december 2012 biomass magazine

December 2012

Policy Watch

Election Results, Legislation and

Government Programs That Matter in 2013

Page 32

Plus:Current research shows production costs declineas investments risePage 26

And:U.S. DOE Acting Biomass Program Manager Valerie Reed Talks ShopPage 24

www.biomassmagazine.com

DECEMBER 2012 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 3

Q&AThe Beltway BiochemistValerie Reed isn’t just acting manager of the U.S. DOE Biomass Program or a biochemist by trade. She’s also proving advanced biofuels skeptics wrong. Interviewed by Tim Portz

COST ANALYSISGlobal Costs of Biomass PowerExpert analysis and up-to-date research show the truth about worldwide biomass production: costs are going down and investments are going up. By Anna Simet

POLICYLooking into PolicyWhat Barack Obama means for bioenergy in the next four years, and what to watch for in 2013. By Luke Geiver

SUSTAINABILITYManaging Woody Biomass: The Past Century in ReviewBy Joshua Kane Harrell

INSIDE¦

DECEMBER 2012 | VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 12

FEATURES DEPARTMENTS04 EDITOR’S NOTE

Making Our CaseBy Tim Portz

06 INDUSTRY EVENTS

07 POWER PLATFORMWhat the Election Results Mean for Biomass By Bob Cleaves

08 THERMAL DYNAMICSIs Ag Biomass Here to Stay?By Dan Arnett

10 ENERGY REVIEW The Water Energy Nexus and Biopower Production By Bruce C. Folkedahl

12 ALGAE APTITUDEDriving Algae Sustainability By Mary Rosenthal

14 BUSINESS BRIEFS

16 BIOMASS NEWS

42 MARKETPLACE

26

24

32

38

ADVERTISER INDEX¦

2013 Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo 42

2013 International Biomass Conference & Expo 44

Ace Glass 28

Airofl ex Equipment 35

Algae Biomass Summit 43

BBI Consulting Services 21

Biomass Magazine 4

Buhler Inc. 41

Clariant Produckte Gmbh 37

Continental Biomass Industries, Inc. 14

CPM Roskamp Champion 6

CST Industries, Inc. 17

DuPont Industrial Biosciences 2

Factory Sales and Engineering Inc. 30

Fagen Inc. 13

Fike Corporation 15

GEA Westfalia Separator 23

Himark bioGas 11

Hurst Boiler & Welding Co. Inc. 40

Indeck Power Equipment Co. 36

KEITH Manufacturing Company 29

Keller and Heckman 18

Percival Scientifi c, Inc. 39

Pittcon 9

PRODESA 5

Retsch, Inc. 19

RUD Chain 25

ThermoEnergy Corporation 22

Twin Ports Testing 34

Vecoplan LLC 16

West Salem Machinery 31

Wolf Material Handling Systems 20

Biomass Magazine: (USPS No. 5336) December 2012, Vol. 6, Issue 12. Biomass Magazine is published monthly by BBI International. Principal Offi ce: 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203. Periodicals Postage Paid at Grand Forks, North Dakota and additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Biomass Magazine/Subscriptions, 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203.

26

4 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | DECEMBER 2012

Making Our CaseAt the risk of diminishing President Obama’s successful bid for a second term, it can neverthe-

less be argued that the personal decisions we all made in the polling booths were merely a prologue to the looming decisions our elected offi cials face as we move into 2013. Our government is racing headlong toward the euphemistic fi scal cliff that received surprisingly little attention in the presiden-tial debates, but re-emerged as the most pressing national issue almost before the race’s outcome was certain. The newly-elected and re-elected senators, representatives, and president may soon fi nd themselves wishing for the stress and demands of a campaign trail as they face not only the fi scal cliff, but also an unresolved Farm Bill and an American public growing tired of watching their government kick the can down the road.

This month’s issue of Biomass Magazine seeks to lay out what is at stake for the industry as our government returns to the hard work of running a country attempting to pull itself out of recession. Luke Geiver’s feature “Navigating the Political Scene” offers a snapshot of legislation that impacts various sectors of the biomass industry, paired with industry insider commentary describing the importance of particular policy segments. In his monthly column for Biomass Magazine, Bob Cleaves, president and CEO of the Biomass Power Association, echoes this theme, but takes the conversation a step further by questioning whether climate change policy, or at least a return to a national conversa-tion about our energy future within the context of climate, is likely.

As policymakers in Washington, D.C., take on these and other issues that will arise, the bioenergy sector continues to drive forward. Despite calls for a waiver of the renewable fuels standard, the industry’s fi rst commercial-scale volumes of advanced biofuels are scheduled to come online in the coming year, utilizing different feedstocks while leveraging varied conversion pathways. In this issue we also report that US pellet capacity continues to rise as producers here serve customers in Western Europe, where, for now, the government has for now, made a stronger commitment than the U.S. to fi nd and utilize energy sources with lower carbon profi les.

Our industry’s best argument for future policy support will always be the successful outcomes that we argued would arise from legislation we worked for in the past. In this regard, the achievements we’re poised to make in 2013 may be the best case we’ve made in years.

TIM PORTZVICE PRESIDENT OF CONTENT & EXECUTIVE [email protected]

¦EDITOR’S NOTE


EDITORIAL

PRESIDENT & EDITOR IN CHIEFTom Bryan [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENT OF CONTENT & EXECUTIVE EDITORTim Portz [email protected]

CONTRIBUTIONS EDITORAnna Simet [email protected]

FEATURES EDITORLuke Geiver [email protected]

NEWS EDITORErin Voegele [email protected]

COPY EDITOR Jan Tellmann [email protected]

ARTART DIRECTOR

Jaci Satterlund [email protected]

GRAPHIC DESIGNERElizabeth Burslie [email protected]

PUBLISHING & SALESCHAIRMAN

Mike Bryan [email protected]

CEOJoe Bryan [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENT, SALES & MARKETINGMatthew Spoor [email protected]

EXECUTIVE ACCOUNT MANAGERHoward Brockhouse [email protected]

ACCOUNT MANAGERSMarty Steen [email protected] Bob Brown [email protected]

Andrea Anderson [email protected]

CIRCULATION MANAGER Jessica Beaudry [email protected]

ADVERTISING COORDINATORMarla DeFoe [email protected]

SENIOR MARKETING MANAGERJohn Nelson [email protected]

Subscriptions Biomass Magazine is free of charge to everyone with the exception of a shipping and handling charge of $49.95 for any country outside of the United States, Canada and Mexico. To subscribe, visit www.BiomassMagazine.com or you can send your mailing address and payment (checks made out to BBI International) to Biomass Magazine Subscriptions, 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203. You can also fax a subscription form to 701-746-5367. Back Issues & Reprints Select back issues are available for $3.95 each, plus shipping. Article reprints are also available for a fee. For more information, contact us at 701-746-8385 or [email protected]. Advertising Biomass Magazine provides a specifi c topic delivered to a highly targeted audience. We are committed to editorial excellence and high-quality print production. To fi nd out more about Biomass Magazine advertising opportunities, please contact us at 701-746-8385 or [email protected]. Letters to the Editor We welcome letters to the editor. Send to Biomass Magazine Letters to the Contributions Editor, 308 2nd Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203 or email to [email protected]. Please include your name, address and phone number. Letters may be edited for clarity and/or space.

TM

Please recycle this magazine and remove inserts or samples before recycling COPYRIGHT © 2012 by BBI International


Canadian Renewable Fuels SummitDecember 3-5, 2012Westin Ottawa HotelOttawa, OntarioCanada is now a frontrunner in the worldwide effort to create clean, renew-able sources of transportation fuel. Learn from industry experts, engage in valuable peer to peer collaboration, fi nd solutions for your business challeng-es, discover new products and services. The CRFS is a great opportunity to exchange ideas and gain a global perspective on the renewable fuels in-dustry. We offer insightful plenaries and are now offering concurrent industry breakout sessions. 613-594-5528, ext. 223 | www.greenfuels.org

International Biomass Conference & ExpoApril 8-10, 2013Minneapolis Convention CenterMinneapolis, MinnesotaBuilding on InnovationOrganized by BBI International and coproduced by Biomass Magazine, the International Biomass Conference & Expo program will include 30-plus panels and more than 100 speakers, including 90 technical presentations on topics ranging from anaerobic digestion and gasifi cation to pyrolysis and combined heat and power. This dynamic event unites industry professionals from all sectors of the world’s interconnected biomass utilization industries—biobased power, thermal energy, fuels and chemicals. 866-746-8385 | www.biomassconference.com

International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & ExpoJune 10-13, 2013America’s CenterSt. Louis, MissouriWhere Producers MeetNow in its 29th year, the FEW provides the global ethanol industry with cut-ting-edge content and unparalleled networking opportunities in a dynamic business-to-business environment. The FEW is the largest, longest running ethanol conference in the world—and the only event powered by Ethanol Producer Magazine. Visit our website to reserve premium booth space now.866-746-8385 | www.fuelethanolworkshop.com

¦INDUSTRY EVENTS

Algae Biomass SummitSeptember 30-October 3, 2013Hilton OrlandoOrlando, FloridaThis dynamic event unites industry professionals from all sectors of the world’s algae utilization industries including, but not limited to, fi nancing, algal ecology, genetic systems, carbon partitioning, engineering & analysis, biofu-els, animal feeds, fertilizers, bioplastics, supplements and foods. Organized by the Algae Biomass Organization and coproduced by BBI International, this event brings current and future producers of biobased products and energy together with algae crop growers, municipal leaders, technology providers, equipment manufacturers, project developers, investors and policy makers. It’s a true one-stop shop – the world’s premier educational and networking junction for all algae industries. 866-746-8385 | www.algaebiomasssummit.org

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In the coming days, each of us will be treated to countless webinars and seminars on the Election Day post-mortem as it relates to renewable energy. Aside from the obvious winners—the president, Senate Democrats and House Republicans—and losers—Mitt Romney, Scott Brown, and the so-called “Mad Men” wing of the Republican Party—the following is what we know.

