ch. 24 all ch. 25 sec. 1/2/4. ch. 24 sec. 1 vocabulary focus imperialism: domination by one country...

Ch. 24 All Ch. 25 Sec. 1/2/4

Ch. 24 Sec. 1

Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region Protectorate: country with its own government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence: area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Causes of Imperialism 1. Economics: Industrial Revolution created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansion want for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil Hoped for new markets to sale manufactured goods Bankers invested for profits

2. Political and Military motives: Ships needed ports around the world to take on coal and supplies Nationalism played a role- when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered to prevent expansion

3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals Missionaries, doctors, & colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of Western culture 4. Social Darwinism Westerners embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest West was superior than other weaker races

Spread of Western Imperialism Weakness of non-western states Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in decline Slave trade weakened West Africa Western Advantages Strong economies, well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior technology/medicine

Resisting Imperialism: Africans and Asians especially tried to resist Western expansion Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel imperialist Facing Criticisms at home Small group of anti-imperialists emerged Moving toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other peoples

Forms of Imperial Rule 1. Direct rule - France Send officials and soldiers to administer their colonies 2. Indirect Rule Great Britain Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use force if necessary

3. Protectorate: Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Euro advisors Costs less to run than a colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces 4. Sphere of Influence: Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges Carved these spheres in China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves

Sec. 2

Vocabulary Focus Paternalistic: the system of governing a country as a father would a child Westerners saw Africans as children in need of guidance Elite: upper class

Africa early 1800s North Africa: Sahara and fertile land along Mediterranean Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims) West Africa: Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia (Islamic law) Literacy increased, local wars quieted, trade improved Inspired other Islamic reform movements

East Africa: Islam was very influential where in port cities there was profitable trade Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearms Southern Africa: Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south Set off mass migrations and wars- Boer Wars

Sierra Leone 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa for former slaves to live Later more freed blacks from US settled in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic

European Contact 1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did not move interior 1800s with medical advancements and steamboat- that changed Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand the people they met Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed Built schools, hospitals, churches- paternalistic view

Livingstone Blazes a Trail Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias To end slave trade- open interior to Christianity and trade 1869- Henry Stanley tracked him down Dr. Livingstone, I presume?

Scramble for Colonies 1884 Berlin Conference No Africans were invited to the conference Recognized King Leopolds claim to the Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had an established government with an office Race to colonize Africa had begun

European Colonies Belgians under King Leopold exploited the riches of the Congo Brutalized the villagers and forced them to work Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium government better treatment, still exploited France extended its influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and Central Africa

Britains land was scattered but was more heavily populated than Frances West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan In south Africa, Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)- forcing the Boers to move north Late 1800s: Boers found gold and diamonds led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost (Boer War) Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation

Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique Italy: Libya and into the horn Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo

African Resist Imperialism French fought Samori Toure who led Algerians British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in the west Germans fought against the Yao and Herero Ethiopia succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik II Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians Only independent nation besides Liberia

African Elite emerge Some Western-educated Africans admired western ways and rejected their own culture Others valued their African traditions and condemned Western societies By 1900s African leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue self-determination and independence

Section 3

Vocabulary Builder Pasha: provincial rulers Sultan: rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire Genocide: a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group Concession: special rights given to foreign powers

Muslim Regions West Africa to Southwest Asia Ottomans in Middle East Safavids in Persia Mughals of India All on the decline by 1700s due to many causes Many Muslim reform movements to oppose Westerners and imperialism

Muslim Reform Movements Muhammad Ahmad led the reform in the Sudan announcing he was the Mahdi resisted British expansion Wahhabi movement in Arabia Resisted theology and law that emerged in Ottoman empire Wahhabi teachings remain in kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Problems for the Ottoman Empire Early 1800s faced many challenges- Pashas increased power, economic problems and corruption Nationalist Revolts broke out Internal revolts spurred by Western nationalism weakened Ottoman empire European Pressure Increases Euro states noticed the decline and intended to gain more Ottoman land

Efforts to Westernize Ottoman rulers attempted to modernize by learning from Western ideas Sent young men to get educated, hired Europeans to train their military, internal improvements based on the West Increase of Western ideas increased tensions, some sultans rejected reform and tried to rebuild autocratic power

Young Turks demand Reform 1890s group of young liberals formed movement and overthrew the sultan in 1908 Armenian Genocide Tension between Ottomans and minority groups erupted into Genocide- targeting Armenians Accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against Ottoman empire 600,000-1.5 mill killed in 25 years

Egypt Seeks to Modernize Escaped Ottoman rule- semi- independent (early 1800s) Muhammad Ali- governor of Egypt by Ottomans Ali- Father of Modern Egypt Modernized Egypt and set it on road to become a Middle Eastern power- died 1849

Building the Suez Canal Muhammads successors lacked many of his skills Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a company to build the Suez Canal Europeans gained power over Ottomans by extending loans with high interest rates they could not pay back

1875 the ruler of Egypt sold his shares of the Canal to pay his debt- British bought the canal Britain made Egypt a protectorate to calm nationalist revolts Nationalists discontent simmered and flared into protests and riots

Persia and the European Powers Like the Ottomans, Persia faced major challenges in the 1800s Qajar shahs ruled with absolute power Their reforms did not save Persia from Western imperialism Russia and Britain set up spheres of influence Persian Government granted them concessions Both sent in troops to cause confusion

Sec. 4

Vocabulary Terms Sati: a Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre (fire) Sepoy: Indian soldier who served in an army set up the French or English trading companies Viceroy: one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch Deforestation: the destruction of forest land Purdah: isolation of women in separate quarters

