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Contents

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Government of the People,

by the People, for the People

Section 2 The Path to Citizenship

Section 3 The Diversity of Americans

Review to Learn

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

CIV Reference Atlas.ppt

CIV Gallery of Presidents.ppt

CIV United States Facts.ppt

CIV Government and Economic DB.ppt

Chapter Intro 1

Chapter Overview

In Chapter 1 you learn about aspects of American government and citizenship. Section 1 identifies the functions of democratic government. Section 2 describes how people become American citizens. Section 3 examines the benefits of diversity in the United States.





Chapter Intro 2

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• Analyze different functions of government.

• Describe the process of naturalization.

• Explain how diversity contributes to the culture of United States.





Chapter Intro 3

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

End of Intro

Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

Democratic governments perform necessary functions so citizens can live together peacefully.

• civics

Main Idea

Key Terms

• citizen

• government

• public policy

• budget

• dictatorship

• democracy

• direct democracy

• representative democracy

• majority rule




Section 1-2

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Organizing Information Create a chart like the one on page 6 of your textbook. Then list the levels of government, a function of each, and an example of the level and function in the correct columns.

• Why do people need governments?

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• What purposes do governments serve?




Section 1-3


Aristotle teaches



Section 1-4

What Is Civics?

• Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens.

• In ancient Greece and Rome, only men with property could be citizens.

• Today, most people are citizens of the country where they live.

• Citizens have rights and responsibilities. Citizens agree to accept the government’s authority and follow its rules.


(page 6)



Section 1-5

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What is civics?

Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens.

What Is Civics? (cont.)



Section 1-6

The Need for Government

• A government is the ruling authority for a community.

• It has the power to make and enforce laws for its members.

• Thomas Hobbes claimed that without government, human beings would compete for territory, resources, and power.

• Fighting would be common, and survival would depend on strength and cunning.


(page 7)



Section 1-7

The Need for Government (cont.)

• Government can make it possible for people to live together peacefully and productively.

(page 7)



Section 1-8


How can government make it possible for people to live together peacefully and productively?

Government has the power to make and enforce laws. It sets the rules that keep a community from becoming a chaotic free-for-all.

The Need for Government (cont.)

(page 7)



Section 1-9

The Functions of Government

• Governments keep order and provide security.

• They make laws to help prevent conflicts among people and to settle conflicts that do arise.

• They set up armed forces and agencies to defend citizens and their land from enemies.


(pages 7–9)



Section 1-10

The Functions of Government (cont.)

• Governments provide services that would not be available without cooperation and coordination.

• They provide services to keep the public healthy and safe. They also give help to needy people.

• Governments guide the community.

• They set public policy, or a course of government action to achieve community goals.

• They make public policy when they pass laws to reach a public policy goal.


(pages 7–9)



Section 1-11


• Governments create a budget, or a plan for collecting and spending money, as part of policy decisions.

• Governments develop relations with the community’s neighbors and other outsiders for the benefit of all.


(pages 7–9)



Section 1-12


What are some key functions of government?

Governments help to keep order and provide security. They provide services that would not be available without cooperation and coordination. They guide the community by setting public policy, formulating budgets, and developing relations with the community’s neighbors and other outsiders.


(pages 7–9)



Section 1-13

Levels of Government

• Many levels of government may exist within a country.

• The highest level in the United States is the national government, centered in the capital, Washington, D.C.

• It makes laws for the entire country.


(pages 9–10)



Section 1-14

Levels of Government (cont.)

• State governments make laws for the people of their states.

• Local governments include counties, cities, and towns.

• State and local governments cannot take actions that go against laws and authority of the national government.


(pages 9–10)



Section 1-15


Name the levels of government, from the broadest level of authority to the narrowest.

The national government has the broadest level of authority, followed by state and local governments. Governing bodies of organizations are the narrowest level of those discussed.

Levels of Government (cont.)

(pages 9–10)



Section 1-16

Democratic Government

• A dictatorship is a government controlled by one person or a small group.

• The United States government is a democracy, a government in which the people rule.

• In a democracy, all citizens share in governing and being governed.


(pages 10–12)



Section 1-17

Democratic Government (cont.)

• Democracy began in ancient Athens.

• Athens had a direct democracy–all citizens met to debate government matters and vote firsthand.

• Large populations make direct democracy impractical for most countries today.