The fi re alarm caused by an assault on existing policies supporting renewable energy is less likely to happen now that we have a divided Congress and a president on record as supporting renewables. Whatever we think may happen on broader tax reform, be on the lookout for proposals to phase out tax benefi ts for certain renewables such as wind. In the context of that debate will come an opportunity for the biomass industry to educate Congress about the importance of tax benefi ts for our industry—which have long been inadequate to foster signifi cant growth and less than benefi ts re-ceived by other renewables—and ways that Section 45 can continue to support an industry that is so vital to rural economies, sustainable forest manage-ment and agriculture.

Next, it may be an overstatement to interpret the president’s win as a clear mandate for renewable energy. However, the voters appeared unmoved by U.S. DOE loan guarantees to failed solar panel manufacturers or electric car companies. Barely a word was spoken on climate during the campaign, at least until half of the nation’s largest city and huge swaths of the Mid-Atlantic Coast were under-water because of a storm surge that was only made

worse by documented rising seas levels. Will climate re-emerge on the congressional or White House agenda? While not immediately, the billions needed to shore up New York’s seawalls needs to be funded somehow. Did somebody say carbon tax?

We see strong possibilities that climate will be the central environmental issue, even if it doesn’t poll well. For that reason, the role of biomass in combatting climate change through healthy forests, fi re prevention and carbon dioxide avoidance will be important. Watch for the U.S. EPA to play a prominent role in that debate, and for BPA to make sure that the agency applies sound science and responsible public policy. Watch also for USDA to play a larger role in supporting the industry as a means of preventing forest fi res and the promotion of energy crops like willow.

Finally, it goes without saying that regulatory reform in a Romney administration would look very different from the president’s. Yet, with a divided Congress and an economy not yet emerged from a deep recession, we are optimistic that EPA will encourage the use of biomass and not regulate certain fuels as wastes. What remains to be seen is whether the Boiler MACT rulemaking, when completed by the EPA in the coming months, will be affordable and achievable.

One thing is certain, however: we are all safe from political ads for at least a couple months.

Author: Bob CleavesPresident and CEO, Biomass Power Association

[email protected]

What the Election Results Mean for Biomass

POWER PLATFORM¦

BY BOB CLEAVES


When observing U.S. alternative energy during years to come, the real question that must be asked is, “Is agricultural biomass going to be a signifi cant con-tributor, or just another good idea?”

According to the U.S. DOE's Billion Ton Study, agriculture-derived biomass has to be part of the pic-ture if we are going to achieve our goals as a country. That is the one point that is fairly easy to agree upon. Beyond that, however, there are many questions sur-rounding agricultural fi bers.

Agricultural biomass encompasses a wide range of plant fi bers. These plants can have drastically differ-ent physical and chemical properties when compared to each other, and even more so when compared to wood fi ber. One of the most signifi cant lessons we learned when we began processing native warm sea-son grasses was that just because it is ground up and looks similar to sawdust, does not mean that it will behave in the same manner as sawdust. Simply put, agricultural biomass is not wood.

While discussing agricultural biomass, let’s take a moment and discuss agriculture itself. It must be ob-served and appreciated that the challenges and reali-ties of agriculture in our country can vary greatly from region to region. Sometimes even 20 miles can make a stark difference in the appearance and resource avail-ability of the countryside. For example, here in north-west Pennsylvania, our average fi eld size is relatively small, at approximately 15 acres. Driving just 30 min-utes to the west puts you in another world, with larger fi elds, changed weather, different drainage and fl atter land.

Utilization provides another contrast with woody biomass, as there seems to be several concepts of how best to collect and process a certain agricultural bio-mass for each unique source. One thing that must be kept in mind is that the utilization concept must rec-ognize and allow for any current uses of the fi ber and

its coproducts. One great example is a project planner proposing to use corn stover, collecting the fi ber be-fore it hits the ground and expecting the harvester to slow the ground speed in order to allow for this. This is not an acceptable scenario to the vast majority of grain producers.

Currently, the thermal conversion of agricul-tural biomass―whether in baled, ground, or densifi ed form―is best suited for consumption in commercial and more rural residential applications. This is where most of the earliest adoption has occurred. These markets have a vested interest in supporting agricul-tural products, which results in relatively more pa-tience and willingness to work through the associated challenges of warranty issues, more ash, and different ash chemistry. While a few leaders in the biomass and pellet appliance industry have openly embraced agri-cultural biomass fuel and have started working with it, there is still a lot of work to be done. Understandably, a large portion of these appliance manufacturers have not invested the signifi cant resources necessary to test and adapt appliances to agricultural fi elds.

One of the most effective steps that can be taken to encourage the growth and development of agricul-tural biomass, both as a concept and as a crop, is to promote the growth of a profi table market for it. This can be achieved by dedicating resources to increase the number of people purchasing and using both small- and large-scale combustion appliances that are capa-ble of utilizing the fi ber.

Is ag biomass here to stay? Yes. Will we use it in the most effective and effi cient manner we are capa-ble? We shall see.

Author: Dan ArnettBiomass Coordinator, Ernst Conservation Seeds

Vice Chair, BTEC Board of [email protected]

Is Ag Biomass Here to Stay?BY DAN ARNETT

¦THERMAL DYNAMICS

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BIFUEL

POWERINGINNOVATIONS IN

DISCOVERY


A recent workshop on water and energy confi rmed my understanding of the dynamic relationship water and energy share. Although the fossil power industry is becoming less reliant on large water resources because of the advent of more effi cient, lower cost, air cooled and hybrid air/water–cooled condensers used in cooling boiler intake water, the need for large volumes of water still exists for the foreseeable future. For biomass power systems, the same cooling and other peripheral require-ments for water still exist, but in many cases—especially for energy crops and agricultural residues—there is the added water balance requirement of agricultural water used in growing the green, renewable fuel. Though the low cost of natural gas seems to be the greatest chal-lenge for biomass power development right now, water adds another challenge.

The power industry is second only to agriculture as the largest domestic user of water, accounting for 39 percent of all freshwater withdrawals in the nation, 71 percent of which is used in fossil fuel-based electri-cal generation. The same technologies used to produce electricity from fossil-based fuels are, and will continue to be, used for a signifi cant amount of biomass-based power production. Therefore, biopower systems are going to be challenged in obtaining site permits for new biomass power plant construction. The availability of water for use in biomass electric power generation may be limited in many parts of the U.S., and biomass power plants must compete with other industrial customers, agricultural interests and households for this limited commodity. Diffi culty in obtaining necessary water per-mits can lead to delayed or abandoned projects.

Infrastructure needs may also create a challenge with respect to water and biopower. A system for sustainable water supply can take years to develop with today’s entanglement of water rights and laws. Usually, these types of water rights issues are settled in court—over 90 percent—as opposed to the conference room. In areas that do not have an adequate water source, biomass power plant construction is often not even considered, even though these locations are ideal in other respects. Additionally, potential regulations cur-tailing carbon dioxide emissions will impact water use.

Because of the corrosive nature of carbonic acid, water will need to be removed to very low levels prior to the carbon dioxide being pipelined to its fi nal destination.

In lieu of these challenges, all hope is certainly not lost, as demonstrated by many biopower projects that are moving forward. Along the lines of water savings and effi ciency, the Energy & Environmental Research Center, in conjunction with several commercial part-ners, is investigating several water-saving technologies. Tremendous new strides are being made in air-cooled condensers, hybrid air-cooled systems, water capture/re-cycle, and novel heat exchange media for hybrid cooling tower systems.

