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Presentation Plus! The American JourneyCopyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Kennedy’s Foreign Policy

Section 2 War in Vietnam

Section 3The Vietnam Years at Home

Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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Chapter Objectives

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• Understand how the Kennedy administration handled challenges to foreign affairs.

• Explore what happened during the Cuban missile crisis.

Section 1: Kennedy’s Foreign Policy

Chapter Objectives


• Determine how Vietnam became a divided country.

• Understand why America increased its involvement in the Vietnam War.

Section 2: War in Vietnam

Chapter Objectives


• Describe what factors contributed to the rise of the protest movement.

• Explain how Americans at home responded to the war in Vietnam.

Section 3: The Vietnam Years at Home

Chapter Objectives


• Explain the steps Nixon took to end the war in Vietnam.

• Understand the various costs of the Vietnam War.

Section 4: Nixon and Vietnam

Why It MattersThe United States became involved in Vietnam because it believed that if all of Vietnam fell under a Communist government, communism would spread throughout Southeast Asia and beyond. The Vietnam War was the longest war in the nation’s history.

The Impact TodayMore than 58,000 U.S. troops died in Vietnam. The war damaged people’s confidence in their government. Americans grew more willing to challenge the president on military and foreign policy issues after Vietnam. The war also became a yardstick to gauge whether to involve American troops in later crises.

Guide to Reading


In the early 1960s, the nation faced Soviet threats relating to Cuba and to Berlin.

• guerrilla warfare

Main Idea

Key Terms

• flexible response • executive order

• exile • blockade

• hot line


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Organizing Information As you read Section 1, re-create the diagram on page 866 of your textbook and describe the actions the Kennedy administration took in response to these crises.

• how the Kennedy administration handled challenges to foreign affairs.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• what happened during the Cuban missile crisis.


Geography and History The Kennedy administration faced crises in Cuba and Berlin.

Section Theme


Kennedy inaugural ribbon


New Directions • President Kennedy continued the anti-

Communist policies of his predecessors, but with a few changes.

(pages 866–867)(pages 866–867)

• Kennedy increased spending on nuclear arms, while attempting to get the Soviets to agree to a ban on nuclear testing.

• He also decided to counter Soviet-sponsored guerrilla forces fighting in various places around the world with American Special Forces (Green Berets), which were also trained in guerrilla warfare.


New Directions (cont.) • Kennedy believed that American foreign

aid to poor countries around the world would make the promises of communism seem less attractive to poor nations.

• The Peace Corps (Americans volunteering to work as teachers, health workers, and agricultural advisers in other nations) and the Alliance for Progress (a development plan for Latin America) were parts of this initiative.

(pages 866–867)(pages 866–867)

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How did President Kennedy think foreign aid could fight communism?

He thought the promise of communism would be less attractive to people in poor nations if wealthy nations such as the United States gave these nations money to help them improve the lives of their people.

New Directions (cont.)

(pages 866–867)(pages 866–867)


Cold War Confrontations • Soon after taking office, President

Kennedy faced serious foreign policy crises.

(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)

• One involved Cuba, where Fidel Castro had seized power in 1959.

• When Cuba formed an alliance with the Soviet Union, the American CIA formed a plan to overthrow Castro.


• The plan, created during the Eisenhower administration, called for Cuban refugees living in the United States to return to Cuba, spark an uprising, and overthrow the Communist government.

• Kennedy had doubts about the plan, but he allowed it to go forward.

• In April 1961, 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba.

Cold War Confrontations (cont.)

(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)


• Cuban forces crushed the invasion and captured the insurgents.

• Kennedy took the blame and was embarrassed by the failure.

• The Bay of Pigs failure had three consequences for Kennedy:


(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)

- He lost faith in military and intelligence advice. - Latin American nations lost faith in Kennedy.

- Soviet leader Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy was weak and could be bullied.


• The status of Germany had not been completely settled since World War II.

• The Soviet Union still controlled East Germany. Berlin, surrounded by Communist East Germany, was split.

• West Berlin was a non-Communist area protected in part by American, British, and French troops.


(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)



(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)

• After a large number of East Germans fled to West Germany through West Berlin in the summer of 1961, the East German government, with the backing of the Soviet Union, erected the Berlin Wall.

• The wall cut communications between East Germany and West Germany. The United States and its allies protested the building of the wall, but could do nothing to stop it.


What were the three consequences of the Bay of Pigs invasion for President Kennedy?

