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Presentation Plus! The American Vision

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Welcome to Presentation Plus!

Splash Screen

15 What are the qualities of effective leaders?

Examine the Issues

Against the backdrop of an intense space race between America

and the Soviet Union, the 1960 presidential election approaches.

The leading candidates are a young, charismatic senator and the

ambitious, experienced vice-president. The new president will

face tremendous responsibilities. Abroad, the Soviet Union is

stockpiling nuclear weapons. At home, millions suffer from

poverty and discrimination.

• What skills are needed to persuade legislators?

• How can a leader motivate and influence the public?

HOME

• What enables a leader to respond to crises?

The New Frontier and the Great Society

TAV Reference Atlas.ppt#1. 1. Welcome to Presentation Plus!

TAV Gallery of Presidents.ppt#1. 1. Welcome to Presentation Plus!

Among these characteristics are:

(1) clarity of vision and direction

(2) emotional intelligence and self-

confidence

(3) respect for public opinion, but not

too responsive to polls

(4) a party leader

(5) being ready to act

(6) being comfortable in deciding



John F. Kennedy



Life before he became President

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in 1917 into a wealthy Catholic American family, who were originally from Ireland.

In 1941 John (also known as ‘Jack’) joined the American navy and went off to fight in World War Two.



Jack rescued a nearly drowned crewman with bad burns,

using a makeshift raft built from pieces of the boat. Jack

swam while towing the burned crewman for four hours

dragging him to a nearby island…

One night Kennedy’s

boat was rammed by

a Japanese destroyer,

killing two of the 13

crewmen.



The men lived on coconut milk and

rainwater until they eventually made

contact with friendly natives. Jack carved a

rescue message into a coconut husk which made its way

back to the Navy and Kennedy and

his fellow crewman were rescued.

Kennedy received the ‘Purple Heart’

medal for extraordinary

bravery.



After the war,

John F Kennedy,

29, is elected to

Congress in

1946.



The New Generation • Americans had hope

for the future

– Had gotten through the

Depression

– Had beaten Fascism in

Europe and Japan

– Had rebuilt the world

(especially the West) to

be democratic

– Had the best nuclear

arsenal in the world

– Had become more

prosperous, lived

healthier, and longer

than ever



15 The United States The World

1960 Seventeen African countries gain

independence.

1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president.

1963 President Kennedy is assassinated;

Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.

1962 John Glenn becomes the first American

to orbit the earth. U.S. and USSR face off in

the Cuban missile crisis.

1962 The drug thalidomide is pulled from the

market after it is found responsible for

thousands of birth defects in Europe.

1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president.

Congress passes the Economic Opportunity

Act and Civil Rights Act.

TIME LINE

HOME


1961 U.S. launches the Bay of Pigs invasion. 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes

the first human in outer space.

1965 United States troops enter Vietnam. 1965 Ferdinand Marcos becomes president of

the Phillipines.

continued . . .



The United States The World

TIME LINE

HOME

1966 Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister

of India.


1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first

African-American justice of the Supreme

Court.

1967 Israel wins Arab territories in the Six

Day War.

1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. 1968 Warsaw Pact troops invade

Czechoslovakia.



Contents

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The New Frontier

Section 2 JFK and the Cold War

Section 3 The Great Society

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.



TAV United States Facts.ppt#1. 1. Welcome to Presentation Plus!

Intro 1

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Intro 2

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

• Summarize Kennedy’s economic policies.

• Explain why Congress often did not support Kennedy’s proposals.

Section 1: The New Frontier




Intro 3


Chapter Objectives Section 2: JFK and the Cold War

• Describe Kennedy’s plan for the armed forces.

• Explain how the Cold War influenced foreign aid and the space program.




Intro 4


Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Great Society

• Explain what inspired Johnson’s Great Society programs.

• Identify several specific health and employment programs of the Johnson administration.




Intro 7

Why It Matters

President John F. Kennedy urged Americans to work for progress and to stand firm against the Soviets. Cold War tensions and the threat of nuclear war peaked during the Cuban missile crisis. Kennedy’s assassination changed the nation’s mood, but President Lyndon Johnson embraced ambitious goals, including working toward the passage of major civil rights legislation and eradicating poverty.




Intro 8

The Impact Today

Initiatives introduced in this era remain a part of American society.

• Medicaid and Medicare legislation provides major health benefits for elderly and low-income people.

• The Head Start program provides early educational opportunities for disadvantaged children.





Intro 9

continued on next slide

Intro 10

End of Intro

Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

John F. Kennedy encountered both success and setbacks on the domestic front.