One example is a hybrid wet/dry cooling system that utilizes a direct-contact, jet spray condensing cycle that is air-cooled in conjunction with a conventional wet cooling loop. This system can dramatically reduce water use and also has the potential to be retrofi tted into existing plants. Retrofi ts in existing systems can be par-ticularly diffi cult for conventional dry or hybrid systems because of space limitations required for modifi cations at the condensing site after the turbine and the required footprint needed for air-cooled systems on the grounds, as well as all of the requisite ducting.

Another example currently under development at the EERC is a novel dry cooling technology. The system uses a nonvolatile heat-transfer fl uid that takes advantage of primarily sensible heat rejection and only minimally relies on the latent heat of evaporation. The end result is a great reduction in water input.

These are just a few examples of how solutions are being found to reduce the overall water footprint of heat and power production utilizing biomass. The biomass industry can play a part in reducing the water footprint of biomass utilization systems, whether it is in power production or in the production of bioproducts or biofuels, and the EERC is working with industry to do so.

Author: Bruce C. FolkedahlSenior Research Manager, EERC

(701) [email protected]

The Water Energy Nexus and Biopower Production

¦ENERGY REVIEW

BY BRUCE C. FOLKEDAHL


PEOPLE, PRODUCTS & PARTNERSHIPSBusiness BriefsViessmann hires technical sales manager

Viessmann Ltd. has appointed John Brain as technical sales manager of its products division. In his new position, Brain will provide support for the commercial sales team across the U.K. and develop Viessmann’s product offering in biomass and combined-heat-and-power modules. He reports to Nigel Jefferson, sales director of commercial and renewable products. Prior to joining Viessman, Brain was employed by boiler manufacturer Hartley and Sugden. He has 20 years of experience in commercial and industrial boilers, including steam projects. Viessmann

manufactures a variety of heating systems that range in size from 1.5 to 116,000 kW, including biomass boilers, CHP systems, oil and gas-fi red boilers, solar and photovoltaic systems, and ground and air and water heat pumps.

Glycos Biotechnologies adds board member

Glycos Biotechnologies Inc. has appointed Wan Abdul Rahaman bin WanYaacob to its Asia board of directors. WanYaacob has 40 years of experience working in the biotechnology and rubber industries, in both research and executive level positions. He currently serves as the advisor of biotechnology initiatives for the Northern Corridor Implementation Authority in Malaysia. He is also an adjunct professor in the department of biochemistry, biotechnology and

biomolecular science at the University of Putra Malaysia. WanYaacob also formerly served as executive vice president of Eco System for the Innovation Agency of Malaysia. As a member of Glycos Biotechnologies’ board, his knowledge of rubber and experience in the industry will be an asset to the company as it completes construction of its Malaysian facility and begins production of biobased isoprene, trademarked Bio-SIM.

Amyris appoints vice president of global manufacturing, process development

Charles Kraft is joining Amyris Inc. as the company’s new vice president of global manufacturing and process development. Kraft is a veteran of the specialty fermentation industry. As a member of the Amyris team, he will help the company

Brain's experience includes managing large-scale projects.

take its industrial manufacturing capabilities to the next phase. Prior to joining Amyris, he served as vice president of operations and vice president of engineering at DuPont Tate & Lyle BioProducts, a joint venture producing 1,3 propanediol via the fermentation of sugars. He also spent nearly 20 years with Tate & Lyle’s citric acid production facility, where he held a number of operational positions.

Fenz joins Virent’s board of directors

Virent Inc. has added R. Krug Fenz to its board of directors. Fenz currently serves as senior manager of mergers and acquisitions and commercial fi nance in the Americas for Shell Oil Co. Prior to joining Shell in 1996, Fenz worked at a variety of international consulting fi rms and Fortune 500 companies, including Ross Corp.,

Ecolab, Lone Star Technologies, Pennzoil, Diamond Shamrock and Gulf Oil. He has 30 years of management experience and has spearheaded corporate growth and diversifi cation through mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures, commercial product introduction, fi nancing new business ventures and strategic planning.

M-E-C adds vice president of sales M-E-C Co. has

hired Stephen Rice to serve as its vice president of sales. M-E-C is a worldwide supplier of industrial dryer systems. Rice has extensive experience in the wood products industry. Prior to joining M-E-C, he served as

president of Kilntek Inc., where he was responsible for establishing a business for manufacturing and installation of equipment for drying lumber and various combustions systems. Rice has also served as managing director of four engineering divisions throughout the U.S. and Canada for Moore International. In his new position with M-E-C, Rice will report to John Quick, the company’s president. His responsibilities will include the management and supervision of domestic and international sales teams.

BUSINESS BRIEFS¦

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SHARE YOUR INDUSTRY NEWS: To be included in the Busi-ness Briefs, send information (including photos and logos, if available) to Industry Briefs, Biomass Magazine, 308 Sec-ond Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203. You may also email information to [email protected]. Please include your name and telephone number in all cor-respondence.

Rice brings valuable sales management experience and industry knowledge to his new position.


BiomassNews

European Bioplastics projects that the global bio-plastic industry will experi-ence a fi vefold increase in production volumes between 2011 and 2016, from ap-proximately 1.2 million metric tons to 5.8 million metric tons.

The most signifi cant growth is expected to be in nonbiodegradable plastics, such as biobased polyethyl-ene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The market forecast published by European Bioplastics estimates that PET will represent 4.6 million, or 80 percent of total bioplastic production capacity, by 2016.

Asia had the most bioplastic produc-tion capacity online in 2011, with 34.6 per-cent. The relative capacity percentages for South America, Europe, North America and

Australia were 32.8 percent, 18.5 percent, 13.7 percent and 0.4 percent. By 2016, Asia is expected to be home to 46.3 percent of capacity, with South America close behind at 45.1 percent. Europe, North America and Australia are expected to represent a relative 4.9 percent, 3.5 percent and 0.2 percent of production capacity.

Novi Energy has opened a large-scale community digester project in southeastern Michigan. Construction of the $22 million Fremont Community Digester plant began in 2010. The facility is expected to be com-pleted during the fourth quarter of 2012.

The plant utilizes a complete-mix anaer-obic digestion technology and is capable of taking in 100,000 tons of food waste on an annual basis. Feedstock will be sourced from a variety of regional food processors and agricultural operations. The resulting biogas will be fed to two reciprocating internal combustion engines to produce 3 MW of electricity, which is being sold to Consumers Energy under a long-term contract.

Debt fi nancing for the project came from Comerica Bank and was supported by a $12.8 million USDA 9003 loan guarantee. INDUS Energy LLC is the majority owner of the project.

Booming growth expected in bioplastic production capacity

Community digester opens in Michigan

*Data sourced from European Bioplastics

A report published by Wood Resources International found that the U.S. exported more wood pellets than Cana-da during the fi rst six months of 2012. Although Canada was formerly the world leader in pellet exports, U.S. production has expanded rapidly. Exports from the southern region of the U.S. increased by 13 per-cent during the second quarter alone.

According to the report the U.S. has exported more than 1.5 million tons of pellets this year, and is on track to export 5.7 million tons per year by 2015.

Several U.S.-based pellet producers, namely, U.S. American Wood Fibers, Cur-ran Renewable Energy and Marth Wood Shavings & Supply, have entered into an agreement to certify their pellets. The group will participate in a testing protocol and

standards verifi cation process developed by the Pellet Fuels Institute and American Lumber Standard Committee. Some of the characteristics analyzed include ash con-tent and fuel density. Once verifi cation is complete, participating mills will be able to label each bag of pellets with a certifi cation sticker to indicate the grade of the fuel.

BIOMASSNEWS¦

The USDA announced loan guarantees to support three biomass power plants in Oc-tober. The funding was awarded under USDA Rural Development’s Rural Utilities Service. The program aims to help electric utilities upgrade, expand, maintain and replace rural energy infrastructure. It also funds renewable energy and energy conservation projects.

Colorado-based Eagle Valley Clean Energy LLC was awarded a $40 million loan guarantee to partially fi nance an 11.5 MW biomass power plant. Green Energy Team LLC in Hawaii was awarded a $72.88 million loan guarantee to support the development of a 7.5 MW biomass power plant. Finally, East Texas Electric Cooperative Inc. was awarded a $151 million loan guarantee to develop a 50 MW biomass power plant. All awards are contingent on the recipients meet-ing the terms of their loan agreements.