He lost faith in the advice of military and intelligence forces, Latin Americans lost faith in Kennedy, and Soviet leader Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy was weak and could be bullied.


(pages 867–869)(pages 867–869)


The Cuban Missile Crisis • The most dangerous dispute between the

United States and the Soviet Union was the Cuban missile crisis of 1962.

(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)

- In October photos from an American spy plane flying over Cuba revealed that the Soviet Union was building nuclear-missile launch sites on the island.

- Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba until the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles.

- He promised to destroy any Soviet ship that tried to break through the blockade.


The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) - Kennedy also stated that any nuclear missile

launched from Cuba would be considered an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union and would be met with a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union.

- After a few tense days, Soviet ships approaching Cuba turned back rather than trying to break the blockade.

- Soviet leaders also agreed to withdraw their missiles from Cuba.

(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)


• Having come close to nuclear war, the United States and the Soviet Union started working to establish a better relationship.

• In 1963 a hot line between Washington and Moscow was established to allow American and Soviet leaders to communicate instantly during times of crisis.

• That same year, the two nations signed a treaty banning nuclear tests aboveground or underwater.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)

(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)


• The United States and the Soviet Union continued to compete in the space race during the Kennedy administration.


(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)

- The space race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik, the world’s first satellite.

- Then Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth.

- One month later, Alan Shepard, Jr., became the first American to make a space flight.


• The United States was not satisfied to be second to the Soviet Union in space exploration.

• Shortly after Shepard’s flight, Kennedy challenged the nation to land a man on the moon and bring him safely back to Earth by the end of the decade.

• Funding for NASA was expanded, as were its facilities in Florida and Texas.

• The challenge was met when, in July 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first human steps on the moon.


(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)


Could the Cuban missile crisis have led to nuclear war? Explain.

Yes, it could have if the Soviets had not backed down. President Kennedy stated that he would destroy any Soviet ship that tried to break the blockade the United States had set up around Cuba. That would probably have brought retaliation from the Soviets and possible nuclear war. Kennedy also said that any missile launch from Cuba would bring a retaliatory nuclear strike against the Soviet Union. None of this came about, though, because the Soviets chose to respect the blockade and remove their nuclear missiles from Cuba.


(pages 869–870)(pages 869–870)

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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a plan that used special military units to fight guerrilla wars

__ 2. a person forced to leave his or her country

__ 3. a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

A. guerrilla warfare

B. flexible response

C. executive order

D. exile

E. blockade

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

B

D

A



__ 4. cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports

__ 5. a rule issued by a chief executive that has the force of law

A. guerrilla warfare

B. flexible response

C. executive order

D. exile

E. blockade


E

C



Reviewing Facts Who was the first American to orbit the earth in a spacecraft?

John Glenn was the first American to orbit the earth.


Reviewing Themes

Geography and History Why did West Berlin’s location make it difficult for the allies to defend it?

Berlin was fully contained within Soviet-controlled East Germany.

Critical Thinking

Making Inferences Why do you think Khrushchev sent missiles to Cuba?

Possible answers: The Soviet Union was planning to attack the United States at some point or the missiles were a defense against any future American attacks against Cuba or the Soviet Union.


Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Examine the map of the Cuban missile crisis on page 869 of your textbook. According to the map, was Washington, D.C., within range of a medium ballistic missile? Could a medium-range missile reach Los Angeles?

Yes, Washington D.C., was within range of a medium ballistic missile. No, Los Angeles could not be reached by a medium-range missile.


Persuasive Writing Write a speech that President Kennedy might have written to defend his actions during the Cuban missile crisis. Use complete sentences except where fragments are appropriate.


Guide to Reading

U.S. military involvement in Vietnam increased steadily throughout the 1960s.

• Vietcong

Main Idea

Key Terms

• coup

• escalate

• search-and-destroy mission



Organizing Information Re-create the diagram shown on page 871 of your textbook and fill in the main events that occurred after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

• how Vietnam became a divided country.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• why America increased its involvement in the Vietnam War.


Global Connections Unable to end the Vietnam War quickly, the United States found itself increasingly drawn into the conflict.

Section Theme


Soldier’s boots, Vietnam War


The U.S. and Vietnam • Vietnam was a French colony that had

been captured by Japan during World War II.

(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)

• When the war was over and Japan was defeated, the Vietnamese looked forward to independence.

• But the French were not prepared to give up the colony.