• missile gap

Main Idea


Key Terms and Names

• New Frontier

• Earl Warren

• reapportionment

• due process



Section 1-2

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy


Categorizing As you read about the presidency of John F. Kennedy, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one in your textbook by filling in the domestic successes and setbacks of Kennedy’s administration.

• Summarize Kennedy’s economic policies.

Reading Objectives

• Explain why Congress often did not support Kennedy’s proposals.



Section 1-3


Section Theme

Civic Rights and Responsibilities The Supreme Court made decisions that protected individual rights, including the “one man, one vote” decision.



Section 1-4




TELEVISED DEBATE AFFECTS VOTE

• On September 26, 1960, Kennedy and Nixon took part

in the first televised debate between presidential

candidates

• Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon

• Journalist Russell Baker said, “That night, image

replaced the printed word as the national language of

politics”



J.F. Kennedy

ASSESSMENT

1. List two outcomes for each of these events: first

Kennedy-Nixon debate

Debate

TV became important in

politics.

Kennedy won support.

HOME

Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall

continued . . .



Section 1-5

The Election of 1960


• The 1960 presidential election began the era of television politics.

• Voters began using this medium as a voting tool.

• The Democratic candidate, John F. Kennedy, was a Catholic from a wealthy Massachusetts family.

• Republican candidate Richard Nixon was a Quaker from a financially struggling family.

(pages 840–841)



Section 1-6

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.

• During the campaign, Democrats spent over $6 million in television and radio ads, while Republicans spent over $7.5 million.

• The campaign focused on the economy and the Cold War.

• Kennedy felt the United States faced a threat from the Soviets and showed concern about a “missile gap,” in which it was believed the United States was behind the Soviets in weaponry.

The Election of 1960 (cont.)

(pages 840–841)



Section 1-7


• Nixon believed the Republican administration was on the right track with its foreign policy.

• The televised debates had a strong influence on the outcome of the election.

• Kennedy won in what was one of the closest elections in history.


(pages 840–841)



Televised Debate



JFK with an elderly Herbert Hoover



Section 1-8

How did Kennedy and Nixon stand on the two main issues of the 1960 presidential election?

The campaign centered on the economy and the Cold War. The candidates differed little on the issues. They both promised to boost the economy, and they were both determined to stop communism. Kennedy claimed there was a “missile gap” between the U.S. and the Soviets in weaponry, in which the U.S. was behind. Nixon countered that the administration was on the right track.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


(pages 840–841)



Section 1-9


The Kennedy Mystique

• John Kennedy’s youth, optimism, and charisma inspired Americans.

• In his Inaugural Address, Kennedy told Americans, “ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country.”

• Kennedy was the first president to broadcast his press conferences live on television.

(pages 841–842)



THE KENNEDY MYSTIQUE

• The first family fascinated the American public

• For example, after learning that JFK could read 1,600 words a minute, thousands enrolled in speed-reading courses

• Jackie, too, captivated the nation with her eye for fashion and culture



Text of Inaugural Address

Let the word go forth from this t ime and place, to friend and foe

alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of

Americans born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a

hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage and unwilling

to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to

which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are

committed today at home and aro und the world.

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we

shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support

any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the

success of liberty.This much we pledge and more.



Kennedy becomes President

At age 43, he is the

youngest man and the first Roman Catholic ever elected President, winning by one of the smallest margins of victory, only 115,000 popular votes. Lyndon B. Johnson, 51, is his Vice-president.



Section 1-13


The Kennedy Mystique (cont.)

What was the Kennedy mystique?

John Kennedy captured the imagination of the American public. His youth, optimism, and charisma inspired Americans. His good looks, glamorous wife, children, and large extended family drew great media coverage.

(pages 841–842)



Kennedy’s Charisma:

• “…Our faith in him and in what he was trying to do was absolute, and he could impart to our work together a sense of challenge and adventure-a feeling that he was moving, and the world with him, toward a better time.” Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary



Kennedy: the Pragmatist

• Less of Ike’s “brinkmanship” and more

“flexible response”

• more conventional troops and weapons

– Support of Special Forces

“Green Berets”



Kennedy’s Enduring Legacy: The Peace Corps

• Helping the people of interested countries in meeting their needs for trained men and women.

• Helping promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the peoples served.

• Helping promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of all Americans.

• http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Peace+Corps.htm

• http://www.peacecorps.gov/



http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Peace+Corps.htm

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Peace+Corps.htm

http://www.peacecorps.gov/

The Space Race: “man on the moon”



Section 1-14


Success and Setback on the Domestic Front

• With his new legislative agenda, known as the New Frontier, Kennedy hoped to increase aid to education, provide health insurance to the elderly, create a Department of Urban Affairs, and help migrant workers.