• Citizens instead choose a smaller group to represent them, make laws, and govern on their behalf.

• This is a representative democracy.


(pages 10–12)



Section 1-18


• Democracies have free and open elections.

• Everyone’s vote carries the same weight, or “one person, one vote.”

• All candidates have the right to express their views freely.

• Legal requirements for voting are kept to a minimum.

• Citizens may vote freely by secret ballot, without fear of punishment.


(pages 10–12)



Section 1-19


• Citizens agree that when differences of opinion arise, we will abide by what most people want.

• This is the principle of majority rule.

• At the same time, we must respect the rights of those in the minority.


(pages 10–12)



Section 1-20


What are five fundamental principles of American democracy?

Five fundamental principles of American democracy are (1) rule of law–all people are bound by law, (2) limited government– government may do only what the people give it the power to do, (3) consent of the governed–citizens are the source of government power, (4) democracy–the people rule, and (5) representative government–people elect their leaders.


(pages 10–12)



Section 1-21

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem

__ 2. a form of democracy in which the people vote firsthand

__ 3. the study of the rights and duties of citizens

__ 4. a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalf

__ 5. a plan for making and spending money

A. civics

B. budget

C. direct democracy

D. public policy

E. representative democracy

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C

A

D

E

B

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.



Section 1-22

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Compare What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?

In a direct democracy all citizens participate. In a representative democracy citizens choose a smaller group to represent them to govern.




Section 1-23


Identify What three levels of government exist in the United States?

The three levels of government in the United States are national, state, and local.




Section 1-24

Critical Thinking

Making Predictions What do you think would happen if there were no governments anywhere in the world? Describe such a situation, and then explain why governments are necessary.

Possible answers: Chaos, fighting, and individuals struggling to meet their needs single-handedly might happen if there were no governments in the world.




Section 1-25

Analyzing Visuals

Conclude Review the fundamental principles of American democracy on page 11. How does the American government carry out the principle of consent of the governed?

American citizens are the source of governmental power.




Section 1-26

Close

Read the following words from Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: “Government of the people, by the people, for the people.” Give an example of how citizens carry out the principle of democracy expressed in each phrase.



End of Section 1


Section 2-1

Guide to Reading

A person not born in the United States can become a citizen through the process of naturalization. Some residents of the United States are not citizens.

• naturalization

Main Idea

Key Terms

• alien

• immigrant

• deport




Section 2-2

Sequencing Information As you read, complete a chart like the one found on page 14 of your textbook, and list the steps in the naturalization process.

• How can people become citizens of the United States?

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• How are both legal and illegal aliens able to live in the United States?





Section 2-3


American soldier during the Vietnam War



Section 2-4

Who Are America’s Citizens?

• The U.S. Constitution establishes two ways to become a citizen: by birth and, for foreigners, by a legal process called naturalization.

• You would automatically be an American citizen if you were born in a state or the District of Columbia, in an American territory, or on a U.S. military base overseas.


(pages 14–16)



Section 2-5

Who Are America’s Citizens? (cont.)

• You can also claim citizenship if your parents are both citizens or one parent is a citizen who has lived in the United States.

• Children born on American soil to non-U.S. citizens also acquire U.S. citizenship, except for children of foreign diplomats.

• A child born abroad to American parents may hold dual citizenship.


(pages 14–16)



Section 2-6


• Noncitizens, or aliens, may become naturalized citizens.

• More than half a million immigrants–people who move permanently to a new country– gain American citizenship each year.


(pages 14–16)



Section 2-7


• Aliens must file a Declaration of Intention with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).

• They may apply for citizenship after living in the United States for 5 years (3 years for aliens married to citizens).

• Then, after an interview with an INS agent, the applicant must take a citizenship exam.

• If the INS decides to grant citizenship, the new citizen pledges allegiance to this country in a ceremony.


(pages 14–16)



Section 2-8


• Americans keep their citizenship for life, unless they choose to give it up.

(pages 14–16)



Section 2-9


Under what circumstances might an American hold dual citizenship?

Dual citizenship means that the person enjoys rights in two countries at the same time. A child born abroad to American parents may be both a U.S. citizen and a citizen of the child’s country of birth.


(pages 14–16)



Section 2-10

Aliens in America

• The United States restricts the number of immigrants who can enter the country.