• Vietnamese forces, led by Communist Ho Chi Minh fought against the French for Vietnam’s independence.


• Ho Chi Minh’s forces finally defeated the French in 1954.

• A peace agreement temporarily divided Vietnam.

• Communist nationalists would control the north, while non-Communists, supported by the United States, would control the south.

• The country was to be unified in 1956, after national elections were held.

• The elections were never held.

The U.S. and Vietnam (cont.)

(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)


• In 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem gained control of the government of South Vietnam and, with American support, refused to hold elections in 1956.

• Many Communists in the South opposed Diem’s power grab and his brutal policies against those who opposed him.

• When Diem tried to destroy the forces working against him, they organized themselves into the National Liberation Front, or the Vietcong.


(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)


• In 1959 the Vietcong started a war to defeat the Diem regime.

• The United States began to support South Vietnam because of the domino theory–the idea that if Communists took over one country in Southeast Asia, the other countries in that area would also fall to the Communists like a row of dominoes.

• Eisenhower sent South Vietnam billions of dollars in aid and several hundred soldiers as military advisers.


(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)



(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)

• Kennedy was also interested in keeping Vietnam out of Communist control.

• He sent more military advisers and pressured the Diem government to undertake reforms that would eliminate conditions that had spurred the growth of the Communist opposition–poverty, landlessness, lack of education, and poor health care.

• But Diem refused. As opposition to his regime grew, more aid flowed from North Vietnam to the South to fuel the guerrilla war against the Diem regime.



(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)

• As Diem became more autocratic and internal opposition against him grew, the Kennedy administration found it difficult to continue to support him.

• In November of 1963, the South Vietnamese military overthrew Diem and assassinated him.

• Kennedy supported the coup, but not the assassination.


Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam?

The United States thought it had to stop communism in Vietnam to prevent it from spreading to the rest of Southeast Asia. United States leaders during the Eisenhower administration believed in the domino theory, meaning if Vietnam fell to the Communists, then the other nations in Southeast Asia would fall to the Communists like dominoes.


(pages 871–874)(pages 871–874)


The Conflict Deepens • After President Kennedy’s death, the

problem of what to do in Vietnam fell to President Johnson.

(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)

• He did not think Vietnam was worth heavy military involvement, but the United States continued to get drawn into the conflict there to stop the attempted Communist takeover by the North.

• Johnson wanted congressional support for expanding United States involvement in Vietnam.


• In 1964, when North Vietnamese naval forces allegedly attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

• The resolution allowed the president to take “all necessary measures” to repel any armed attack against American forces.

• Johnson used the resolution to escalate, or gradually increase, United States involvement in Vietnam.

The Conflict Deepens (cont.)

(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)


• By late 1967, roughly 500,000 American soldiers were in Vietnam.

• The American military also began an intense bombing campaign against the North Vietnamese in the mid-1960s.

• One target of the bombing was the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a network of roads, paths, and bridges connecting North and South Vietnam.


(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)


• The trail was bombed because North Vietnamese troops used it to bring equipment south.

• Bridges, docks, factories, and military bases in the North were also bombed.

• The American forces found fighting the war in Vietnam difficult for many reasons.


(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)

- Dense jungles, muddy trails, and swampy areas made troop movements difficult.

- Because the Vietcong guerrillas blended in with the rest of the Vietnamese population, it was hard to tell friends and enemies apart.


• Lethal weapons were used in the war.

• Aside from conventional bombs, planes also dropped napalm, an explosive that burned intensely.

• A toxic herbicide called Agent Orange was used to destroy the jungle vegetation that the enemy used for cover.

• Agent Orange contaminated many American and Vietnamese soldiers, causing them severe health problems.


(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)

- America’s allies in the army of South Vietnam often did not fight effectively.


• American war tactics caused enormous Vietcong losses but an increasing number of people in the Johnson administration began to believe that the ground battles and the air attacks still could not win the war.

• Also, the American public’s opposition to the war began to grow.


(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)


Why did American forces find fighting in Vietnam difficult?

Troop movements were difficult because of jungles, swamps, and muddy trails. Because friends and enemies were all Vietnamese, it was difficult to tell them apart. The army of South Vietnam, America’s ally, did not always fight effectively.


(pages 874–876)(pages 874–876)



__ 1. to increase or expand

__ 2. the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also known as the National Liberation Front

__ 3. a sudden overthrow of a government by a small group

A. Vietcong

B. coup

C. escalate


C

A

B



Reviewing Facts How many American troops were in Vietnam by the end of 1965?

