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Contents

Chapter Focus

Section 1 Population Patterns

Section 2 History and Government

Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter Assessment

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The Cultural Geography of South Asia

Section 2-1b

Identify and Locate Mohenjo-Daro, Hindu Kush, Gupta Empire, Maurya Empire, Mogul Empire, British India

Section Objectives 1. Explain the early civilizations that

developed in South Asia. 2. Compare the characteristics of Hinduism and Buddhism.

3. Identify the empires established inSouth Asia.

4. Explain how South Asians achieved independence.

History and Government

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Section 2-2

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Introduction

• Three groups of Invaders, initially the Aryans

Then the Muslims

Then the Europeans,

• Each had significant influence on the region’s cultural development.

• Indo-Gangetic Plain attracted many groups of people.

Section 2-3


Early History• One of the world’s first great civilizations arose in the Indus Valley

– Around 2500 B.C.,

– likely founded by immigrants from Iran.

MOVEMENT

• The immigrants developed – writing system

– strong central government

– rich overseas trade.

Section 2-3


Early HistoryMOVEMENT

• Mohenjo-Daro, – present-day Pakistan

– boasted great wealth and sophisticated technology.

• Environmental changes may have led to the decline of this great civilization between 1700 B.C. and 1500 B.C.

Section 2-4


Early History (cont.)

MOVEMENT

• The Indus River changed its course– some cities flooded

– other cities became stranded

• Upon collapse, the Aryans entered the region from the northwest.

Section 2-5



• The Aryans left behind few artifacts,– sacred literature called the Vedas.

MOVEMENT

• These four books explained Aryan religious beliefs and how Aryan society was divided into three classes:

– nobles

– priests

– ordinary people

Section 2-6



• At first these classes were fairly flexible.

MOVEMENT

• Eventually a rigid caste system developed in which people could not change their social status.

• This system prevailed in India for centuries.

Section 2-7


Religions• Hinduism and Buddhism, began in

India.

PLACE

• To understand Indian history and culture, it is important to understand the origins and the teachings of these religions.

Section 2-8


• Hinduism is both a way of life and a set of beliefs.

• Hindus believe that…

• Hinduism grew out of Aryan culture– incorporated the caste system first laid out in the

Vedas.

Hinduism

– every individual must live according to her or his own dharma, or moral duty.

– good actions are rewarded and bad deeds punished according to the law of karma.

Section 2-8


Hinduism cont’

•people are reincarnated, or reborn, repeatedly until they have overcome all their weaknesses and earthly desires.

– At that point, they are released from the cycle of rebirth and achieved Moksha.

Section 2-9


• As a man, Siddhartha had everything he could want, but his awareness of human suffering made him unable to enjoy life, so he went on a pilgrimage.

• After years, Siddhartha perceived the true nature of human existence, and he became known as the Buddha, or the Awakened One.

• In approximately 563 B.C., in present-day Nepal, a prince was born– Siddhartha Gautama.

Buddhism

–Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living.

Section 2-10


• To escape the chain of desire and suffering which leads to endless rebirth, one must live by certain rules, including

– thinking clearly,

– acting wisely,

– behaving kindly toward others.

• Buddha spent his life teaching that people suffer because they are overly attached to material things.

Buddhism (cont.)

Section 2-10


• Buddha had no religious rituals but offered human beings a practical way out of unhappiness into a state of great insight, calm, and happiness, called nirvana.

Buddhism (cont.)


Invasions and Empires• After the Aryans, many other groups of invaders entered

South Asia through the Hindu Kush Mountain range in the northwest.

MOVEMENT

Section 2-11


Invasions and EmpiresMOVEMENT

• First, the Maurya established an empire that lasted from about 320 B.C., to 180 B.C.

• The last and greatest Mauryan emperor was named Asoka, a Hindu that helped spread Buddhism.

Section 2-12


Invasions and Empires (cont.)

• About 500 years later, the Gupta dynasty created a new empire in northern India, which lasted from about A.D. 320 to 550.

MOVEMENT

• Muslim merchants, adventurers, and missionaries first entered India in the 700s.

• By the 1100s, Muslim armies had conquered northern India, and a succession of Muslim conquerors ruled the subcontinent for the next several centuries.

Section 2-13



• The final invaders were the Europeans who arrived about 1500.

MOVEMENT

• The Portuguese arrived first, mainly to trade.

• By the early 1600s, England had become the leading European power, largely because of the success of its royal trading company, the East India Company. It occupied almost the entire region.

Section 2-14



• Under the company’s rule came the reorganization of education, the introduction of the English language, and the development of a civil service.

MOVEMENT

Map Supplement 2.1

Section 2-15


Modern South Asia• Today the countries of South Asia are independent of

European control, an independence that did not come easily.

PLACE

Section 2-16


• A British-trained lawyer, Mohandas K. Gandhi, believed that Indians should rely on nonviolent methods to persuade the British to leave India.

• Under his guidance, many Indians refused to buy British-made goods.

• Known as Mahatma, or “Great Soul,” Gandhi was often imprisoned and went on a hunger strike.

• Many people of South Asia wanted freedom from the United Kingdom.

Independence

Section 2-17


• In 1947 British India was divided into 2 independent states. • Areas with a Muslim majority became part of the Muslim nation of Pakistan, while

areas with a majority of Hindus became part of the nation of India.

• Under this plan, Pakistan consisted of 2 sections–East Pakistan and West Pakistan.

• By the end of World War II, the British were tired of fighting faraway conflicts and agreed to grant independence.

Independence (cont.)

Section 2-18


• In the northern part of the subcontinent, Bhutan and Nepal had always remained independent of the British.

• British-ruled Ceylon was granted independence and, in 1972, changed its name to Sri Lanka.

Independence (cont.)

Section 2-19


• Muslims living in mostly Hindu India fled to Pakistan. • Many Hindus in Pakistan migrated to India.

• Rioting broke out, and tens of thousands were killed.

• Problems also developed between the people of East and West Pakistan.

• After independence (1947), tensions arose between Muslims and Hindus.

Today’s Governments

Section 2-20


• The current governments of South Asia include democracies and monarchies.

• India is a federal parliamentary republic.

• Sri Lanka and Bangladesh also have parliamentary systems. • Pakistan today has a president who is elected indirectly by members of the legislature.

• Bhutan and Nepal are monarchies.

• In 1971, East Pakistan revolted and declared itself the independent nation of Bangladesh.

Today’s Governments (cont.)

Section 2-Assessment 1

In what part of South Asia were the first great cities built?

The first great cities were built in the Indus River valley.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-Assessment 2

Compare and contrast Buddhism and Hinduism.

Both teach that people are reincarnated until they overcome their weaknesses. Buddhism has no religious rituals.


End of Section 2

Summary 2

Section 2 Summary

• Many peoples have conquered South Asia, from the Aryans to the British.

• Two of the world’s great religions–Hinduism and Buddhism–originated in South Asia.

• After World War II, the region achieved independence from the British Empire.

• Today most of the people of South Asia elect their leaders.

• The Indus Valley was home to one of the world’s first great civilizations.


Goto Contents

What is the topic of the graphs?

population growth in India and Pakistan


What time period is measured on these graphs?

1980–2010, thirty years


What do the numbers on the y-axis represent?

millions of people


What was the approximate population of each country in 1992?

Pakistan–about 120 million; India–almost 900 million



Are the figures shown for the year 2010 actual or estimated? Why?

They are estimated based on the continuation of current population trends.

Section Focus 2

Section Focus 2 (Answers)

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