• Kennedy was unsuccessful in pushing through many of his domestic programs even though the Democratic Party had large majorities in both houses of Congress.

(pages 842–843)



Section 1-15


Success and Setback on the Domestic Front (cont.)

• Many Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats felt the New Frontier was too costly.

• Congress defeated many of Kennedy’s proposals.

• Kennedy advocated the New Deal strategy of deficit spending that had been implemented during Roosevelt’s presidency.

(pages 842–843)



Section 1-16



• Congress was convinced to invest more funds for defense and space exploration to create more jobs and encourage economic growth.

• Kennedy also boosted the economy through increased business production and efficiency.

(pages 842–843)



D:/The American Vision/TAV Gallery of Presidents.ppt#3. Contents

Section 1-16



• Kennedy helped the women’s movement during the 1960s.

• He created a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, calling for federal action against gender discrimination and affirming the right of women to equally paid employment.

(pages 842–843)



Section 1-17



How did Kennedy strain his relationship with the nation’s business community?

Businesses were asked to hold down prices and labor leaders were asked to hold down pay increases in an effort to stimulate economic growth. After several steel industries raised prices, Kennedy threatened to purchase cheaper steel from foreign companies. The steel companies backed down after Kennedy was going to have them investigated for price fixing.

(pages 842–843)



Section 1-18


Warren Court Reforms

• Social issues were a focus during Kennedy’s time in office.

• Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States since Eisenhower’s presidency, and the Warren Court took on a much more activist tone, which helped shape national policy.

• The Warren Court took a stand on several key issues, such as the civil rights movement, freedom of the press, separation of church and state, and the rights of the accused.

(pages 843–845)



Section 1-19


• Many of these decisions are still being argued today.

• One of the Warren Court’s most important decisions involved reapportionment, or the way in which states draw up political districts based on changes in population.

• The Warren Court decided on the principle of “one man, one vote,” which required state legislatures to reapportion electoral districts so that all citizens’ votes would have equal weight.

Warren Court Reforms (cont.)

(pages 843–845)



Section 1-20


• During the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to the states.

• Due process required that the law not treat an individual unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying a case.


(pages 843–845)




Section 1-20


• The issue of separation between church and state was reaffirmed when the Court ruled that states could not compose official prayers and require prayer in public schools.

• The decisions of the Warren Court were favored by some while opposed by others, but the Court had an immense role in shaping national policy.


(pages 843–845)




Section 1-21


Why was the decision of the Warren Court to reapportion electoral districts so important?

This shifted political power from rural conservative areas to urban liberal areas. It increased the political power of African Americans and Hispanics who lived in cities.


(pages 843–845)



Section 1-23

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States

__ 2. the method states use to draw up political districts based on changes in population

__ 3. a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

A. missile gap

B. reapportionment

C. due process

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

B

C

A



Section 1-24

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Summarize the progress made for women’s rights during Kennedy’s administration.

The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women was created. Gender discrimination in federal civil service ended, and the Equal Pay Act was passed.




Section 1-25

Reviewing Themes


Civic Rights and Responsibilities Name three decisions of the Warren Court that protected civil rights.

Answers will vary.



Section 1-26

Critical Thinking


Interpreting In what way was the 1960 presidential election a turning point in campaign history?

Television played a more influential role.



Section 1-28

Analyzing Visuals


Analyzing Charts Study the chart of Warren Court decisions in your textbook. How did the Court expand the rights of the accused? Were these sound decisions? Why or why not?

Answers will vary.



Warren’s Decisions

Protect the citizen, protect the police department, protect the

Constitution: Basic civil rights

• Baker v. Carr: Change voting laws, reapportion election

process to be based on population (keep power in cities)

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): can’t use evidence illegally

gathered

• Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966):

the right to remain silent, anything said can be used in a

court of law, right to lawyer

• Engel v. Vitale (1962): No prayer in schools

• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965): Overturns ban on birth

control



Section 1-29

Close

Explain why Congress often did not support Kennedy’s proposals.



The Space Race

• JFK’s promise to be the first to the moon

• 1962: NASA sends John Glenn, first American in space – Used Saturn V rocket to propel

out of Earth’s orbit

• 1969: Saturn V rocket launches Apollo 11 – First, and only, successful

moon landing

– Neal Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins



The New Frontier Policy aimed for:

1. A strong economy

2. Less poverty in America

3. Civil rights - calling for new civil

rights legislation

4. Human rights – to encourage

Americans to help developing

nations



What did JFK achieve regarding domestic policy?