There were 180,000 American troops in Vietnam by the end of 1965.


Reviewing Themes

Global Connections How did President Johnson gain congressional approval to use American forces in Vietnam?

The alleged attack of an American destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin caused Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting the United States permission to defend itself.

Critical Thinking

Making Inferences Explain how Americans’ view of communism influenced policy to support South Vietnam.

Support stemmed from the view that, if Communists took South Vietnam, the other countries of Southeast Asia would fall to communism.


Analyzing Visuals

Picturing History Examine the photograph on page 875 of your textbook. Write a caption expressing what you think the soldier is saying to his fallen comrade.

Research and Sequencing Use books, magazines, and newspapers to learn about the plight of American POWs (prisoners of war) and MIAs (soldiers missing in action) in Vietnam. Make a time line to show what the government and private citizens have done on their behalf.


Guide to Reading

Many Americans opposed the nation’s involvement in Vietnam. Many others believed that U.S. leaders were not doing enough to win the war.

• counterculture

Main Idea

Key Terms

• deferment • dove

• hawk • credibility gap

• silent majority



Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 877 of your textbook and state how you think people known as doves and hawks differed on these issues.

• what factors contributed to the rise of the protest movement.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• how Americans at home responded to the war in Vietnam.


Continuity and Change As the war continued, disagreement over the nation’s role in Vietnam grew.

Section Theme


Demonstration at the Pentagon


The Youth Protest • As the war dragged on, protests in the

United States pitted supporters of the war (hawks) against those who thought the United States should get out of Vietnam (doves).

(pages 877–878)(pages 877–878)

• Many student protests focused on opposition to the draft.

• The draft supplied soldiers for the war.

• All men were required to register for the draft when they reached age 18.


• There were several reasons people protested the draft.

The Youth Protest (cont.)

(pages 877–878)(pages 877–878)

- Some people who opposed the war believed that ending the draft would stop the supply of soldiers, thereby ending the war.

- Many draft opponents protested that the majority of soldiers came from poor or working-class backgrounds.

- Full-time college students, who were mostly from the middle class, got deferments that excused them from the draft.


- Some draft opponents became conscientious objectors, or people who claimed their religions or moral beliefs did not allow them to fight in any war.

The Youth Protest (cont.)

(pages 877–878)(pages 877–878)


1968–Year of Crisis • In January 1968, the Johnson

administration experienced the first of many crises.

(pages 879–880)(pages 879–880)

• North Korean boats seized the U.S.S. Pueblo, a spy ship, in international waters off the Korean coast.

• About a week later, the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong launched a series of assaults on South Vietnam called the Tet offensive. Tet marked a turning point in the war.


• The Vietcong attacked American bases, penetrated the ground of the American embassy, and captured one of South Vietnam’s most important cities, Hue.

• The Americans and the South Vietnamese finally drove the Vietcong back, inflicting thousands of casualties.

• The Tet offensive also turned many American against the war.

• American TV viewers were shocked by news reports showing Vietcong killing Americans in the United States embassy.

1968–Year of Crisis (cont.)

(pages 879–880)(pages 879–880)


• The many days needed to retake Hue from the Vietcong also contradicted reports that the American military was winning the war.

• The American public and media grew more critical of United States involvement.

1968–Year of Crisis (cont.)

(pages 879–880)(pages 879–880)


Violence Erupts • A few days after President Johnson’s

announcement that he would not run again, Martin Luther King, Jr., was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee.

(pages 880–881)(pages 880–881)

• King’s assassination triggered anger and rioting in many American cities.

• Army troops were brought in to urban areas to restore order, and many Americans worried about the renewal of urban violence.


• The presidential race also heated up, with Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey joining Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy in seeking the Democratic presidential nomination.

• As 1968 continued, McCarthy and Kennedy faced each other in several primaries.

• After Robert Kennedy won the California primary in early June, he was shot and killed by an assassin.

Violence Erupts (cont.)

(pages 880–881)(pages 880–881)


Election of 1968 • The Republican Party nominated Richard

M. Nixon.

(page 882)(page 882)

• Sensing the public’s resentment and weariness regarding the antiwar violence and protests of the Johnson era, Nixon promised a return to “law and order” and vowed to represent what he called the “silent majority” of Americans who did not shout and protest.

• Nixon was vague about his stand on Vietnam, only promising that he would achieve “peace with honor.”

