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Presentation Plus! The American Republic To 1877Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Early Peoples

Section 2 Cities and Empires

Section 3 North American Peoples

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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Chapter Objectives

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• Understand how the first people arrived in the Americas.

• Cite the discovery that changed the lives of the early Native Americans.

Section 1: Early Peoples

Chapter Objectives


• Describe why powerful empires arose in the Americas.

• Investigate how the people of each empire adapted to their environment.

Section 2: Cities and Empires

Chapter Objectives


• Explore what early people lived in North America.

• Examine how different Native American groups adapted to their environments.

Section 3: North American Peoples

Why It MattersThousands of years ago small groups of hunters crossed a bridge of land that connected Siberia and Alaska. Eventually, they spread throughout North and South America.

The Impact TodayThese first people, called Native Americans, influenced later cultures. Native Americans are part of the modern world, yet many of them also preserve the ways of life, customs, and traditions developed by their ancestors centuries ago.

Guide to Reading


The first Americans spread throughout North, Central, and South America.

• archaeology

Main Idea

Key Terms

• artifact • Ice Age • nomad

• migration • maize • carbon dating

• culture


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Determining Cause and Effect As you read Section 1, re-create the diagram shown on page 16 of your textbook and explain why the first Americans came to the continent and the consequences of their arrival.

• how the first people arrived in the Americas.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• which discovery changed the lives of the early Native Americans.


Geography and History The Ice Age made it possible for hunters to migrate to the Americas.

Section Theme


Arrowhead, hand-chipped stone


The Journey From Asia • The first people migrated from Asia to

North, Central, and South America during the last Ice Age.

(pages 16–18)(pages 16–18)

• They reached the Americas thousands of years ago.

• This migration took centuries, and people spread out across the Americas as far east as the Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the tip of South America.


The Journey From Asia (cont.) • These early people crossed a land bridge

from Siberia in northeastern Asia to present-day Alaska.

• This land bridge, Beringia, now lies under the waters of the Bering Strait.

• These early Americans were nomads, moving from place to place in search of food.

• These early people were skilled hunters. They used every part of the animal for food, clothing, weapons, and tools.

(pages 16–18)(pages 16–18)

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Why did these early people spread out across the Americas?

Possible answer: They were looking for a particular climate or land terrain as well as enough resources so they could survive.

The Journey From Asia (cont.)

(pages 16–18)(pages 16–18)


Settling Down • As large animals such as the mammoth

disappeared, Native Americans hunted smaller game and ate plants and berries.

(pages 18–19)(pages 18–19)

• Native Americans began to find new food sources by learning to plant and raise crops.

• People living near the coast or rivers learned to fish.

• Settlers formed villages and communities. Some people remained nomadic hunters.

• Early peoples eventually developed their own cultures.


How did early Native Americans learn to adapt to their environment?

They used the resources around them for food, clothing, and shelter. They hunted, fished, planted, and traveled from place to place in search of their needs.

Settling Down (cont.)

(pages 18–19)(pages 18–19)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet’s surface was covered with massive ice sheets

__ 2. a way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

__ 3. the study of ancient peoples

__ 4. a movement of a large number of people into a new homeland

__ 5. an item left behind by early people that represents their culture

A. archaeology

B. artifact

C. Ice Age

D. migration

E. culture

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C

E

A

D

B



Reviewing Facts Why did the first people come to the Americas?

The first Americans were nomads searching for food by following animal herds.


Reviewing Themes

Geography and History How did an Ice Age make it possible for Asian hunters to migrate to the Americas?

Water froze, sea levels dropped, and large areas of land such as Beringia were exposed, allowing migration.

Critical Thinking

Determining Cause and Effect How do you think the first Americans discovered that they could grow their own plants?

Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Study the map on page 18 of your textbook. In which direction did the travelers migrate across the Bering Strait?

Travelers migrated east and southeast across the Bering Strait.


Geography Create a version of the map on page 18 of your textbook. Your version can be larger, if needed. Label all land masses and bodies of water. Illustrate the map to tell the story of how the first Americans migrated to North America.


Guide to Reading

Several factors led to the rise and decline of great civilizations and empires in the Americas.