US pellet industry progresses USDA awards loan guarantees for biomass power projects

*Information sourced from Pellet Fuels Institute

Residential/Commerical Densifi ed Fuel Standards Fuel Property Normative information - MandatoryBulk density, lb/cubic ftDiameter, inchesPellet durability indexFines, % (at the mill gate)Inorganic ash, %Length, % greater than 1.5 inchesMoisture, %Chloide, ppmHeating valueInformative only - Not MandatoryAsh fusion

PFI Premium

40-460.23-0.285≥ 96.5≤ 0.5≤ 1≤ 1≤ 8≤ 300NA

NA

PFI Standard

38-460.23-0.285≥ 95≤ 1≤ 2≤ 1≤ 10≤ 300NA

NA

PFI Utility

38-460.23-0.285≥ 95≤ 1 ≤ 6≤ 1 ≤ 10≤ 300NA

NA


¦BIOMASSNEWS

Agrisoma Biosciences Inc. and the National Research Council of Canada have successfully completed a civil jet fl ight using 100 percent biobased jet fuel. The fuel was manufactured from Resonance Energy Feed-stock. Agrisoma contributed feedstock to the project. The company is commercializing the oilseed crop Brassica carinata, commonly known as Ethiopian mustard. The resulting oil was refi ned into biobased jet fuel using Applied Research Associates’ Isoconverson Process. The biojet was then used to fuel NRC’s Falcon 20 jet.

As part of the test fl ight, a second aircraft, the T-33, tailed the Falcon in fl ight to collect emissions data. Researchers at the NRC will analyze the data to better under-stand the emission profi le of the fuel and the environmental impacts of biofuels. Prelimi-nary results are expected to be released later this year.

The National Research Council has published a report, noting that algae-based biofuel production could place unstable de-mands on energy, water and nutrients if capacity reaches 39 billion liters (10.3 billion gallons), or approximately 5 percent of the U.S. transporta-tion fuel market.

The report, titled “Sustainable Develop-ment of Algal Biofuels in the United States,” named fi ve specifi c areas that the NRC considers to be concerns of high im-portance. They include water usage and requirements, nutrient supply, land area requirements, energy return on investment, and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions.

The Algae Biomass Organization has applauded the reports fi nding that these sustainability concerns are not a barrier to

future growth of the algae industry. The organization also said that the fi ve areas highlighted as primary concerns in the report are already being addressed by re-searchers and algal biofuel producers. For example, companies are already recycling nutrients, producing biobased methane from residual organics and using produc-tion designs to minimize energy use.

Canadian flight operates on 100 percent biofuel

Report: Algae industry can improve sustainability

SOURCE: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

ACROSS THE GLOBE, AROUND THE CLOCK

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BIOMASSNEWS¦

Researchers at Iowa State University are work-ing to optimize microbes capable of converting bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis into biofuels. The work focuses on the bacteria E. coli and the microalgae C. reinhardtii.

Certain contaminants in the bio-oil have traditionally limited the ability of these microbes to convert pyrolysis oil into fuels and chemicals. The team is experimenting with pretreatments of this bio-oil that could reduce toxicity. They are also developing microbes that can tolerate the contami-nants.

The team is using a technique called directed evolution to produce microbes that are more toler-ant of bio-oil contaminants. To do this the mi-crobes are grown with higher and higher concen-trations of bio-oils. As they divide they replicate their DNA. Sometimes mutations arise during the replication process. Some of these DNA “mis-takes” help make the microbe more tolerant of the contaminants. The work is led by Laura Jarboe, an assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering.

A report, titled “The Promise of Bio-mass,” published by the Union of Concerned Scientists demonstrates that the U.S. has the potential to dramatically increase our renewable energy supply though the use of biomass feedstock. Overall, the analysis determined that 680 million tons of biomass could be made available by 2030. That is enough biomass to produce either 54 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels or generate enough electricity to meet one-fi fth of nationwide demand.

According to the study, the largest long-term opportunity to expand bioen-ergy production in the U.S. is from dedi-cated energy crops such as switchgrass and miscanthus as well as fast-growing

trees like hybrid poplar and willow. The report provides detailed maps

for each of the different biomass sources it has identifi ed. The maps describe where the UCS expects certain types of feedstock to be abundant. In addition to energy crops, the study addresses agricultural residues, waste materials, and forest biomass.

Scientists use directed evolution to improve microbes

UCS: 680 million tons of biomass by 2030

*Data sourced from Union of Concerned Scientists


¦BIOMASSNEWS

Neste Oil recently celebrated the grand opening of its microbial oil pilot plant in Porvoo, Finland. The facility converts waste and residue material into microbial oil feedstock, which can be converted into renewable diesel and other products via Neste Oil’s NExBTL process.

The fi rst phase of the pilot plant was com-pleted in August. As of late October, the facility had already produced microbial-rich biomass. The aim of the research is to develop a technol-ogy that can be deployed on the industrial scale. The process is based on a bioreactor technology where residues from the agricultural and pulp and paper industries are fractionated into sugars and converted into oil by microbes.

Neste Oil also announced that it is com-mercially supplying biobased naphtha to its cus-tomers. The substance is created as a coproduct of the NExBTL refi ning process. Naphtha can be used as a gasoline additive and as a feedstock for bioplastic production. Neste Oil is consider-ing the commercialization of another NExBTL coproduct, biobased propane.

The European Commission has released a proposal that aims to make signifi cant changes to the EU’s biofuel policy. Specifi cally, the proposal seeks to limit the use of crop-based feedstock and include indirect land use change (ILUC) associated emissions in the greenhouse gas (GHG) profi le of fuels.

The proposal sets a 60 percent minimum GHG saving threshold for new biofuel production facilities, which the commission said aims to discourage additional investments in production facilities with low GHG performance. In addition, the proposal maintains the

10 percent renewable content goal for transportation fuels contained within the current Renewable Energy Directive, but caps crop-based fuels at 5 percent. The updated program would also establish incentives for biofuels that result in little or no ILUC emission, such as those manufactured from algae, straw or waste feedstocks.

Representatives of the European biofuel industry have spoken out against the proposal, noting that it will decimate Europe’s biofuel industry in the midst of the European economic crisis.

Neste Oil brings pilot plant online, sells naphtha coproduct

European Commission proposes new biofuel policy

Feedstock group

Cereals and other starch-rich crops SugarsOil crops

Estimated indirect land-use change emissions (gCO2eq/MJ)121355

Estimated indirect land use change emissions from biofuel

SOURCE: EU BIOFUEL PROPOSAL


BIOMASSNEWS¦

INEOS New Planet BioEnergy, a joint ven-ture of INEOS Bio, has commenced production of renewable power that will be used to power the biorefi nery in addition to supplying the grid. Once fully operational, the cellulosic ethanol plant is expected to have the capacity to pro-duce 8 million gallons of fuel along with 6 MW of renewable power from renewable biomass feedstock. Initially, the facility will take in yard, vegetative and agricultural wastes. There are also plans to run municipal solid waste through the plant.

INEOS Bio’s BioEnergy technology enables the production of both fuel and power. The bio-mass feedstock goes through a gasifi cation pro-cess to produce synthesis gas. The heat recovered from the hot syngas is fed into a steam turbine, creating electrical power. The syngas itself is processed into ethanol.

Two new websites have launched with the goal of spurring development in the biogas sec-tor. The North East Biosolids and Residuals Association launched a website that houses data on anaero-bic digestion and biogas produc-tion at U.S. wastewater treatment facilities. Visitors to the website can run a search for a wastewater treat-ment facility or browse plants in alphabetical order. The online tool offers satellite images of the plants as well as data related to plant location, fl ow design and average, whether outside waste is fed into the digester, type of digestion used, and how the biogas is used.

Baker Tilly Virchow Krause LLP and the Wisconsin State Energy Offi ce have partnered to develop an online mapping tool that aims to help proj-ect developers assess the potential for anaerobic digestion project development

within Wisconsin. The tool allows users to assess potential feedstock source providers, utility infrastructure, service territories and nearby publicly-owned treatment works and waterways, highway and other criteria.

INEOS New Planet BioEnergy begins power production

New tools offer biogas developers an abundance of data

SOURCE: WWW.BIOGASDATA.ORG

Flow designFlow averageOutside waste fed to digesters Digestion typeBiogas utilizedBiogas fl ared Biogas drives machineryBiogas heats digestersBiogas used by HVACBiogas injection into pipeline Electricty from internal combustion engineElectricity from turbineElectricity from microturbineElectricty from fuel cell Electricity supplied to the grid

400300NoMesophilicYesYes YesYesNoNoYesYesNoNoYes

Sample data: Joint Water Pollution Control Plant, Los Angeles, Calif.


¦BIOMASSNEWS

Ontario, Canada-based Anergia Inc. recently brought a 2.8 MW biogas-pow-ered fuel cell online at a California waste water treatment plant. The San Bernardino County, Calif., municipal waste district Inland Empire Utility Agency’s RP-1 Water Recycling Facility can treat up to 44 million gallons of wastewater per day. Anergia, which owns and operates the fuel cell, is selling the resulting power and heat to IEUA under a 20-year power purchase agreement. The electricity produced through the project will be enough to off-set approximately 60 percent of the water treatment plant’s grid-derived power.