• The popular vote was close, but Nixon edged out Humphrey for the presidency.

Election of 1968 (cont.)


Chapter Objectives


• Describe what factors contributed to the rise of the protest movement.

• Explain how Americans at home responded to the war in Vietnam.

Section 3: The Vietnam Years at Home

1. Some thought the United States should not be in Vietnam under any circumstances.

2. Others did not like the way the war was being fought. Many hawks and doves criticized President Johnson for his handling of the war

3. Opposition to the Draft-- Some who opposed the war believed that ending the draft would stop the supply of soldiers, thereby ending the war.

• Many draft opponents protested that the majority of soldiers came from poor or working-class backgrounds. Full-time college students, who were mostly from the middle class, got deferments that excused them from the draft.

• Some draft opponents became conscientious objectors, or people who claimed their religions or moral beliefs did not allow them to fight in any war.

Factors that Contributed to the Rise of the Protest Movement

1. Americans were shocked by news reports showing Vietcong killing Americans in the United States embassy.

2. The American public and media grew more critical of United States involvement.

3. American resentment and weariness regarding the antiwar violence and protests

4. Protesters and police clashed, protesters hurled objects at the police, the police reacted by attacking protesters with tear gas and nightsticks.

How Americans responded to the Vietnam War at home



__ 1. lack of belief; a term used to describe the lack of trust in the Johnson administration’s statements about the Vietnam War

__ 2. an excuse, issued by the draft board, that lets a person be excused from military service for various reasons

__ 3. a social movement whose values go against those of established society

A. counterculture

B. deferment

C. dove

D. hawk

E. credibility gap


E

B

A



__ 4. a person who advocates war or warlike policies, such as a supporter of the Vietnam War

__ 5. a person who opposes war or warlike policies, such as one who opposed the Vietnam War

A. counterculture

B. deferment

C. dove

D. hawk

E. credibility gap


D

C



Reviewing Facts What did conscientious objectors declare?

They declared that their moral and/or religious beliefs prevented them from fighting in the war.


Reviewing Themes

Continuity and Change What was the result of the 1968 presidential election?

Richard M. Nixon became president of the United States.

Critical Thinking

Making Inferences How do you think the credibility gap affected Johnson’s ability to be an effective president?

Because a large portion of the public no longer trusted what Johnson said about the war, he lost public support.


Analyzing Visuals

Picturing History Look at the photographs on page 879 of your textbook. Write a paragraph to describe what is happening.

Research Interview friends and relatives who lived during the Vietnam War era to see how people in your community reacted to the conflict. Present an oral report of your findings.


Guide to Reading

President Nixon put a plan in place to train and equip South Vietnamese soldiers to take the place of American troops.

• Vietnamization

Main Idea

Key Terms

• martial law

• MIAs



Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 884 of your textbook and identify three strategies Nixon used to end the war.

• what steps Nixon took to end the war in Vietnam.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• what the costs of the Vietnam War were.


Continuity and Change President Nixon changed the strategy of the conflict that included intense bombing and Vietnamization.

Section Theme


Nixon inaugural button


A New Strategy • Newly elected President Nixon now had

the task of dealing with the Vietnam War.

(pages 884–885)(pages 884–885)

• He wanted to pull American troops out of Vietnam, but he did not want it to be done in a way that would look like defeat.

• President Nixon’s strategy of peace with honor had three parts:

- The military began drafting fewer men for service in the war, and Nixon promised to eliminate the draft totally in the future.


A New Strategy (cont.)

(pages 884–885)(pages 884–885)

- Nixon authorized an expansion of the bombing campaign to help the South Vietnamese troops by destroying enemy supply routes and hideouts in neighboring Laos and Cambodia. This part of the plan was kept secret.

- Nixon began to withdraw troops slowly from Vietnam, while turning more and more responsibility for fighting the war over to South Vietnamese forces. This was called Vietnamization.


List the three parts of Nixon’s “peace with honor” strategy.

The military began drafting fewer men, and Nixon promised to eliminate the draft completely in the future. Nixon began to slowly withdraw troops from Vietnam and turn most of the fighting over to the South Vietnamese. In order to support the South Vietnamese troops, Nixon ordered the secret bombing of enemy supply routes and hideouts in neighboring Laos and Cambodia.

A New Strategy (cont.)

(pages 884–885)(pages 884–885)


Renewed Opposition at Home • In late 1969, a new round of antiwar

protests began in the United States.