• civilization

Main Idea

Key Terms

• theocracy

• hieroglyphics

• terrace



Categorizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 22 of your textbook and describe the role religion played in each civilization.

• why powerful empires arose in the Americas.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• how the people of each empire adapted to their environment.


Culture and Traditions Civilizations such as the Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca arose in present-day Mexico and in Central and South America.

Section Theme


Artifact c. A.D. 900


Early American Civilizations • Several great civilizations arose in

present-day Mexico and in Central and South America.

(pages 22–23)(pages 22–23)

• The most advanced were the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca. Each thrived for centuries.

• The Olmec people lived in what is now Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, between 1500 B.C. and 3000 B.C.

• The Olmec built stone pavement and drainage systems and sculpted large stone monuments. Their civilization influenced their neighbors.


Why do you think early American civilizations developed along large bodies of water?

Possible answer: Early people settled near water as a means of transportation and a way to farm. If they needed to flee quickly, they could navigate along the waters.

Early American Civilizations (cont.)

(pages 22–23)(pages 22–23)


The Maya • The Mayan civilization flourished in

present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize.

(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)

• The people built large cities, each having at least one stone pyramid.

• Tikal was the largest Mayan city and had five pyramids.

• The Mayan civilization was a theocracy, or a society ruled by religious leaders.


• The Maya believed that the gods controlled all that happened on Earth.

• Atop the pyramids were religious and governmental centers.

• The Maya became skilled astronomers and developed a writing system called hieroglyphics.

• Mayan traders transported their goods such as maize, vegetables, jade, turquoise jewelry, and cacao beans on their backs and along the water.

The Maya (cont.)

(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)

• No one knows what caused the decline of the Maya around A.D. 900, but descendants of the Maya still live in parts of Mexico and Central America.

The Maya (cont.)

(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)


Why do you think the Maya believed that the gods controlled what happened on Earth?

It was an easy way to explain what they did not understand, such as the change of seasons or the weather.

The Maya (cont.)

(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)


The Aztec • Founded in 1325, Tenochtitlán was the

home of the Aztec and their capital city.

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)

• Situated on an island, it was one of the largest cities in the Americas.

• Workers toiled day and night to make causeways linking the island to the mainland and filling in Lake Texcoco, upon which the city was built.

• Tenochtitlán was also a center of trade.

• The Aztec people were warriors and conquered nearly all rival communities. They built a military empire.


• From the conquered people, the Aztec took weapons, maize, cotton cloth, and copper.

• The Aztec forced their captives to work as slaves.

• The Aztec people also believed in pleasing the gods.

• Their society was organized around religion, and they sacrificed thousands of prisoners in religious ceremonies.

The Aztec (cont.)

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)


How did the Aztec build a military empire?

They went to war and conquered neighboring communities. They stole weapons from the conquered people to help build their empire. They used the conquered people as slaves to help them expand their capital city.

The Aztec (cont.)

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)


The Inca• The Inca Empire developed in the western

highlands of South America.

(page 26)(page 26)

• Cuzco, the capital city, was founded around A.D. 1200.

• The Inca ruler Pachacuti and his son, Topa Inca, conquered neighboring lands to build their empire.

• It was the largest of the early American civilizations. The empire stretched more than 3,000 miles from present-day Colombia to northern Argentina and Chile.


• The population of the Inca Empire at its height was more than nine million people.

• The Inca were very advanced.

The Inca (cont.)

- They built 10,000 miles of paved roads. - Rope bridges crossed canyons and rivers. - They developed a record-keeping system using

quipus so that runners could take messages from one part of the empire to another.

- The language, Quechua, became the official language of the empire.

(page 26)(page 26)


The Inca (cont.) - They developed a system of terracing the land

by building platforms so that they could plant crops on slopes.

• They were also a religious people, worshipping the sun god.

(page 26)(page 26)


Why is the Inca considered a great civilization?

It was the largest of the early civilizations, stretching for about 3,000 miles. The Inca developed paved roads, a common language, a record-keeping system, and terracing for farming.

The Inca (cont.)