The fact that Kennedy had won the election by a very narrow margin meant that he lacked a reliable majority of support in Congress [parliament], which he needed in order to get his policies [ideas] voted into actual laws [or ‘legislation’]. So most of his domestic policies did not become laws, but some did…..

1. Economic expansion – He made $900m available to help create jobs

– He massively increased spending on space technology

– He cut income tax to give people more spending money and thus to stimulate the economy

2. Reducing poverty – He made more money available to help the elderly and

unemployed

– He made loans available to help those in inner cities to improve their houses

– He increased the minimum wage from $1 to $1.25



3. Civil Rights a. When people demanding racial equality gained more

support in 1962-63, Kennedy then reacted by speaking out for black rights and trying to introduce civil rights legislation; many white Congressmen were against JFK’s proposals.

b. JFK made high level black appointments – judges and government officials

c. 1962 - JFK sent 23,000 troops to protect James Meredith so that he could study at the University of Mississippi without being attacked by racists

4. Human rights

One of Kennedy's most popular achievements was the Peace Corps, a volunteer organization that brought education and skills to developing countries of the world by sending Americans to overseas to help in poor nations.



End of Section 1

Section 2-1


Guide to Reading

As president, John F. Kennedy had to confront the challenges and fears of the Cold War.

• flexible response

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Peace Corps

• space race

• Berlin Wall

• Warren Commission



Section 2-2



Reading Strategy

Sequencing As you read about the crises of the Cold War, complete a time line similar to the one on page 846 of your textbook to record the major events of the Cold War in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

• Describe Kennedy’s plan for the armed forces.

Reading Objectives

• Explain how the Cold War influenced foreign aid and the space program.



Section 2-3


Section Theme

Science and Technology During the Cold War, the nation devoted much of its scientific and technological resources to competing with the Soviet Union, especially in getting to the moon.



Section 2-4




Section 2-5


Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges


• President Kennedy focused much of his time on foreign policy as the nation’s rivalry between the Soviet Union deepened.

• Through a variety of programs, Kennedy attempted to curb communism and reduce the threat of nuclear war.

(pages 846–848)



Section 2-6

Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)


(pages 846–848)

• Kennedy felt that Eisenhower had relied too heavily on nuclear weapons.

• Instead, Kennedy supported a “flexible response” where he asked for a buildup of conventional troops and weapons.

• This was costly but allowed the United States to fight a limited style of warfare.

• Kennedy also supported the Special Forces, a small army unit established in the 1950s to wage guerrilla warfare.



Section 2-7



(pages 846–848)

• To improve Latin American relations, Kennedy proposed the Alliance for Progress, a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments.

• Over a 10-year period, $20 billion was promised to aid Latin America.

• In Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics, real reform took place.



Section 2-8



(pages 846–848)

• In other countries, the governing rulers used the money to remain in power.

• The Peace Corps, created to help less developed nations fight poverty, trained young Americans to spend two years assisting in a country.

• The Peace Corps is still active today and has become one of Kennedy’s most important and withstanding legacies.



The Peace Corps

• JFK’s call for American

international volunteerism

• The commitment:

– Spend 2 years in developing

nations

– Specialize in education,

agriculture, irrigation, sewage

treatment, or health care

– Promote democracy and

American influence

• Remains one of the most

lasting legacy’s of JFK’s

presidency



Section 2-8



(pages 846–848)

• During this time of increased tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two countries engaged in a space race, with each country hoping to dominate space to enhance their positions on Earth.

• Kennedy wanted Americans to be the first to reach the moon, and he pushed Congress to make it a reality.



Section 2-9

How did President Kennedy confront the global challenges he faced?





Section 2-9

Kennedy supported a “flexible response” where he asked for a buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow the United States to fight a limited style of warfare. Kennedy also supported the Special Forces, a small army unit established in the 1950s to wage guerrilla warfare. To improve Latin American relations, Kennedy proposed the Alliance for Progress, a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments. The Peace Corps was created to help less developed nations fight poverty. The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a space race. Kennedy wanted Americans to be the first to reach the moon, and he pushed Congress to make it a reality.




Section 2-10

Crises of the Cold War


• Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro, began forming an alliance with the Soviet Union and its leader, Nikita Khrushchev.

• During Eisenhower’s presidency, the CIA had secretly trained and armed Cuban exiles known as La Brigada.

• Kennedy’s advisers approved a plan to invade Cuba using La Brigada.

• On April 17, 1961, 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.

(pages 848–850)



Section 2-11

• Disaster struck as Kennedy cancelled air support for the exiles in order to keep United States involvement a secret.