Danbury, Conn.-based FuelCell En-ergy Inc. supplied the technology for the project. The process requires only minimal cleaning of the biogas, including humidity and sulfur removal. The project at IEUA hosts FuelCell Energy’s largest size system, the DFC3000, which can also be deployed at hospitals, universities, large complexes and utility grid support applications.

The German Federal Envi-ronmental Ministry has released an environmental technology atlas produced by Roland Gerger Strategy Consultants that projects the total share of environmental technologies in Germany’s gross domestic product will increase from 11 percent in 2011 to more than 20 percent by 2025. The report, titled “GreenTech made in Germany 3.0,” is the third such atlas produced by the consulting organiza-tion for the German government.

According to the report, renew-able energy, in general, is expected to increase by more than €151.2 billion ($195.61 billion) by 2025, an 8 per-cent annual increase. Biogas plants are of particular importance to the German bioenergy sector. According to the report, 3,700 biogas plants were in operation in Germany in 2007, with a combined output of 1,270 MW. By 2010, the number of biogas plants had increased to 5,900 with a total output of 2,300 MW.

In 2010, biomass was used to produce 33.5 billion kilowatt hours of power, a 10 percent increase over the prior year. In addi-tion, biomass accounted for 92 percent of heat produced from renewable resources, providing approximately 127 billion kWh of thermal energy in 2010.

California gets 2.8 MW biogas fuel cell

German government expects increased biopower development

SOURCE: "GREENTECH MADE IN GERMANY 3."

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Valerie Reed, acting manager for the U.S. DOE Biomass Program, is leading a federal government initiative of nearly $200 million to expedite the commercialization of next-generation, biomass-based fuels and chemicals. With invest-ments being made in pilot-scale demonstrations to commercial-scale facilities, Reed and the DOE Biomass Program coordinate the efforts of national laboratories, universities and private companies as they all work to prove out com-mercially viable conversion pathways and begin meeting the volumes set forth by the renewable fuels standard (RFS). As the industry anx-iously awaits the commissioning of the biofuel and biochemical facilities of the future in places like Emmetsburg, Iowa, or Lake Providence, La., Reed looks toward 2013 with growing anticipation.

You have a doctorate in biochemistry. What is your earliest memory of your interest in science?

Science seems to have been with me since the beginning of time. My mom was the head of a science department for a high school, teaching chemistry, physics and technology. My dad was a chemical engi-neer for the pharmaceutical industry. My brother has a physics degree and my sister a medical degree, add to that my biochemis-try degree and Thanksgiving dinner is a lot of fun! But I really knew I would follow a science career path when I took high school chemistry. I had the coolest teacher and was just in awe of the fun things we got to do in lab.

One of your program’s recurring talking points is the notion of replacing all of the product streams that come from a barrel of oil. Why is this so critical?

In the United States, we spend about $1 billion a day to import oil. Domestically

produced biofuels can improve this situation by decreasing imports. For example, ethanol already displaces about $20.9 billion worth of imported gasoline annually. But in order to fully reduce dependence on foreign oil we are pursuing a portfolio approach to develop additional technologies to replace gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heavy distillates as well as a range of biobased chemicals and products.

You’ve led efforts in biomass utilization that have resulted in signifi cant reductions to the price of cellulosic ethanol production. How exactly does research accomplish

this, and, where are the savings found?

Over the past decade, the DOE’s Biomass Program has supported a range of research and development projects focused on reducing the cost of cellulosic ethanol. These include a

biochemical conversion case (fermenta-tion to ethanol) and a thermochemical conversion case (gasifi cation to ethanol) that have both shown the potential to be viable in the near term.

In the biochemical case, the process scenario was based on dilute acid pretreat-ment of corn stover followed by enzymatic saccharifi cation (which depolymerizes cellulose into glucose and hemicellulose into xylose, both fermentation sugars) and cofermentation of the fi ve and six car-bon sugars to yield ethanol, which is then distilled and purifi ed. We worked with our partners at national laboratories, universities and industry to use this as a roadmap for the research needed to target the cost-reduction goals. From 2001 through 2012, production cost improvements across this process helped decrease the price of cel-lulosic ethanol from about $9 per gallon to around $2 per gallon.

In the thermochemical case, the process scenario was based on the gasifi ca-tion of woody biomass followed by syngas cleanup, tar reforming, and catalytic mixed alcohol synthesis followed by the separation and purifi cation of ethanol from the mixed alcohol stream. Thanks to technology and

Q&AThe Beltway BiochemistValerie Reed faces the challenges of driving down the cost of biomass conversion, replacing the whole barrel and holding her own at Thanksgiving amongst a family full of scientists.


Q&A ¦

engineering improvements, we’ve seen the production costs of this process come down about $2.70 per gallon over the last fi ve years.

A handful of advanced biofuels facilities have received DOE funding and are ex-pected to begin commercial production in 2013. Is there a sense of anticipation for you as you wait for these facilities to come online?

I most defi nitely feel a growing excite-ment as we get closer to meeting goals set within this program over 20 years ago. I started my career in the Biomass Pro-gram straight out of graduate school. At that time, we were talking about possible sources of enzymes and what it would be like if fermentation organisms could utilize multiple sugars. When I would tell people what I was working on, there was a great deal of skepticism. Even within the DOE, I would hear people say that I would probably not see these goals met in my lifetime. Yet, here we are validating multiple technical pathways capable of meeting the modeled costs for cellulosic ethanol and seeing not just one, but several commercial facilities being built. It was not always a smooth trip, but the research and development of the past couple decades is clearly paying dividends and will continue to advance better production processes and more effi cient conversion technologies in the future.

Clearly the DOE is interested in working toward conversion strategies for a geo-graphically diverse mix of biomass. Why is it so critical that advanced biofuels be-come plausible in all regions?

While the current U.S. biofuel industry is centered primarily in the Midwest, we are committed to deploying every available feedstock and are investing in technolo-gies that utilize biomass feedstocks from every region of the country. We are looking at woody feedstocks in Maine, Michigan and Oregon as well as energy crops, like switchgrass and sorghum, throughout the Southeast and in California and Colorado. Additionally, we are supporting technolo-gies that can develop fuel from municipal

solid waste in urban areas throughout the country and algae in states like Florida and in the deserts of the Southwest.

This is important for several reasons. First, in order to signifi cantly reduce our dependence on imported oil we need to maximize the potential of biomass. Our recently updated billion ton study shows that across the U.S., there is potential to displace about one-third of our current transportation petroleum use with biomass in a sustainable manner. It’s also impor-tant because we recognize that seasonal variability, weather and other factors could sometimes inhibit production in one area of the country or another, and we want to be able to maintain a consistent supply of biomass feedstocks. In the end, we believe that every region has characteristics that make it advantageous to produce certain types of biomass and every part of the country has an important role to play in securing America’s energy future.

The RFS calls for 22 billion gallons of ad-vanced biofuels to be in the marketplace by 2022. So far, the industry has been un-able to meet the modest targets. Is 2013 the year real production matches RFS mandate requirements?

Over the past several years, we have invested signifi cantly in a variety of projects focused on bringing down technology costs, enhancing the yield of different bio-mass strains and increasing the effi ciency and sustainability of production processes. We are committed to helping the industry achieve the targets set by Congress in 2007.

We are certainly optimistic for 2013. We expect several of our integrated biore-fi nery projects will be coming online in the next few years. As you may know, Ineos Bio, Poet LLC and Abengoa BioEnergy have major commercial-scale plants under construction, and we are on track with several other of our demonstration-scale projects as well. As these projects are com-pleted, the lessons learned from their scale up will help reduce market and technol-ogy challenges across the industry, driving private industry fi nancing and helping meet the ambitious RFS goals.

Valerie ReedINTERVIEWED BY TIM PORTZ

Phone: 800-553-7993 • [email protected]

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• Waste to energy plants

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• Coal feeding

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¦COST ANALYSIS


COST ANALYSIS¦

Outdated renewable energy cost data may be stymieing growth, but experts are working to collect and present the truth to policymakers. BY ANNA SIMET

Global Costs of Biomass Power


The renewable energy industry may be labeled a pipe-dream by fossil fuel tycoons and stakeholders, but expert analysis is making it diffi cult to deny its po-

tential, and not just in the U.S. On a global scale, the wind, solar and hydro industries are worth more than $1 billion annually, and developing countries continue to embrace the waste-based technologies of biogas and biomass pow-er. While cost has typically been the biggest development hindrance, that is slowly starting to change. The Interna-tional Renewable Energy Agency points out that recent years have seen dramatic cost reductions as a result of research and development and accelerated deployment, but unfortunately, policymakers are often exposed to out-dated information. Since most are unaware of the latest cost data, progress is not where it could be.