(page 26)(page 26)



__ 1. an ancient form of writing using symbols and pictures to represent words, sounds, and concepts

__ 2. a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws

__ 3. a form of government in which the society is ruled by religious leaders

__ 4. a raised piece of land with the top leveled off to promote farming

A. civilization

B. theocracy

C. hieroglyphics

D. terrace


C

A

B

D



Reviewing Facts Why did the Aztec choose the location of Tenochtitlán as their permanent home?

They saw the eagle sitting on a cactus with a snake in its beak as a sign that it was their home.


Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions Why did priests hold great power in Mayan society?

The priests were considered to know the wishes of the gods.

Critical Thinking

Making Inferences How does trade help to enrich a civilization? Provide examples in your answer.

Trade fosters the exchange of goods, ideas, technology, and culture.


Analyzing Visuals

Picturing History Study the photograph of the pyramid on page 23 of your textbook. Why do you think the Maya built such large pyramids?

Art Compile illustrations of some of the accomplishments of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca in the areas of communication, science, and math. Use your own drawings or use photographs from newspapers and magazines.


Guide to Reading

Many different cultures lived in North America before the arrival of the Europeans.

• pueblo

Main Idea

Key Terms

• drought

• adobe

• federation



Taking Notes As you read Section 3, re-create the diagram shown on page 28 of your textbook and identify locations and ways of living for each culture.

• what early people lived in North America.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• how different Native American groups adapted to their environments.


Culture and Traditions Early North Americans developed new societies.

Section Theme


Ancient jar, American Southwest


Early Native Americans • Many Native American cultures existed in

North America before Europeans arrived in the 1500s.

(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)

• The Hohokam lived in the desert of present-day Arizona.

• Their civilization flourished from about A.D. 300 to A.D. 1300.


• They built irrigation channels to bring water to the hot, dry land from the nearby Gila and Salt Rivers and left behind pottery, carved stone, and shells.

(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)

• The Anasazi lived in an area known as the Four Corners (or the meeting place) of present-day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from A.D. 200 to A.D. 1300.

Early Native Americans (cont.)


• The Anasazi built stone and cliff dwellings. A pueblo or stone dwelling looked like an apartment building.

• The cliff dwellings were built into the walls of steep cliffs. Pueblo Bonito and Mesa Verde are examples of each.

• In about 1300, the Anasazi left these dwellings to settle in smaller communities, perhaps due to droughts during which their crops dried up.


(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)


• The Mound Builders lived in central North America from present-day Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River valley.

• They built mounds of earth that looked like the Aztec stone pyramids.

• The Adena were hunters and gatherers and among the earliest Mound Builders living in the Ohio Valley around 800 B.C.


(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)


• The Hopewell people were farmers and traders who built large burial mounds shaped like birds, bears, and snakes.

• They left behind pearls, shells, cloth, and copper in the mounds to show their variety of trade.

• The Cahokia built the largest settlement in present-day Illinois. This city may have had 16,000 people.

• The highest mound, Monks Mound, rose nearly 100 feet and was probably the highest structure north of Mexico.


(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)


Why do you think the dwellings of these early Native Americans (the pueblos, mounds, and cliff dwellings) were large and massive?

Possible answer: If they reached high in the sky, they would be nearer to the gods. Also they were visible from far away and could accommodate a large group of people for living quarters and for religious ceremonies.


(pages 28–31)(pages 28–31)

Other Native North Americans • The peoples of the North were the Inuit,

settling in the cold Arctic region.

(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)


• Inuits may have been the last to migrate to North America.

• They built igloos to protect themselves from severe weather.

• They wore furs and sealskins to keep them warm and dry.

• They were hunters and fishers.

• The peoples of the West were many: Tlingit, Haida, Chinook, Nez Perce, Yakima, Pomo, Ute, and Shoshone.

Other Native North Americans (cont.)

(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)


• They used the resources of the forest and sea as they hunted and gathered.

• The Ute and Shoshone created temporary shelters as they traveled to search for food.

• The peoples of the Southwest were the Hopi, the Acoma, and the Zuni.


(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)


• Their homes were made of adobe bricks, and they raised maize, beans, and squash.

• The Navajo and the Apache settled in the region in the 1500s.