• Most of the La Brigada were either killed or captured by Castro’s army.

• After meeting with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Kennedy refused to recognize East Germany or to have the United States–along with Great Britain and France–withdraw from Berlin.

Crises of the Cold War (cont.)


(pages 848–850)



Section 2-12

• The Soviet leader retaliated by constructing a wall through Berlin, stopping movement between the Soviet sector and the rest of the city.

• For the next 30 years, the Berlin Wall symbolized the Cold War division between East and West.

• During the summer of 1962, American intelligence agencies discovered that Soviet technicians and equipment had arrived in Cuba, and that military construction was in progress.



(pages 848–850)



Section 2-12

• Photographs proved that the Soviets had placed long-range missiles in Cuba.

• Kennedy ordered it stopped, but work on the site continued.

• Nuclear holocaust was feared.

• Neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev wanted World War III.

• Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles in Turkey.

• The Soviets agreed to remove missiles in Cuba.



(pages 848–850)



Section 2-12

• The Cuban missile crisis, as it became known, brought the world to the edge of a nuclear war.

• Both sides agreed to work out a plan to ease tension.

• In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.



(pages 848–850)



Section 2-12

• The missile crisis led to the demise of Nikita Khrushchev, and the new Soviet leadership was less interested in reaching agreements with the West.

• The result was a huge Soviet arms

buildup.



(pages 848–850)



Section 2-13

Why was the Bay of Pigs a dark moment for the Kennedy administration?

The action revealed the American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s government. It made the United States appear weak and disorganized.



(pages 848–850)



Section 2-14

The Death of a President


• On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was shot twice while riding in a presidential motorcade.

• He was pronounced dead a short time later.

• Lee Harvey Oswald, a Marxist, was accused of killing Kennedy and was shot and killed himself two days later by Jack Ruby.

• It was suspected that Ruby killed Oswald to protect others involved in the murder.

(pages 850–851)



Section 2-15

• Chief Justice Warren concluded that Oswald was the lone gunman.

• The report of the Warren Commission left a few questions unanswered, and a conspiracy theory has persisted, although none has gained wide acceptance.

• Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon Johnson, continued to promote many of Kennedy’s programs.

The Death of a President (cont.)


(pages 850–851)



Section 2-17

What was the result of the Warren Commission report?

Chief Justice Warren concluded that Oswald was the lone gunman. The report of the Warren Commission left a few questions unanswered, and a conspiracy theory has persisted, although none has gained wide acceptance.


The Death of a President (cont.)

(pages 850–851)



Section 2-19


__ 1. refers to the cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability

__ 2. the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

A. flexible response

B. space race



A

B



Section 2-20



Explain the goals of the Alliance for Progress.

The goals were to create cooperative aid projects that helped establish better schools, improve housing, distribute land more equitably, and improve health care.



Section 2-21

Reviewing Themes


Science and Technology What was Kennedy’s goal for the United States in the space race?

Kennedy’s goal was to beat the Soviets to the moon.



Section 2-22

Critical Thinking


Interpreting What was the role of foreign aid in the relations between the United States and Latin America?

Its role was to help governments stay in power and prevent Communist revolutions.



Section 2-24

Analyzing Visuals


Analyzing Photographs Study the photographs on pages 848–849 in your textbook. Explain how space exploration has led to other innovations that have affected our daily lives and standard of living.

Space discoveries have provided new solutions to problems faced by the disabled as well as scientists.



Section 2-25

Close

Explain how the Cold War influenced foreign aid and the space program.



End of Section 2

Section 3-1


Guide to Reading

Lyndon Johnson succeeded John F. Kennedy as president and greatly expanded Kennedy’s agenda with far-reaching programs in many areas.

• consensus

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• war on poverty

• VISTA

• Great Society

• Medicare

• Medicaid

• Head Start

• Robert Weaver



Section 3-2



Reading Strategy

Organizing As you read about Lyndon Johnson’s presidency, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 854 of your textbook to list the social and economic programs started during his administration.

• Explain what inspired Johnson’s Great Society programs.

Reading Objectives

• Identify several specific health and employment programs of the Johnson administration.



Section 3-3


Section Theme

Government and Democracy In a time of prosperity, President Johnson won support for extending government aid to the poor and elderly.



Section 3-4




Section 3-5

Johnson Takes the Reins


• Lyndon Johnson took office during what seemed like a prosperous time for the United States.

• In reality, however, away from the nation’s affluent suburbs were some 50 million poor.

• Kennedy and Johnson made the elimination of poverty a major policy goal.