• Highest priority goes to relatives of U.S. citizens and people with needed skills.


(pages 16–17)



Section 2-11

Aliens in America (cont.)

• Many aliens live in the United States illegally.

• Most come looking for a better life.

• Without friends and family here, life is hard.

• Laws forbid hiring illegal aliens, so work is hard to find.

• They live in fear that the government will discover and deport them–send them back to their own country.


(pages 16–17)



Section 2-12


• Legal aliens live like most Americans. They hold jobs and pay taxes.

• They do not have full political rights.

• They may not vote, run for office, or work in most government jobs.

• They must carry identification cards.


(pages 16–17)



Section 2-13


What types of immigrants benefit from the Immigration Act of 1990?

Because of the act, emphasis has shifted toward welcoming “those who want to work and produce and contribute.” The new policy benefits people with particular skills, talents, or the money to invest in our economy.


(pages 16–17)



Section 2-14


__ 1. a person who moves permanently to a new country

__ 2. to send an alien or immigrant back to his or her own country

__ 3. a legal process to obtain citizenship

__ 4. a noncitizen

A. naturalization

B. alien

C. immigrant

D. deport


D

A

C

B




Section 2-15


Explain What is dual citizenship? How can an American obtain dual citizenship?

Dual citizenship allows a person to enjoy rights in the U.S. and another country. A child born to American citizens in a foreign country would have dual citizenship.




Section 2-16


Describe What is the most common way that a person loses American citizenship?

The most common way to lose American citizenship is by voluntarily giving it up. A formal oath must be signed in a foreign country before an American official to renounce citizenship.




Section 2-17

Critical Thinking

Synthesizing Information If you were a government official, how would you prevent illegal aliens from entering the United States?

Possible answers: Controlling borders and punishing employers of illegal aliens are two ways to prevent illegal aliens from entering the United States.




Section 2-18

Analyzing Visuals

Explain Reread the Oath of Allegiance to the United States on page 15. What must naturalized citizens publicly renounce or give up?

Naturalized citizens must publicly renounce all loyalty to any foreign government.




Section 2-19

Close

Should American citizens by birth be expected to meet the same requirements for citizenship as naturalized citizens? Explain your answers.



End of Section 2


Section 3-1

Guide to Reading

In addition to its common values and civic unity, the United States benefits from its rich diversity.

• migration

Main Idea

Key Terms

• patriotism

• terrorism




Section 3-2

Identifying Information As you read, create a web diagram like the one shown on page 19 of your textbook, in which you list as many examples of diversity in the United States as you can.

• How and why do Americans represent diverse cultures?

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• What are the common values and civic unity that hold together Americans from diverse racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds?





Section 3-3


Immigrants entering the United States at Ellis Island, New York, in the late 1800s



Section 3-4

A Nation of Immigrants

• All of today’s more than 281 million Americans are descended from immigrants.

• Many scholars believed the first Native Americans crossed a land bridge from Asia to North America.

• The first Europeans to settle permanently in North America came from Spain during the 1500s.

• They settled in Florida, California, and the Southwest.


(pages 19–21)



Section 3-5

A Nation of Immigrants (cont.)

• Beginning in the 1600s, people arrived from France and England.

• The French settled in Canada and around the Mississippi River.

• The English settled mainly along the east coast, creating the 13 colonies.

• A flood of immigrants arrived between 1860 and 1890, many from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

• Another flood arrived between 1890 and 1924, mostly from central and eastern Europe.


(pages 19–21)



Section 3-6


• Today, Latin America accounts for the largest share of newcomers, followed by Asia.

• Western and central Africans were brought to America by force and sold as slaves.


(pages 19–21)



Section 3-7


Why did so many Europeans come to the United States after it gained independence?

After independence, the United States became known throughout Europe as a land of promise.


(pages 19–21)



Section 3-8

A Diverse Population

• Americans are ethnically diverse.

• Whites of European descent are the largest group, followed by African Americans and Hispanics, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans.

• Religious diversity thrives in the United States as well.

• American culture is a rich blend of varied influences.


(pages 21–22)



Section 3-9


Who are Hispanics?

Hispanics are people of any race who trace their ancestry to the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere.

A Diverse Population (cont.)

(pages 19–21)



Section 3-10

A Growing and Changing Population

• In the mid-1800s people began moving from farms to factory jobs in cities.