• They were hunters and gatherers, unlike the other peoples of the region, and built square homes called hogans.

• The peoples of the Plains were nomads.


(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)


• They hunted and farmed and built tents called tepees that they moved with them from place to place.

• They learned to tame wild horses and used them to hunt and fight.


• The peoples of the East, the Iroquois and the Cherokee, formed complex political systems of governing.


• The Iroquois formed five groups: the Onondaga, the Seneca, the Mohawk, the Oneida, and the Cayuga.

• Until the late 1500s when these groups formed the Iroquois League, also called the Iroquois Confederacy, they fought wars with one another.

(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)

• The peoples of the Southeast were the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee. They farmed and adapted to the warmer woodlands climate of the south.


(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)


Why do you think the different Native North American groups developed a wide variety of cultures?

Possible answer: Regional climate and resources created the need for different lifestyles. Climate and resources affected whether groups farmed, fished, or hunted, were nomadic or permanently settled, and what type of shelters they built.


(pages 31–33)(pages 31–33)



__ 1. a long period of time with little rainfall

__ 2. a type of government that links different groups together

__ 3. a sun-dried mud brick used to build the homes of some Native Americans

__ 4. home or community of homes built by Native Americans

A. pueblo

B. drought

C. adobe

D. federation


B

D

C

A



Reviewing Facts Identify clues that led archaeologists to believe that the Mound Builders were influenced by other cultures.

Some mounds had temples like Maya and Aztec cultures; artifacts indicate widespread trade.


Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions What organization did the Iroquois form to promote peace among their people?

The Iroquois League was an organization formed to promote peace among their people.

Critical Thinking

Making Generalizations Why was the environment of the West Coast favorable for settlement by so many groups of Native Americans?

The West Coast was favored for settlement by many groups of Native Americans because of the mild climate, dependable food sources, and plentiful forest resources.


Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Study the map on page 30 of your textbook. What groups lived in California? What groups lived in the Southeast?

The Pomo and Chumash lived in California. The Yuchi, Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Natchez, Chickasaw, and Wichita groups lived in the Southeast.


Geography Create or sketch a model of a home that a Native American might have built. Use natural materials that exist in the area where you live and label the materials on your diagram. Consider the climate of your area in your design.



__ 1. an ancient form of writing using symbols and pictures to represent words, sounds, and concepts

__ 2. an item left behind by early people that represents their culture

__ 3. a way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

__ 4. the study of ancient peoples

A. archaeology

B. artifact

C. Ice Age

D. nomad

E. carbon dating

F. culture

G. civilization

H. hieroglyphics

I. pueblo

J. federation


H

B

F

A


Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 5. a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws

__ 6. people who move from place to place, usually in search of food or grazing land

__ 7. a scientific method used to determine the age of an artifact

__ 8. home or community of homes built by Native Americans

G

D

E

I

A. archaeology

B. artifact

C. Ice Age

D. nomad

E. carbon dating

F. culture

G. civilization

H. hieroglyphics

I. pueblo

J. federation


Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 9. a period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet’s surface was covered with massive ice sheets

__ 10.a type of government that links different groups together

C

J

A. archaeology

B. artifact

C. Ice Age

D. nomad

E. carbon dating

F. culture

G. civilization

H. hieroglyphics

I. pueblo

J. federation


Reviewing Key Facts

For what reasons did Asians cross the land bridge to the Americas?

Asians crossed the land bridge to the Americas to follow herds of animals and to find food.


Reviewing Key Facts

What regions did the land bridge connect?

The land bridge connected Asia and present-day Alaska.


Reviewing Key Facts

What regions were under Inca control?

The western highlands of South America were under Inca control.


Reviewing Key Facts

What were two advantages of living in dwellings built into the side of cliffs?

Dwellings built into the side of cliffs were easy to defend and offered protection from weather.


Reviewing Key Facts

What groups formed the Iroquois League?

The Iroquois League was formed by the Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, and Cayuga groups.


Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Culture and Traditions Religion was an important part of life in many Native American civilizations. What role did priests play in Mayan society?

The priests held great power and made most of the important decisions.

Critical Thinking

Analyzing Information In what ways did the Inca and Aztec use war to increase their power?