(pages 854–857)



Section 3-6

• Johnson differed from Kennedy’s elegant society image.

• Johnson, a Texan, spoke directly and roughly at times.

• He sought ways to find consensus, or general agreement.

• His ability to build coalitions made him one of the most effective and powerful leaders in Senate history.

Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)


(pages 854–857)



Section 3-7

• Johnson declared that his administration was waging an unconditional war on poverty in America.

• By the summer of 1964, Congress had created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), which focused on creating jobs and fighting poverty.

• The election of 1964 had Johnson running against Republican candidate Barry Goldwater.



(pages 854–857)



Section 3-7

• Americans were not ready for Goldwater’s aggressive message, and Johnson won in a landslide.


(pages 854–857)



Section 3-8

What tactics of President Johnson’s became known as the Johnson Treatment?

The treatment was Johnson’s way of persuading others to agree with him. His reputation for getting things done involved doing favors, twisting arms, bargaining, flattering, and sometimes threatening.



(pages 854–857)



Section 3-9

The Great Society


• Johnson promised a Great Society during his campaign.

• It was the vision of a more perfect, more equitable society.

• Between 1965 and 1968, over 60 programs were passed, including Medicare and Medicaid.

• Medicare was a health insurance program for the elderly funded through Social Security.

(pages 857–859)



Section 3-10

• Medicaid financed health care for those on welfare or living below the poverty line.

• Johnson’s interest in education led to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and to the preschool program Project Head Start, which was administered to disadvantaged children.

• VISTA put young people to work in poor school districts.

The Great Society (cont.)


(pages 857–859)



Section 3-11

• Johnson urged Congress to act on legislation dealing with the deterioration of inner cities.

• Congress responded with the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1965.

• Its first secretary, Robert Weaver, was the first African American to serve in a cabinet.



(pages 857–859)



Section 3-11

• “Model Cities,” a broad-based program with matching funds from local and state agencies, supported programs in the areas of transportation, health care, housing, and policing.


(pages 857–859)



Section 3-11

• The Immigration Reform Act of 1965 played a key role in changing the composition of the American population.


(pages 857–859)

• It kept a strict limit on the number of immigrants admitted to the United States each year.

• It also eliminated the national origins system, which gave preference to northern European immigrants. Immigrants arrived in the U.S. from all parts of Europe and from Asia and Africa.




Section 3-12

What were some of Johnson’s programs within his Great Society campaign?



(pages 857–859)



Section 3-12

Upward Bound provided college preparation for low-income teenagers. Between 1965 and 1968, over 60 programs were passed, including Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare was a health insurance program for the elderly funded through Social Security. Medicaid financed health care for those on welfare, living below the poverty line. The preschool program, Project Head Start, administered to disadvantaged children.


(pages 857–859)



Section 3-13

Legacy of the Great Society


• The impact of the Great Society was felt by all aspects of American life and improved many lives.

• Some Americans opposed the massive growth of federal funds and criticized the Great Society for intruding too much in their lives.

• There is a continued debate over the success of the Great Society.

• It did result in many Americans asking questions, questions Americans continue to ask today. (pages 859–860)



Section 3-16

What remains today of the Great Society?

Programs like Medicare and Medicaid as well as the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development and Project Head Start are what remain today of the Great Society.

Legacy of the Great Society (cont.)


(pages 859–860)



Section 3-23


__ 1. general agreement

__ 2. antipoverty program under President Lyndon Johnson

A. consensus

B. war on poverty



B

A



Section 3-24



Describe how the Great Society programs were inspired.

Johnson wanted to fulfill FDR’s mission for a nation of equal opportunity.



Section 3-25

Reviewing Themes


Government and Democracy How did Johnson’s war on poverty strive to ensure greater fairness in American society?

Johnson’s war on poverty offered the less fortunate education, training, and access to jobs.



Section 3-26

Critical Thinking


Interpreting What were three legacies of the Great Society?

Possible answers: Medicare, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicaid, and Project Head Start are legacies of the Great Society.



Section 3-28

Analyzing Visuals


Photographs Study the photograph on page 856 of your textbook. Why do you think pictures such as this one would help build support for the war on poverty?

Answers will vary.



Section 3-30

Close

Identify several specific health and employment programs of the Johnson era.