In order to disperse and make available current re-newable energy market data, IRENA has published a fi ve-part renewable energy cost analysis series, with the hopes that it will assist in policymaking, especially in its 102 member countries. Michael Taylor, IRENA renewable energy cost status and outlook analyst, explains that the organization has a mandate from its members to accelerate the de-ployment of all types of renewable energy, and as part of this mandate, IRENA’s Innovation and Technology Centre has a specifi c program that focuses on the costs and performance of renewable technologies.

“The rapid growth in installed capacity of renewable energy tech-nologies, coupled with technology improvements and associated cost reductions, means that even data from one or two years ago can signifi -cantly overestimate the cost of electricity from these technologies,” Tay-lor says. “The lack of accurate, reliable data on the cost and performance of renewable technologies is a signifi cant barrier to their uptake.” Simply stated, renewable energy data becomes outdated in a hurry, and that isn’t widely known.

IRENA data collection for the cost analysis series included ac-quiring information from industry associations, project developers, development banks, consultancies, market research data, government reports and auction data. Additionally, IRENA worked with GIZ, a German-based sustainable development corporation, to collect de-tailed, real-world project data for 79 projects from 11 developing coun-tries. And, data collection is still an ongoing effort.

One of the core conclusions of IRENA's research so far shows that the total installed costs of biomass power generation technologies vary signifi cantly by technology and country, according to Taylor.

Technology and Feedstock Costs “The challenge when talking about biomass power genera-

tion is to convey the idea that we are actually talking about a series of technologies,” Taylor says. “The simple combustion of biomass

¦COST ANALYSIS

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SOURCE: IRENA


to generate steam requires a very different technology than that required to gasify wood chips and then burn that gas to provide steam to power a turbine, and these technologies vary substantial-ly in technology terms and cost. The situation is also complicated by the fact that some technologies are more mature than others.”

For example, the total installed costs of stoker boilers ranged between $1,880 and $4,260 per kilowatt (kW) in 2010, while those of circulating fl uidized bed boilers were between $2,170 and $4,500 per kW. Anaerobic digester power systems had a signifi cantly wide range of capital costs from $2,570 up to $6,100 per kW, and gas-ifi cation technologies had total installed capital costs of between $2,140 and $5,700 per kW.

While IRENA’s report recognizes that there are many possi-ble infl uences on cost, its modeling is based off of three key driv-

ers: equipment cost from factory gate to site delivery; total installed project cost, including fi xed fi nanc-ing costs; and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), a calculation of the cost of generating electricity at the point of connection to a load or electricity grid.

The LCOE of biomass-fi red power plants range from 6 to 29 cents per kWh based on capital costs and feedstock costs. Where low-cost feedstocks are available and capital costs are modest, bio-mass can be a very competitive power generation option, according to the analysis, and where low-cost agricultural or forestry residues and

wastes are available, biomass can often compete with conventional power sources. Even where feedstocks are more expensive, the LCOE range for biomass is still more competitive than for diesel-fi red generation, making biomass an ideal solution for off-grid or minigrid electricity supply.

There are four major components that largely determine the LCOE for biomass-fi red power generation technologies, according to Taylor: feedstock cost and quality, equipment cost and perfor-mance, the balance of project costs and the cost of capital. “The feedstock costs and capital costs, including the cost of fi nance, pri-marily determine the LCOE for biomass-fi red power generation,” he says. “Feedstock costs typically account for between 20 percent and 50 percent of the LCOE, but they can be even higher.”

Operations and maintenance (OM) costs can make a signifi cant

COST ANALYSIS¦

OPERATIONAL COSTS: Typical capital costs and the levelized cost of electricity of biomass power technologies.

SOURCE: IRENA

Stoker boilerBubbling and circulating fl uidized boilersFixed and fl uidized bed gasifi ersStoker CHPGasifi er CHPLandfi ll gasDigestersCofi ring

Investment costs USD/kW

1,880 - 4,2602,170 - 4,5002,140 - 5,7003,550 - 6,8205,570 - 6,5451,917 - 2,4362,574 - 6,104

140 - 850

LCOE range USD/kW

0.06 - 0.210.07 - 0.210.07 - 0.240.07 - 0.290.11 - 0.280.09 - 0.120.06 - 0.150.04 - 0.13


contribution to the levelized cost of electricity as well, account-ing for 9 to 20 percent of the LCOE for biomass power plants. IRENA’s data indicates that it can be lower than this in the case of cofi ring, but greater for plants with extensive fuel preparation or handling and conversion needs. Fixed OM costs typically range from 2 to 7 percent of installed costs per year for most biomass technologies, with variable OM costs of around one-half a cent

per kW hour (kWh). Landfi ll gas systems have much higher fi xed OM costs, which can be 10 to 20 percent of initial capital costs per year.

To bring down the cost of biomass power technologies over time, Taylor has some insight. “Part of the answer to this question lies in the fact that different technologies are at different stages of maturity,” he says. “Although we don’t expect signifi cant cost re-

¦COST ANALYSIS

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COST ANALYSIS¦

ductions for mature technologies like stoker boilers, the opportuni-ties for cost reductions from many of the gasifi cation technologies are much better.”

On feedstock, Taylor says the use of agricultural or forestry residues at the site where they are processed often results in the lowest electricity costs, given the noted importance of feedstock costs relative to overall electricity generation costs from bioenergy. Current data shows that the most competitive projects using these feedstocks produce electricity for as low as 6 cents per kWh.

Technology and cost specifi cs aside, some countries are clearly trailblazing the renewable energy path, and there are a few stand-outs and up-and-comers.

Market Trends and GrowthCurrently, Europe and North America account for around

two-thirds of total installed renewable energy capacity, a result of a combination of supportive policies and low-cost feedstocks, nota-bly agricultural and forestry residues, according to Taylor. A specifi c example of that is in Germany, which in 2011 had 7,090 digesters, and was the leading country for both the quantity of plants and the amount of installed capacity at 2,394 MW of electricity. Virtually all of this capacity is located in the agricultural sector where corn silage, other crops and animal slurry are used, according to IRENA, and this is driven by a feed-in tariff in Germany that supports elec-tricity generation from biogas.

Outside of Europe and North America, Brazil stands out as an important market for renewable energy, with 9 percent of global installed capacity in 2011, Taylor says. “What we found particu-larly interesting [when collecting data] were some of the plans that smaller countries have for the future,” he remarks. “Uruguay, for in-stance, plans to add only renewable capacity over the next 10 years, including a mix of predominantly bioenergy and wind, with some

solar. They project that by 2015 biomass will provide 18 percent of their electricity needs and will help reduce average electricity gen-eration costs and reduce variability in those costs.”

Overall, data shows that between 2010 and 2030, global bio-mass and waste power generation could grow from 62 to 270 giga-watts, with investments totaling between $21 billion and $35 billion. China and Brazil appear to have the largest potential, but growth in Brazil is hinged on the continuing development of the biofuel industry and the possibilities for using waste bagasse for electricity generation. The amount of bagasse available, however, depends on the ethanol and sugar markets, which makes it diffi cult to negotiate long-term contracts that are designed to reduce price risk and guar-antee security of feedstock supply, both of which will be required to allow access to fi nancing. In China, growth potential depends on better utilization of the large quantities of agricultural residues and waste produced.

Now that the cost analysis series is complete and available, IRENA plans to supplement them over time with new project cost data collected from member countries, and will also add the costs of renewables in end-use sectors, such as transportation. While up-to-date data now confi rms that power generation technologies are becoming increasingly competitive—it accounts for half of all new power generation capacity additions worldwide—building on existing biomass industry segments will be essential for continued growth, as well as nurturing the new and lesser-deployed technolo-gies. "Further deployment, commercial experience, learning-by-do-ing and large scale production could all help bring down costs for these less mature technologies," Taylor adds.

Author: Anna SimetContributions Editor, Biomass Magazine

[email protected]


¦POLICY

FUELING THE FUTURE: The support of the USDA and the U.S. DOE has helped the U.S. Navy begin to fuel its fl eet with advanced biofuels, a policy that many believe will help the bioenergy industry expand. PHOTO: USDA


POLICY¦

How election results, under-fi re programs and agendas will impact 2013.BY LUKE GEIVER

Navigating The Political Scene


¦POLICY

The fi nancial success and growth potential of the biomass indus-try in 2013 may not be determined by a single day in November, but the long-term health of the industry will be transformed by

the 2012 election results. Although President Barack Obama secured his role for the next four years as the country’s ultimate decision maker, the political landscape appears to be littered with many of the same divisive issues that, for the biomass industry, have muddled progress and blurred the view of how renewable energy can posi-tively alter the country’s energy practices and rural economies. The renewable fuel standard (RFS) is still under attack and successful pro-grams are in limbo, yet the combination of a president who many in the industry supported, and the potential for new legislation means the industry will excel in 2013.