They conquered others to increase population and land area.


Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Geography and History Activity

Location Along what two major rivers did many of the Mound Builders settle?

Many of the Mound Builders settled along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.



Place Near which river did the Adena build most of their settlements?

The Adena built most of their settlements near the Ohio River.



Movement Of the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian cultures, which settled the farthest east?

The Adena settled further east than the Hopewell and Mississippian cultures.


Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Test-Taking Tip This question asks you to draw an inference. What is the meaning of the word theocracy? Understanding the definition will help to answer the question.

Because the Mayan civilization was a theocracy, the most powerful Maya were

A warriors.

B craftsmen.

C priests.

D enslaved people.


How can you summarize the development of Native American cultures in North America?

Native American cultures developed advanced societies that adapted to their environments, maintaining a social order, division of labor, and government.


Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

Art Aztec art is highly detailed and colorful. Sculptures decorated temples and other important buildings. One surviving sculpture, the Calendar Stone, has carefully detailed carvings that represent the days of the month and other religious symbols. It was used in ceremonies honoring the sun god Tonatiuh.

Aztalan

Native American Names

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Mound Builder settlements reached into the north. Aztalan near Madison, Wisconsin, was a 21-acre (9-ha) settlement surrounded by walls with towers. Inside the settlement walls were houses, pyramids, and cornfields. It is believed that the settlers of Aztalan migrated from Cahokia in southern Illinois. The name Aztalan comes from alt, a native term meaning “water” and an, meaning “near.”

Many states have Native American names. Kentucky is Iroquois for “meadowland”; Massachusetts means “at the big hill” in Algonquian; Mississippi is Chippewa for “big river”; and Utah means “higher up” in Navajo.

Potlatch The word potlatch means “to give away” or “a gift giving.” The potlatch was an important and festive gathering of the peoples of the northwestern coast. The gatherings marked great events in the life of a leader, his family, and the village. All guests at a potlatch received gifts ranging from food, baskets, and jewelry to canoes and copper tablets. Those who attended a potlatch were expected to give away greater presents at their own potlatches, ensuring the distribution of wealth among the people.

Understanding the Parts of a Map

Why Learn This Skill?

Maps can direct you down the street or around the world. There are as many different kinds of maps as there are uses for them. Being able to read a map begins with learning about its parts.

This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Learning the Skill

Maps usually include a key, a compass rose, and a scale bar. The map key explains the meaning of special colors, symbols, and lines used on the map.

After reading the map key, look for the compass rose. It is the direction marker that shows the cardinal directions of north, south, east, and west.

A measuring line, often called a scale bar, helps you estimate distance on a map. The map’s scale tells you what distance on the earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar. For example, 1 inch (2.54 cm) on the map may represent 100 miles (160.9 km) on the earth.


Practicing the Skill

The map on the right shows where the ancient Maya, Aztec, and Inca built their empires in North America and South America. Look at the parts of this map, then answer the questions on the following slides.

This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook.



This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

1. What information is given in the key?

The key gives the capital city, major cities, and location of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations.

2. What color shows the Inca Empire?

Green shows the Inca Empire.



This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

3. What direction would you travel to go from Tenochtitlán to Chichén Itzá?

You would travel east.

4. About how many miles long was the Inca Empire?

The Inca Empire was about 3,000 miles (4,827 km) long.



This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

5. What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?

The capital of the Aztec Empire was Tenochtitlán.


Before Columbus

After viewing “Before Columbus,” you should: • Have basic information about the early inhabitants of

America’s Southwest. • See how archaeologists use

physical remnants to understand the lives of ancient peoples.

• Appreciate the spiritual qualities of Native American culture.

Objectives

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Discussion Question

How did archaeologists reconstruct the life of the Anasazi?

Archaeologists found remnants of the people’s lives, such as arrowheads and pieces of pottery, to reconstruct daily life.


Before Columbus

Discussion Question

What are some typical activities that took place in an Anasazi village?

Families farmed, made tools, made pottery, and engaged in community activities, such as an annual rabbit hunt.


Before Columbus


The size increased over time.


They are classified by geography.

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