End of Section 3

Chapter Summary 1

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1


Reviewing Key Terms


__ 1. the method states use to draw up political districts based on changes in population

__ 2. general agreement

__ 3. the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

__ 4. belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States

A. missile gap

B. reapportionment

C. due process

D. flexible response

E. space race

F. consensus

G. war on poverty

F

D

B

A





Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 5. a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

__ 6. refers to the Cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability

__ 7. antipoverty program under President Lyndon Johnson

E

G

C A. missile gap

B. reapportionment

C. due process

D. flexible response

E. space race

F. consensus

G. war on poverty





Reviewing Key Facts

How was the 1960 presidential election a new kind of campaign?

The campaign marked the first time that television played a major role, including the televised debate between Kennedy and Nixon.





Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

How close was the outcome of the 1960 presidential election between Nixon and Kennedy?

Kennedy won the popular vote by only 118,000, with 68 million votes cast. In the Electoral College, the margin was greater: 303 to 219.






What were three measures Kennedy took to strengthen the economy?

He used deficit spending, invested in space exploration and defense to create jobs, and asked businesses to hold down prices and labor leaders to hold down pay increase requests.






What inspired President Johnson’s war on poverty?

Johnson’s personal experiences and the nation’s ability to finance programs inspired President Johnson’s war on poverty.






What was the purpose of Medicare, passed during Johnson’s administration?

Medicare was designed as a health insurance program for the elderly.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Government and Democracy Why were Medicare and Medicaid landmark pieces of legislation in American history?

They represented the first time that the U.S. government had funded health care on a large scale.





Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating In the 1960 presidential debate, most radio listeners thought Nixon had won, while most television viewers thought Kennedy had. Why do you think this was so?

Kennedy’s physical appearance and demeanor made a positive impact on the television audience. Their reaction to Nixon’s appearance and demeanor was negative. Because they could only hear the candidates, radio listeners had a different reaction.




Geography and History

The map on page 863 of your textbook shows the results of the presidential election of 1960. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.




Interpreting Maps Which regions of the country supported Kennedy? Which regions supported Nixon?

Nixon found support in the Midwest and West, while Kennedy was strong in the Northeast and some Southern and Midwestern states.

Geography and History (cont.)





Geography and History (cont.)


Applying Geography Skills What would have happened if Kennedy had lost New York to Nixon?

Nixon would have won the election by six electoral votes.





Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

All of the following were effects of rulings by the Warren Court EXCEPT:

A Involved federal courts in the reapportionment of state election districts

B Extended rights for people accused of crimes

C Protected religious minorities through greater separation of church and state

D Increased state authority at the expense of federal authority

Test-Taking Tip This question calls for an answer that does NOT accurately complete the statement. The Warren Court expanded individual civil liberties and the power of the judicial branch. Eliminate answers that had either of those effects.



End of Chapter Assessment

History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Vision Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tav.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tav2005/index.php4

CC 1-1

Civics Eleanor Roosevelt remained a popular and active political figure after her husband’s death. During the 1960 presidential campaign, she appeared in a television commercial urging people to vote for Kennedy because he was the man to improve human rights. Her appearance indicated to traditional Democrats and women that Kennedy was the man for the job.

F/F/F 1-Fact

Camelot In December 1960, Camelot, a musical starring Richard Burton and Julie Andrews, opened on Broadway in New York City. The Kennedys attended the show, which told the legend of the heroism of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, and so enjoyed it that they listened to the music often. The president’s favorite song included the lines: “Don’t let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment that was known as Camelot.” In later years, the Kennedy presidency became known as “Camelot,” largely because of Mrs. Kennedy. Shortly after the president’s death in 1963, she told a journalist that all she could think about was the president’s favorite line. She went on to say: “There’ll be great presidents again, . . . but there’ll never be another Camelot again.” Journalist Theodore H. White later wrote that “all she could repeat was, ‘Tell people there will never be that Camelot again.’” In the legendary Camelot, leaders sat at a round table. With no head of the table, it was implied that rule was by all, not just by one.

FYI Contents 1

Election of 1960

The Kennedys

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 1-1a

The 1960 vote was so close that Nixon considered demanding a recount, but then decided against it. He explained that if there were a recount, “the organization of the new administration and the orderly transfer of responsibility from the old to the new might be delayed for months. The situation within the entire federal government would be chaotic.”

FYI 1-2b

John Kennedy, his wife, and their two small children were the youngest family to live in the White House since Theodore Roosevelt’s days.

FYI Contents 2

Peace Corps

Manned Space Programs

Berlin Wall

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 2-1a

Since the Peace Corps was established in1961, over 160,000 volunteers have served in 135 countries. Volunteer sectors include education, environment, health, business, and agriculture. In 2001 there were 7,300 Peace Corps volunteers serving in 72 countries.