(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)

• One of these was a protest held in Washington, D.C., that attracted more than 300,000 people.


• Nixon hoped the bombing raids would force the North Vietnamese to the peace table.

• But the North Vietnamese were not to be rushed.

• They were aware of the antiwar protests in the United States and thought that if they waited long enough, these protests would force America to withdraw.

Renewed Opposition at Home (cont.)

(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)


• The war widened in Southeast Asia when civil war between Communist and non-Communist forces began in Cambodia.

• Nixon decided in April 1970 to send American troops to destroy Communist bases in Cambodia.

• Many people in Congress and among the American public were outraged by the attacks in Cambodia.

• They said that by invading a neutral nation, Nixon had overstepped his constitutional authority as president.


(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)


• The invasion of Cambodia sparked a series of protests on college campuses across the country.

• Most went on peacefully, but two ended in tragedy.

• On May 4, 1970, at Kent State University in Ohio, a clash between student protesters and members of the National Guard ended in tragedy when four students were killed and 13 others were wounded.


(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)


• On May 14, at Jackson State College in Mississippi, two students were shot and killed after a night of campus violence.

• President Nixon’s reaction was to take a hard line and blame the protesters for the violence.

• A commission found that the shootings at Kent State were unjustified.

• But a majority of Americans seemed to side with President Nixon.


(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)


On what basis did people oppose Nixon’s bombing of Cambodia?

They felt that the United States had no right to bomb a neutral nation and that, by ordering the bombing, Nixon was overstepping his constitutional authority as president.


(pages 885–887)(pages 885–887)

“Peace Is at Hand” • United States representatives continued to

carry on peace talks with representatives of the North Vietnamese government even while the bombing in Southeast Asia and the protests at home continued.

(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• In March 1972, however, the North pushed forward with another huge offensive against South Vietnam.

• Because the United States had relatively few troops left in Vietnam, Nixon ordered renewed bombing of the North and also ordered the navy to plant mines in North Vietnamese harbors.

“Peace Is at Hand” (cont.)

(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• To help get a peace settlement, Nixon relaxed his terms somewhat.

• He stopped insisting that the North remove all of its forces from South Vietnam before the United States would withdraw its troops.

• Nixon sent Henry Kissinger to meet privately with the North Vietnamese foreign minister to hammer out a treaty.

• Then in the fall of 1972, just before the presidential election, a peace agreement was reached.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)

• The Nixon administration announced the peace agreement, but it soon collapsed because the president of South Vietnam objected to North Vietnamese forces remaining in the South.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• After he won reelection, Nixon was determined to put an end to the Vietnam War.

• In December 1972, United States forces unleashed the heaviest bombardment of the war on the North.

• This sparked outrage in the United States and around the world.

• But Nixon stood his ground, and North Vietnam soon returned to the peace table.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• The United States also put pressure on South Vietnam to accept the terms of the peace treaty.

• As a result, the peace agreement was signed in January 1973.

• The United States agreed to pull all of its remaining troops out of Vietnam, and the North Vietnamese agreed to return all American prisoners of war.

• The Paris Peace Accords ended American involvement in Vietnam, but the conflict there continued.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• The North Vietnamese did not abandon their goal of unifying Vietnam under their control.

• In early 1975, they launched a major offensive against the South.

• The weakened South Vietnamese army collapsed.

• Within a few days, North Vietnamese tanks were on the outskirts of Saigon.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


• The last Americans fled the city, along with many Vietnamese who had supported or worked for them.

• Many of the Vietnamese people who escaped with the Americans ended up in the United States, but many others were left behind.

• In April 1975, Saigon fell to the Communists, and South Vietnam surrendered soon after.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


What happened in Vietnam after the peace treaty was signed and the United States withdrew its troops?

The North Vietnamese did not give up their goal of uniting the country under their control. In 1975, they launched an all-out assault against the South. They succeeded in capturing the capital, Saigon. Soon after, the government of South Vietnam fell and the North Vietnamese had achieved their goal.


(pages 888–889)(pages 888–889)


Legacy of the War • The Vietnam War took a staggering toll of

life. About 1.4 million Vietnamese–civilian and military–died. The country also lay in ruins.


• More than 58,000 Americans died as well.

• About 300,000 others were wounded, many permanently disabled.

• The United States spent about $150 billion on the war.


• The soldiers who returned from Vietnam did not receive the hero’s welcome that many returning soldiers from past wars had received.

