliances, they are being
sold at the beginning of their life cycle to highly motivated early adopters who want to be the
first in their neighborhood with new products
F3) Type of Auction: English ascending-price auctions are best for sellers when there are large
numbers of buyers and as the number of bidders increases, the higher the price tends to move.
F4) Initial pricing: Research suggests that auction item should start out with low initial bid prices
in order to encourage more bidders to bid. The lower the price, the larger the number of bidders
will appear and the higher the prices move
F5) Bid Increments: It is generally safest to keep bid increments low so as to increase the number
of bidders and the frequency of their bids.
F6) Auction Length: In general, the longer the duration of the auction, the larger the number of
bidders and the higher the prices can go. However, once the new bid arrival rate drops off and
approaches zero, bid price stabilize. Most eBay auctions are scheduled for 3 days.
F7) Number of Items: When a business has a number of items to sell, buyers usually a ‘volume
discount’ and this expectation can cause lower bids in return. Therefore, sellers should consider
breaking up very large bundles into smaller bundles auctioned at different times.
F8) Price allocation Rules: Most buyers believe it is ‘fair’ to pay the same price in a multi-unit
auction, and a uniform pricing rule is recommended. Therefore, sellers who want to discriminate
based on price should do so by holding auctions for the same goods on different auction markets,
or at different times, to prevent direct price comparison.
F9) Closed or Open Bidding: Closed bidding has many advantages for the seller, and sellers can
have price discrimination without offending buyers. However, open bidding carries the
advantage of ‘herd effects’ in which consumers’ competitive instincts to ‘win’ drive prices
higher than even closed bidding.