• In recent decades manufacturing jobs declined and service jobs increased.

• More women have entered the workforce.


(page 22)



Section 3-11

A Growing and Changing Population (cont.)

• After slavery ended, a migration, or mass movement, occurred as African Americans left the South seeking jobs in the North.

• Today the South is the most populous and, along with the West, the fastest growing area of the country.


(page 22)



Section 3-12


• The average age of citizens is climbing upward.

• More Americans now earn college degrees.

• Hispanics are the fastest-growing ethnic group.


(page 22)



Section 3-13


Why is the average age of American citizens climbing upward?

Americans are living longer and having fewer children.


(page 22)



Section 3-14

Unity Among Citizens

• Americans share a common civic and political heritage based on the country’s founding documents.

• These include ideals of individual rights, popular sovereignty, equal justice under the law, and majority rule through a representative government.

• A common language is another source of unity.


(page 23)



Section 3-15

Unity Among Citizens (cont.)

• Americans show patriotism–love for one’s country.

• We follow the nation’s laws.

• The attacks of September 11, 2001, were acts of terrorism–the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal.

• Americans responded with courage and unity.


(page 23)



Section 3-16


What are some ways that Americans show patriotism?

Some ways include flying the flag, singing the national anthem, and reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Americans also follow the nation’s laws and participate in civic life.

Unity Among Citizens (cont.)

(page 23)



Section 3-17


__ 1. a mass movement of people from one area to another

__ 2. the love for one’s country

__ 3. the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

A. patriotism

B. terrorism

C. migration


A

C


B



Section 3-18


Identify Who were the first immigrants to what is now the United States?

Native Americans who arrived after crossing the land bridge that connected Asia and North America were the first immigrants.




Section 3-19


Describe What immigrants did not come willingly to the United States?

Enslaved Africans did not come willingly to the United States.




Section 3-20

Critical Thinking

Evaluating Information What do you think is the most important source of American unity? Explain your answer.

Possible answers may include liberty, equality, or freedom.




Section 3-21

Analyzing Visuals

Identify Review the graph on page 20 of your textbook that shows immigration to the United States. About how many immigrants came to the United States between 1981 and 1990?

Between 1981 and 1990 about 7.3 million immigrants came to the United States.




Section 3-22

Close

What three founding documents form the basis for Americans’ civic and political heritage? What values are in these documents?



End of Section 3


Review 1

Section 1: Government of the People, by the People, for the People

• People need governments to make and enforce laws and to help us meet our needs.

• Three main levels of government exist in the United States.




Review 2


Section 2: The Path to Citizenship

• According to the U.S. Constitution, people can become American citizens by birth and through naturalization.

• Millions of illegal aliens live in the United States. Legal aliens have entered the country legally.



Review 3


Section 3: The Diversity of Americans

• The United States is a land of immigrants.

• Americans have a common civic and political heritage, and a single language.



End of Review


Chapter Assessment 1


Reviewing Key Terms

__ 1. a display of love for one’s country

__ 2. the study of the rights and duties of citizens

__ 3. a plan for making and spending money

__ 4. noncitizens living in a nation

__ 5. people who move permanently to a new country

A. aliens

B. budget

C. civics

D. deport

E. immigrants

F. naturalization

G. patriotism

H. public policy

I. representative government

J. terrorism

C

B

G


A

E





Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 6. a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalf

__ 7. a legal process to obtain citizenship

__ 8. to send an alien or immigrant back to his or her own country

__ 9. the use of violence against civilians to achieve a political goal

__ 10. the course of government action to achieve community goals

F

D

I

J

H

A. aliens

B. budget

C. civics

D. deport

E. immigrants

F. naturalization

G. patriotism

H. public policy

I. representative government

J. terrorism





Reviewing Main Ideas

What three levels of government exist in the United States, and which is the highest?

The three levels of government in the United States are national, state, and local governments. The national government is the highest level of government.





Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.)

What are the primary functions of government?

The primary functions of government are keeping order and security, providing public services, and guiding the community.






In what ways can a person become a citizen of the United States?

A person can become a citizen of the United States by being born in the United States, by being born to U.S. citizens, or through naturalization.






What political rights do legal aliens in the United States not have?

Aliens cannot vote, serve on juries, hold many government jobs, or travel without identification.






After whites of European descent, what are the two largest ethnic groups in the United States?