• Many Americans had not supported the war and wanted to forget about it.

• As a result, the soldiers who returned from Vietnam were largely ignored.

Legacy of the War (cont.)



• There were many American soldiers who were classified as missing in action, or MIA.

• Their relatives and friends demanded that the United States government pressure the Vietnamese for information on the MIAs.

• Several American groups were allowed to do searches in Vietnam, but with no success.

• Most MIAs have remained missing.




• A Vietnam Veterans Memorial was constructed in Washington, D.C., to honor those who served in the war.

• Designed by Maya Ying Lin, the memorial bears all the names of Americans who died or listed as MIAs.

• Since it was dedicated in 1982, thousands of people have visited the memorial to pay tribute to the lost soldiers.




Why did the soldiers who returned to the United States after fighting in Vietnam not receive a hero’s welcome?

The war was very unpopular, and many Americans just wanted to put the whole experience behind them. They paid little attention to the soldiers who served in Vietnam.





__ 1. the law applied by military forces in occupied territory or in an emergency

__ 2. soldiers classified as missing in action

__ 3. Nixon’s policy that called for South Vietnam to take a more active role in fighting the war and for Americans to become less involved

A. Vietnamization

B. martial law

C. MIAs


B

C

A



Reviewing Facts Why did Nixon’s actions in Cambodia anger many people?

Critics charged that Nixon had invaded a neutral country and had overstepped his constitutional authority as president.


Reviewing Themes

Global Connections Explain the process of Vietnamization. Who proposed this plan?

Vietnamization called for less involvement of American troops and more involvement of the army of South Vietnam. Nixon proposed this plan.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Do you think Nixon succeeded in attaining “peace with honor”? Explain.

Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Examine the map on page 886 of your textbook. Where was the demilitarized zone located?

The demilitarized zone was located at the 17th parallel (17ºN latitude).


Expository Writing Imagine you are a reporter during the Vietnam era. Research and write a news story on one aspect of the war that you find interesting. Use creative word choice and expression.



__ 1. the belief that if one nation in Asia fell to the Communists, neighboring countries would follow

__ 2. soldiers classified as missing in action

__ 3. the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also known as the National Liberation Front

__ 4. response a plan that used special military units to fight guerrilla wars

A. flexible response

B. hot line

C. Vietcong

D. domino theory

E. escalate

F. deferment

G. Vietnamization

H. MIAs


D

H

C

A


Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 5. to increase or expand

__ 6. a direct telephone line for emergency use

__ 7. Nixon’s policy that called for South Vietnam to take a more active role in fighting the war and for Americans to become less involved

__ 8. an excuse, issued by the draft board, that lets a person be excused from military service for various reasons

E

B

G

F

A. flexible response

B. hot line

C. Vietcong

D. domino theory

E. escalate

F. deferment

G. Vietnamization

H. MIAs


Reviewing Key Facts

Why did the Soviets build the Berlin Wall?

The Berlin Wall was built to prevent East Germans from escaping to West Berlin and to cut communications and other links between East and West Germany.


Reviewing Key Facts

Why did President Kennedy blockade Cuba?

President Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba to force the dismantling and removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba.


Reviewing Key Facts

In what way did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution extend President Johnson’s power?

It gave President Johnson broad authority in the use of the military in Vietnam.


Reviewing Key Facts

What is Agent Orange?

Agent Orange is a toxic herbicide that was used to defoliate areas for better visibility of the enemy.


Reviewing Key Facts

What was the Tet offensive?

The Tet offensive was the launch of an aggressive series of attacks by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong on January 31, 1968, that marked a turning point in the war.


Critical Thinking

Comparing Why do you think most Americans supported the war effort during World War II, but many did not support the Vietnam War?

Possible answer: World War II directly affected the well-being of Americans, but the Vietnam War did not. In addition, during World War II, the government spent large amounts of money to raise public support for the war, unlike during the Vietnam War.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions President Johnson made the decision not to run for reelection in 1968. Determine whether you believe that President Johnson’s decision was a good one or a bad one for the country. On a diagram like the one shown on page 890 of your textbook, write at least three reasons to support your decision.

Geography and History ActivityStudy the maps below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Geography and History Activity


Region In what regions of the country did Kennedy receive the strongest support in the 1960 election? In which regions was support for Kennedy weakest?


Kennedy was strongest in the East and the South and weakest in the West.



Region What regions supported Nixon in 1960? In 1968?