A looming fi scal cliff, tax reform, immigration or even potential climate change legislation will earn the attention of the country at large, but in the 2013 biomass industry, several issues, programs or general strategies centered on biomass utilization will garner atten-tion. The following is a compilation of industry perspectives, policy factors and political situations that could illuminate the best biomass-based strategies and provide a glimpse of what will matter in 2013.

Obama’s ImpactObama is in, the Democrats retained control of the Senate, and

the Republicans did the same in the House of Representatives. What all of that means is anyone’s guess.

Regarding the president’s impact on fossil fuel development, James Coan, an energy forum research associate from a think tank at the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, says that although most oil companies in Houston would have preferred it if Mitt Romney had won, those same companies have also done very well under Obama.

For bioenergy, Phil Fraas, a partner at the Washington, D.C.-based offi ce of Stinson Morrison Hecker LLP, says that Obama’s second term will mean continued efforts to commercialize bio-fuels. Fraas has worked in agriculture and renewable energy law for over 20 years, and believes that the collaboration between the U.S. Navy, the U.S. DOE and USDA will gain ground in 2013 because of Obama’s re-election. Jim Bowe, a partner in the global transactions group for another D.C.-based fi rm, King & Spalding, also believes Obama's term will mean continued development in biofuels, a situation both Fraas and Bowe say may not have hap-pened under Romney. “I’m not expecting massive benefi ts to be showered upon the renewable fuels or renewable generating in-dustries,” says the long-time renewable power veteran. “Although, I think there is more lip service likely to be paid to them [biofu-els].”

Michael McAdams, president of the Advanced Biofuels As-sociation, is optimistic about Obama’s re-election, pointing to-wards his consistent support of the industry. “Over the last four years he has worked to create a broader renewable fuels industry across the board,” he says, “I think that bodes for a bright future for the advanced biofuel industry in the U.S.”

Bob Cleaves, president of the Biomass Power Association, offered a less clear opinion of Obama’s re-election immediately following the results, saying that the BPA is still evaluating what election results mean for biomass. “We hope to work with the Obama administration over the next four years,” Cleaves says.

Although position changes have not been announced for ei-ther the USDA’s secretary role currently fi lled by former Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack, or the DOE’s Secretary of Energy posi-tion occupied by Steven Chu, the biomass industry will not have to deal with the perceived diffi culties linked to Romney’s poten-

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POLICY¦

Current Legislation

Type

Pellets

Power

Thermal

Biogas

AdvancedBiofuels

Chemicals

American Recovery and Reinvestment

Act 2009

1603 Tax Grant

x

x

x

x

Energy Indepence

and Security Act 2007

RFS2

x

USDA 9003 Loan

Program

x

USDA 9007Grant & Loans

x

x

x

x

x

USDA 9011 BCAP Grants

x

USDA 9008 BRDI Grants

x

x

x

x

x

x

Value-Added Producer

Grant Program

x

x

x

x

x

x

B & I Loan Guarantee Program

x

x

x

x

x

x

Section 305, Rural Electrifi cation Act of 1936; 7 U.S.C.

904, 935

USDA Rural Utility Service

x

x

x

DOEBudget

Appropriations

DOE Grants

x

x

x

x

x

x

2008 Farm Bill Programs

POLICY MATTERS: The chart shows the legislation vehicle for each bioenergy-based policy that industry experts believe have had an impact.

SOURCE: WESTAR TRADE RESOURCES

tial staff choices. Political analysts indicated that Romney’s team would have included several members from the fossil fuels indus-try, including the American Petroleum Institute’s President and CEO, Jack Gerard.

An energy debate held between an Obama and Romney rep-resentative in October at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, may however, provide the best example of what Obama’s impact will be on bioenergy. During the debate, Joseph Aldy, a faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School, told the crowd that, on the subject of energy policy, the president’s approach “has

focused on an all of the above strategy.” That strategy, he added, “has supported the development of all energy resources, oil and gas, coal, nuclear, wind, solar and biofuels.”

Policy UncertaintyBowe could be right about Obama’s support of bioenergy. In the

next four years, that support may only amount to more lip service dur-ing a State of the Union address or a visit to a pilot plant by the presi-dent, but the political scene in Washington will have a large impact on several programs that support biomass. In fact, some industry experts


Earlier this year the Senate Agricul-tural Committee passed a version of the 2012 Farm Bill that included an amended Energy Title section that would mandate energy program funding. The program would allocate roughly $800 million over fi ve years. The vote to pass the Energy Title was strong, passing with a bipartisan, 16-5 vote. But, the current belief on pas-sage of the Farm Bill shows a vote will not happen until the spring of 2013 because of a lame duck Congress that will be debating a way to stop automatic spending cuts or risk another U.S. credit downgrade, all be-fore Congress leaves for January recess.

The 2012 Farm Bill Energy Title has specifi c programs to watch in 2013. “For second-generation biofuels,” Coan says, “the most important are the loan guaran-tees that are allowing the construction of fi rst-of-a-kind commercial production fa-cilities.” For advanced biofuels, Thyfault agrees with Coan about the important role loan guarantees have played. She points to the USDA 9003 program that has totaled roughly $1.08 billion. “This program has been instrumental in bridging the technol-ogy risk gap for fi nancing,” she says. Along with the 9003 program, she also advocates for another loan option, the USDA Busi-ness and Industry Loan Program. Although the program has lowered the amount of funding available per project from $25 mil-lion to $10 million, she does note the pro-gram has mandatory appropriations each year, equal to $1 billion in 2013.

The biomass-based power generation industry needs to keep an eye on state-level renewable portfolio standards (RPS), Coan says, and Bowe agrees. “One thing I will be watching is whether there continues to be erosion for the support of RPS’s,” he says, “you don’t hear as much about those as you did years ago.” In the southern U.S. markets, an RPS can drive utilities to think of alternative generation sources, a huge benefi t to biomass because the wind source is meager and the ability to grow fuel is well-established, he says. For Fraas, a Biomass Crop Assistance Program expert with several clients who have utilized the

¦POLICY

believe other issues that are determined by Congress are of far greater importance than who lives in the White House.

Cindy Thyfault, CEO of Westar Trade Resources, a renewable energy consulting fi rm based in Texas, seems to speak for ev-eryone in the industry involved in a project with government ties. “The two main issues of utmost importance are the debate and dis-cussions underway of modifying the renew-able fuel standard and the concurrent debate concerning the 2012 Farm Bill Energy Title,” Thyfault says.

Fraas agrees. “I will be watching whether the energy title of the farm bill will be renewed with adequate funding,” he says. “Right now, budget restraints are weighing heavily on the drafters of the new farm bill,” adding that it is an open ques-tion of whether they will fi nd the money needed to match the amount given to the energy title in 2008. USDA dollars invested in renewable biomass has seen a dramatic rise since 2003, when it hovered around $10 million. In 2012, that total will exceed $510 million.


POLICY¦

program, BCAP is another program that merits attention. Funding for BCAP has not been extended for 2013.

Outside of the programs linked to the 2012 Farm Bill, there are those offered by the DOE. All of the programs in the DOE are subject to congressional appropriations, Thyfault says. “So, the 2013 appropriations budget will also be a key indicator of fu-ture plans and programs,” she says for loan guarantees sponsored by the DOE.

The Potential in PolicyThe political landscape in 2013

shouldn’t be entirely classifi ed as a place where biomass-based energy programs could remain in limbo or ultimately begin to change forever. Kathy Halvorsen, pro-fessor of natural resource policy at Michi-gan Technological University, says that al-though the November elections have left us all with a divided Congress, positive change could be coming. “I think some-thing is going to shake loose in Congress on carbon and climate in 2013,” she says. “Look for something on climate change or carbon credits to come along, especially in light of Superstorm Sandy.”

Don’t discount her sentiments on the divisive topic either. Bowe also implies that there is a push in the power industries to diversify their fuel mix and to lower their carbon footprint. Bowe points to a recent-ly commissioned biomass power facility at Colby College in Maine. According to Bowe, the college is indicative of many in-stitutions across the country that are spend-ing money to lower their carbon footprint.

It’s not just institutions concerned with carbon or a renewed government push to-wards climate legislation that could provide opportunity in 2013. According to Bowe, the Obama administration’s commitment to retire coal-based power generation facili-ties would open the door for biomass, and, although it may sound unlikely, the surplus of natural gas could actually help biomass power as coal facilities will also have to compete with natural gas and may choose to cease operations or look to other cofi r-ing options to compete on price.