FYI 2-2b

The names of the early manned space programs, Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo, were based on mythology. In Roman mythology, for example, Mercury was the messenger of the gods. In Greek mythology, Apollo carried the sun across the sky in his chariot each day.

FYI 2-3c

Although the city of Berlin had been divided into East Berlin and West Berlin since the end of World War II, in August 1961 an actual wall of concrete, barbed wire, and stone was erected.

FYI 3-1

When Head Start began, it was a summer program, but by 1970 most programs were year round. In 1999 Head Start enrollment was over 800,000 and cost an average of $5,400 per child.

Moment in History 1


You Don’t Say 2-1

Proud Words Almost two years after the Berlin Wall was built, President Kennedy paid tribute to the spirit of Berliners when he spoke to a crowd gathered near the wall. He said, “All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin. And, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner).”

You Don’t Say 3-1

What’s In a Name? Lyndon Baines Johnson was the second man named Johnson to assume the mantle of the presidency after an assassination. Andrew Johnson became president after President Lincoln was killed.

CT Skill Builder 1

Problem Solving

Imagine you have just done poorly on a chemistry exam. You wonder why you cannot do better since you always go to class, take notes, and study for exams. In order to improve your grades, you need to identify the specific problem and then take actions to solve it.


CT Skill Builder 2

Learning the Skill

There are six key steps you should follow that will help you through the problem-solving process.

• Identify the problem. In the case listed above, you know that you are not doing well on chemistry exams.

• Gather information. You know that you always go to class and take notes. You study by yourself for about two hours each day for two or three days before the exam. You also know that you sometimes forget details or get confused about things as you are taking the exam.


Problem Solving

CT Skill Builder 3


Learning the Skill (cont.)

Problem Solving

• List and consider possible solutions. For example, instead of studying by yourself, you might try studying with a friend or a group. You might also study for shorter timespans to avoid overloading yourself with information.

• Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.

• Now that you have listed and considered the possible options, you need to choose the best solution to your problem. Choose what you think is the right solution, and carry it out.

CT Skill Builder 4

• Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution. This will help you determine if you have solved the problem. If you earn better scores on the next few chemistry tests, you will know that you have solved your problem.

Problem Solving

Learning the Skill (cont.)

CT Skill Builder 5

Practicing the Skill

Reread the material in Section 1 on page 842 of your textbook under the heading “Kennedy Struggles with Congress.” Use that information and the steps listed on the previous slides to answer the questions on the following slides.

Problem Solving

1. What problem did Kennedy encounter as he tried to pass domestic policy legislation through Congress?

2. What options were available to the president in facing this opposition? What were the advantages and disadvantages?

CT Skill Builder 6

Kennedy was met with congressional resistance when he tried to pass domestic policy legislation.


Problem Solving

He could push harder for all aspects of his agenda or reserve his bargaining power for only the issues that were truly important and winnable.

Practicing the Skill (cont.)

CT Skill Builder 7


3. Explain the solution Kennedy implemented to solve his problem.

4. Evaluate the effectiveness of Kennedy’s solution. Was it successful? How do you determine this?

He chose to reserve his bargaining power.

Answers will vary.

Problem Solving

Practicing the Skill (cont.)

TAV Video 1

A New Frontier: The Space Race

Objectives

Click in the small window above to show a preview of The American Vision video. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Recognize that Sputnik was the primary event that spurred the U.S. into a “space race.”

• Realize that NASA’s goals have changed over time.

• Appreciate that the space program, which had its roots in international competition, now is an arena for international cooperation.

After viewing “A New Frontier: The Space Race,” you should:

TAV Video 2

Discussion Questions


What is the significance of the International Space Station?

It signifies global cooperation in preparation for a voyage to Mars.


TAV Video 3

Discussion Questions


What problems will have to be overcome before a mission to Mars will be feasible?

It will take a year to travel one way, and we aren’t sure how microgravity would affect the human body over a period of time.


M/C 1-1

M/C 3-1

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1


End of Custom Shows

End of Custom Shows

WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom

shows and return to the main presentation.

End of Slide Show

A “Marshall Plan” for Latin America?

• Poverty and corruption in Latin America

• Kennedy wants to thwart communist expansion in Latin America

• Alliance for Progress – $20 billion aid for better schools,

housing and health care

– Designed to counter leftist movements

– Chile, Colombia, Venezeula, and Central America benefited



Bay of Pigs, Cuba: April 17, 1961

• CIA trained 1,400 Cuban Exiles

• Kennedy cancelled air support

• Cubans did not rise up in support of exiles

• Castro personally led defense of island

• 1,189 captured/100 killed

• US paid $53 in food and medicine for their release



Berlin Wall June 1961



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