In 1960 the West was almost solidly for Nixon. Except in the Northeast, Nixon virtually swept the nation in 1968.



Region Explain why you agree or disagree with the following: The Northeast was Nixon’s strongest region in 1968.


Disagree. The Northeast was Humphrey’s strongest region.

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Test-Taking Tip Be aware of the order of events asked about in a question. This question asks about events in Vietnam after the United States pulled out. Choice A is an event that occurred before the pull out.

What happened in Vietnam after the last American troops left?

A The process of Vietnamization began.

B South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam.

C The two sides met at Paris.

D President Johnson decided not to seek a second term.


Standardized Test Practice

What was the My Lai incident, and how did it affect American public opinion about the war?

A platoon led by Lt. William Calley was ordered to destroy the village of My Lai, which was suspected of being a Vietcong stronghold. The platoon wiped out more than 200 people. Americans were horrified by news of My Lai. Calley was convicted in 1971 of war crimes.


Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Journey Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://taj.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/taj2005/index.php4

The Vietcong used hit-and-run tactics. Not as well equipped as the Americans, the Vietcong and North Vietnamese used ambushes, boobytraps (which ultimately caused 11 percent of U.S. combat deaths during the war), and small-scale attacks. They moved swiftly by night and by day and hid in the jungles or in friendly villages.

About 500,000 men refused to report when they were drafted. About 3,000 went to prison rather than fight.

The Tet Offensive The Americans killed by a 19-person Vietcong suicide squad at the Saigon embassy included military police and a marine. The Vietcong were all killed by American troops airlifted to the site. Partly because of initially erroneous news reports and partly because the embassy had been raided, more Americans began to believe that President Johnson’s reports about the war could not be trusted. As a result of the Tet offensive, more Americans turned against President Johnson and the war itself.

Student Protests Some college students showed their unhappiness over the Vietnam War by staging teach-ins, or all-night sessions in which students, faculty, and guest speakers denounced the war. Other students occupied college administration buildings, held school officials captive, and then used the media attention to state their case.

Donut Dollies Between 1962 and 1973, over 600 female volunteers served in the Red Cross’s Supplemental Recreation Activities Overseas program in Vietnam. Women participating in this program were called “Donut Dollies.” The program was designed to provide recreational activities for soldiers, such as games and crafts, in order to boost morale. During the war, 28 “Donut Dolly” units were in operation throughout Vietnam.

Building a Database

Why Learn This Skill?

Have you ever collected baseball cards or cataloged the CDs in your collection? Have you ever kept a list of the names and addresses of your friends and relatives? If you have collected information and kept some sort of list or file, then you have created a database.

This feature can be found on page 883 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Learning the Skill

An electronic database is a collection of facts that are stored in files on the computer. The information is organized in fields.

Building a Database

This feature can be found on page 883 of your textbook.

Learning the Skill

A database can be organized and reorganized in any way that is useful to you. By using a database management system (DBNS)–special software developed for record keeping–you can easily add, delete, change, or update information. You give commands to the computer telling it what to do with the information, and it follows your commands. When you want to retrieve information, the computer searches through the files, finds the information, and displays it on the screen.

Building a Database


Practicing the Skill

Richard M. Nixon is one of the presidents discussed in this chapter. Follow these steps to build a database of the political and cultural events that took place during his presidency.

Building a Database

1. Determine what facts you want to include in your database.

2. Follow instructions in the DBMS you are using to set up fields. Then enter each item of data into its assigned field.

This feature can be found on page 883 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


Building a Database


3. Determine how you want to organize the facts in the database–chronologically by the date of the event, or alphabetically by the name of the event.

This feature can be found on page 883 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4. Follow the instructions in your computer program to place the information in order of importance.


Building a Database


5. Check that the information in your database is all correct. If necessary, add, delete, or change information or fields.


The First TV War

Objectives

After viewing “The First TV War,” you should: • Be able to explain the impact TV had on how Americans

felt about the Vietnam War. • Realize that, even now, our

involvement in Vietnam is being debated.

• Understand that some Americans believe protesting government policies is a duty of citizenship.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Journey

video.

Discussion Question

How many Vietnamese died during the Vietnam War? How many Americans died?


Four million Vietnamese died. 58,247 Americans died.

The First TV War

Discussion Question

In what year did the United States finally withdraw all troops from Vietnam?


The United States finally withdrew all military personnel from Vietnam in 1975.

The First TV War

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