The two largest ethnic groups in the United States after whites of European descent are African Americans and Hispanics.





Critical Thinking

Making Predictions What do you think would happen to the United States if all immigration stopped?

Possible answers: American culture would become less diverse after a period of time.




Critical Thinking (cont.)

Categorizing Information On a chart like the one on page 25 of your textbook, write as many examples of the functions of government as possible.





Analyzing Visuals

Study the political cartoon on page 25 of your textbook. What are these wealthy American citizens saying to newly arrived immigrants? How do you suppose these wealthy men came to be Americans?

The wealthy men are trying to stop immigration even though they themselves are descendants of immigrants. The shadows represent their immigrant ancestors.




Directions: Choose the best answer to the following statement.

A person may become a citizen of the United States by all of the following ways EXCEPT

A through naturalization.

B by being born in the United States.

C by being born in American territory outside the United States.

D by being born to a foreign diplomat working in the United States.

Test-Taking Tip Read the question carefully. You are looking for the answer choice that does NOT fit with the question.






How do governments help needy people?

Government agencies give unemployed people food aid or cash and also supply affordable housing, health care, job training, and special programs for people with disabilities.



End of Assessment


Civics Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & You Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://civ.glencoe.com

M&C Contents

Charts

Functions of Government

Fundamental Principles of American Democracy

U.S. Immigration, Selected Decades

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Skillbuilder 1

When you read a sports or fashion article, you usually remember the highlights about the topic described. The highlights are main ideas. Identifying main ideas is a useful skill when you read textbooks, news reports, or reference materials. It will help you remember information for a test and become and informed citizen.

Identifying the Main Idea


Why Learn This Skill?

Skillbuilder 2

Learning the Skill

To identify the main ideas in a passage, follow these steps:

• Determine the topic discussed in the paragraph or other selection you are reading. There may be a title or bold heading to help you. You might also skim the selection to find the topic.

• Read to learn what the selection says about the topic. Ask yourself: What is the purpose of this information?

• Identify important details that support the topic being discussed.



Skillbuilder 3

Learning the Skill

• Identify the main idea. The main idea may be found in a topic sentence at the beginning or end of a passage. The main idea may also be described in several sentences. Sometimes, however, the main idea may be implied, or stated indirectly.

• After reading the selection, look away. Mentally restate the main idea in your own words.



Skillbuilder 4

Practicing the Skill

Read the passage below and answer the following questions.


A person who has dual citizenship claims citizenship in two countries. He or she is obliged to obey the legal requirements of citizenship of both countries. To avoid problems, a person who is or plans to become a dual citizen needs to know the laws of both countries. In some cases, the person may automatically lose citizenship in one country upon becoming a citizen of the other. The dual citizen will likely need separate passports for entering or leaving each country. Both countries may require the dual citizen to pay taxes or to serve in the military.

Skillbuilder 5


1. Which sentence states the main idea of the passage?

“He or she is obliged to obey the legal requirements of citizenship of both countries.”

You may note that a person with dual citizenship needs to know the regulations regarding citizenship status, passports, taxes, military service, and travel and visiting between countries.


2. What details support the main idea?

Skillbuilder 6



3. Restate the main idea in your own words.

Possible answer: “A person who is a citizen of two countries should be aware of both countries’ laws.”

CC1

Language Arts Thomas Hobbes studied ancient languages as well as government. At age 84, Hobbes wrote his autobiography in Latin and three years later, translated Homer’s Odyssey into English.

DYK1

Government-managed parks often include more than playgrounds and campsites. For example, Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historical Park in Texas features a nineteenth-century farm, complete with livestock and crops. People in period costumes work on the farm using tools and methods from the 1850s.

WWWW1

Washington, D.C. The nation’s capital is just one of many places in the United States named after George Washington. In addition to the state of Washington, thirty-two counties and more than one hundred cities and towns bear the name of the first president.

Time1

What statement is the voter making with his words? How do the voter’s actions contradict his speech?


Time2

The voter is demanding that government “get off his back.” Yet in the cartoon, the voter is clinging to the government’s back, suggesting a contradiction between citizens’ desire to be left alone and their demand for government programs and services.

DFT1


Slaves, women, foreigners, and children could not vote in Athenian democracy.

DFT2


DFT3


The French claimed the area that is now New Orleans.

End of Custom Show

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