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In the end, trying to predict if or when climate legislation happens, how natural gas prices will affect project development or when a Farm Bill will pass, all based on any of those issues’ relative to a divided Con-gress or the return of Obama may be a futile effort. Both Thyfault and Bowe insinuate that may be true. With all of the issues to watch for in 2013, Bowe says he wouldn’t trust the work of Washington to any busi-ness in bioenergy just yet. And although Thyfault will stay abreast of the Farm Bill and other topics, she believes in this simple

policy of her own: “The most successful companies will be making changes now, and not waiting until after the RFS and the Farm Bill debates are fi nalized.”

Author: Luke Geiver

Features Editor, Biomass [email protected]

701-738-4944


CONTRIBUTION

¦SUSTAINABILITY

Managing Woody Biomass: The Past Century in ReviewForesters and timberland managers have stabilized woody biomass in the U.S. for the last century, meeting consumer demand without exhausting supply.BY JOSHUA KANE HARRELL

The claims and statements made in this article belong exclusively to the author(s) and do not necessarily refl ect the views of Biomass Magazine or its advertisers. All questions pertaining to this article should be directed to the author(s).

At the turn of the 20th century, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt warned Congress, with subsequent hyperbole appearing in New York

Times headlines, that “a timber famine is in-evitable.” Gifford Pinchot, the fi rst chief of the U.S. Forest Service, echoed the sentiment by proclaiming, “In 20 years, the timber sup-ply in the United States on government re-serves and private holdings, at the present rate of cutting, will be exhausted.” The tim-ber famine or scarcity never happened, de-spite the increased consumer demand placed on our nation’s timber resources through the

Roaring Twenties, post-World War II boom and other high-growth periods.

The complete opposite of timber scar-city has occurred over the past century. To exemplify the purest defi nition of sustain-ability, the amount of forestland in the U.S. has remained stable around 750 million acres from 1907 to 2007. Additionally, over the past two decades, forestland has increased by 20 million acres. As of 2006, the volume of annual net growth exceeded the volume of annual removals by 38 percent. The U.S. is growing more timber volume than it is har-vesting, by a fairly wide margin.

If a timber famine occurred, stump-age prices—the amount paid for standing timber— would have refl ected the inher-ent scarcity. According to the revealing economic study by Johnson and Libecap, the annualized rate of change in stumpage prices during the perceived timber famine era remained a constant 6 percent. Supply and demand stayed in relative balance, never approaching a supply shortage that could be termed a “famine.”

Why has the timber resource remained abundant in the face of growing demand? Simply put, markets existed that created de-


SUSTAINABILITY¦

mand. A major factor aiding in the expan-sion of forestland is the presence of deep, well-established markets for wood products. A nation of consumers required wood for prosperity, thereby fostering development of private sector innovation in the form of technological improvements in milling and tree-felling technology, advances in silvicul-ture, tree-seedling genetics and tree-farming practices, and the conversion of degraded agricultural lands to timberland plantations aided by federal government programs. In the wake of appreciating timber commod-ity prices, the consumer side of the equation responded with advances in wood conserva-tion measures (e.g., utility pole treatment) and product substitution.

Burgeoning Biomass MarketsDifferentiating from the aforemen-

tioned traditional timber markets, the woody biomass market, defi ned as supply for energy demand, emerged vigorously over the past decade. Ironically, wood has been used as a source of fuel in the U.S. since the Colonial Era. Seen through the prism of contribut-ing to cellulosic ethanol, heat generation and electrical power generation, the growth of this emerging market has largely been pre-cipitated by government subsidies, legislative initiatives/mandates, increasing oil prices, negative pressure on utilization of food re-sources and environmental solutions for al-ternative energy sources. The pressures for the woody biomass market to fl ourish pres-ent a dichotomy of optimism and pause for concern over the actual market formation.

Forisk Consulting LLC estimates there are a total of 452 announced or operating woody biomass projects in the U.S. with a projected operating capacity of 124.8 mil-lion green tons of wood annually by 2022. Of the projects that actually pass the Forisk screening criteria of successful project fi -nancing, proven technology, permitting, supply agreements, etc., Forisk projects that only 77 million green tons of wood annu-ally will be needed, a decrease of 38 percent from the total capacity of all 452 projects.

SOURCE: USDA FOREST SERVICE, FOREST INVENTORY ANALYSIS PROGRAM


¦SUSTAINABILITY

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As a data point, the forest products industry currently consumes more than 500 million green tons of wood annually.

Anecdotally, Forest Investment As-sociates has directly met with dozens of potential biomass participants who have expressed interest in securing biomass sup-ply to support potential bioenergy projects. While FIA has had the opportunity to fully evaluate the potential for adding value to timberlands through working with some of these participants, the exercises were largely in vain. Substantiating the screening process conducted by Forisk, most of these poten-

tial biomass participants are no longer in ex-istence for a myriad of reasons.

Stalled Biomass MarketsWhat has hampered the development

of the woody biomass market? There is no doubt the fi nancial crisis of 2008-’09 took a toll. Largely, project fi nancing, technological capability and environmental resistance have squeezed out potential market participants. In the fi rst instance, a number of enterprises tried to put the cart before the horse by at-tempting to secure long-term biomass feed-stock supply agreements, in order to secure debt fi nancing, in order to build a biomass-using facility. It seems cliché, but FIA is a fi rm adherent of the “Field of Dreams” mantra, “Build it and they will come,” i.e., if new bioenergy facilities that consume bio-mass are developed, forest landowners will respond to meet the new demand by grow-ing more wood.

In technological capabilities, FIA's in-terest in the market was piqued in 2006 by an announcement of the Range Fuels’ cellulosic ethanol facility in Soperton, Ga. At full pro-duction, the facility was projected to consume 1.6 million green tons of woody biomass feedstock, in an economically depressed area that could have benefi ted greatly from the related jobs. Sadly, the commercial-scale fea-sibility of the two-step, thermochemical con-version process was lacking, at least in prof-itability. With cautious optimism, FIA turns to KiOR Inc. as it prepares for the start-up of the newly constructed cellulosic bio-fuel blend stock facility in Columbus, Miss. While liquid fuel production from biomass

SOURCE: USDA FOREST SERVICE, FOREST INVENTORY ANALYSIS PROGRAM


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has struggled, pellet production is a proven, long-established technology that provides a reliable market in certain locales, albeit de-pendent upon European policy models.

Much of the interest in woody biomass as an alternative fuel feedstock originated from the idea of American energy indepen-dence and environmental opposition to fos-sil fuel sources. Ironically, the same environ-mental community has condemned the use of woody biomass, petitioning for an equal carbon emissions footprint as coal. In the same vein, the fi nal U.S. EPA Tailoring Rule announced in 2010 treated the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass-sourced and fossil fuel-sourced electricity in an identical fashion. The EPA has deferred the permitting requirements until 2014 in order to gather more data, in the meantime injecting a fair amount of uncertainty into the market.

Despite the setbacks in the woody bio-mass market, one thing has remained con-stant: the continual and sustainable manage-ment of the timber (and woody biomass) resource.

Biomass Keeps Growing As an open free-market participant, for-

esters are poised to participate in supplying the emerging demand. In order to generate the highest returns for our clients, timber-lands are managed for the highest and best product, which is presently sawtimber.

If the net present value shifts such that a pulpwood or energy rotation provides a better proposition, management strategies will be adapted, as demonstrated in com-petitive pulpwood markets in the Southeast. Once upon a time, the southern forest prod-ucts industrial landowners planted 1,000 to 1,200 trees per acre for the primary purpose of supplying feedstock for their pulp fa-cilities. The mantra was, “plant them thick, cut them quick.” Since then, the sawtimber market has grown in the South, and the for-est industry as a whole has practiced more intensive silviculture coupled with advanced gains in genetics. The optimum economic sawtimber rotation is satisfi ed by planting 500 to 600 trees per acre (with current mor-tality around plus or minus 5 percent in fi rst

year). This planting density allows for a fi rst thinning between ages 13 and 16 to remove pulpwood and a small amount of chip-n-saw. The increased residual spacing allows for sawtimber growth optimization over the next 10 years or so, until fi nal harvest.

In order to stay diversifi ed in timberland management options, research and operation-al endeavors have been deployed to couple the pulpwood regime with the sawtimber re-gime in the form of so-called fl ex plantations.

This method provides for the interplanting of lower-value and higher-value genetic seed-ling stock. Whatever direction the traditional-ly deep timber markets or emerging biomass markets may take, land managers and forest-ers will be poised to provide forest products to both markets in order to meet demand.

Author: Joshua Kane Harrell, Certifi ed Forester Regional Investment Forester, Forest Investment Associates

[email protected]


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