East India Company and Rebellion Mid-1700s Mughal empire collapsing from lack of strong rulers Early 1600s EIC won trading rights on the outskirts of Mughal empire As that empire declined EIC power increased Mid-1800s EIC controlled 3/5 of India EIC successful by exploiting Indian diversity

EIC main goal: make money Did improve roads, preserve peace, & reduce banditry By mid-1800s British had: introduced Western education, missionaries tried to convert to Christianity, worked to end slavery & caste system Banned sati to improve womens role in the family 1850s: EIC made some unpopular moves

Discontent to Rebellion 1. British required sepoys to fight anywhere Overseas travel was an offense to religion 2. EIC passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry Undermined Hindu religion 3. 1857, British issued new rifles to the sepoys Told to bite off the tips of the cartridges to load rifle Tip of cartridge greased in animal fat- cow or pig Sepoys that refused orders - imprisoned

Rebellion and Aftermath Angry sepoys rose up against British officers Sepoy Rebellion spread across northern and central India Marched after Dehli (old capital) and hailed last Mughal ruler as their leader Massacred British in some areas British eventually crushed the revolt and retaliated- burned villages/ killed Indians

Legacy of Rebellion 1858- Parliament ended EIC rule and put India directly under British crown Sent more troops to India Increased taxes to pay for troops Slowed the reforms that offended Hindus/ Muslims but developed India for Britains economic benefit

British view of Colonial Rule Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British Raj A viceroy in India governed in name of the queen Britain made India the brightest jewel in the crown of their empire Policies were designed to incorporate India into the overall British economy British felt they were modernizing India

Impact of Colonial Rule Unequal partnership India to Britain was a market and source of raw materials Did improve railroad and road systems British flooded Indian markets with cheaply made goods ruining their trade system Introduced to medical improvements and new farming methods Led to population growth- deforestation and great famines across India

Benefits of Colonial rule Brought some degree of peace to Indian countryside British revised legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or caste Railroads helped Indians move around country Telegraph and postal system helped improve communications Helped to build a sense of unity Upper-classes benefited the most

Different Views of Western Culture Some western-educated Indians impressed by British power and technology Urged India to follow Western progress Others felt the answer to change was within their own Hindu or Muslim culture Ram Mohun Roy led nationalist movement by compromising both ideas for India Condemned some traditions and modernized others Founder of Indian nationalism

Western Attitudes British had conflicting views about India Few admired Indian theology and philosophy, writings, and heritage Most dismissed Indian culture with contempt

Indian Nationalism Grows 1885 nationalist leaders organized the Indian Nationalist Congress- became known as Congress party Believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends Called for greater democracy Looked forward to self-rule but supported Western-style modernization Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination Developed Muslim League to pursue own goals

Sec. 5

Vocabulary Words Balance of Trade: difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports trade surplus: situation in which a country exports more than it imports Trade deficit: situation in which a country imports more than it exports Indemnity: payment for losses in war Extraterritoriality: right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation Open Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations

Chinese Trade Regulations had ensured China had a favorable balance of trade Strict limits on foreign trade Euro merchants restricted to a small area Sold them silk, porcelain, & tea for gold & silver China= trade surplus/ Westerners= trade deficit

Opium War Late 1700s: British merchants traded opium for Chinese tea- popular in Britain Chinese began to buy opium with silver enough to disrupt the economy Chinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealers Called on Britain to end the trade which British refused

1839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants- triggered Opium War British gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal ports Chinese easily defeated 1842: Chinese forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing Britain received huge indemnity British gained island of Hong Kong China had to open 5 ports to trade Chinese grated British citizens extraterritoriality

Taiping Rebellion Weakens China 1800s: Qing dynasty in decline Irrigation systems & canals poorly maintained Population explosion created hardships for Chinas peasants Extravagant court/ tax evasion/ widespread corruption 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan called for end to Qing dynasty Rebels won control of large parts of China for 14 years

Rebellion almost toppled Qing dynasty Qing government survived but had to share power with regional commanders Europeans continued pressure and Russia seized lands in the north

Launching Reform Efforts Most Chinese rejected Western views Empress Ci Xi surrounded herself with advisors deeply committed to Confucian tradition Self-Strengthening Movement- converted western ideas to apply to China Set up factories and shipyards Made limited progress

War with Japan Japan imperializing- Sino-Japanese war Disaster for China/ Japan gained Taiwan Chinas defeat showed their weaknesses- Europeans began to carve out spheres of influence Led to Open Door Policy Hundred Days of Reform 1898: Guan Xu launched the reform Affected schools, military, and the bureaucracy Conservatives rallied and imprisoned him- Ci Xi reasserted the throne

Qing Dynasty Falls Boxer Uprising- 1899 a secret society known as Righteous Harmonious Fists trained in martial arts (Boxers) Their goal: drive out foreign devils 1900: Boxers attacked foreigners across China Europe/ Japan crushed the Boxers and rescued foreigners Ci Xi originally supported them but not after their retreat

Aftermath of the Uprising China had to make concessions to foreigners Chinese conservatives now supported Westernization New Reforms: women were educated, more students sent abroad to study China expanded economically Industry developed Business class emerged, new urban working class pressed for rights

Three Principles of the People Boxer Uprising failed, but nationalism spread By 1900s reformers wanted a republic over the new constitutional monarchy Sun Yixian organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China- Three Principles of the People Nationalism: freeing China from foreign domination Democracy: representative government Livelihood: economic security of all Chinese

Birth of a Republic Ci Xi died 1908: a 2 year-old boy inherited the throne- China slipped into chaos 1911: uprisings spread- toppled Qing dynasty Dec. 1911: Sun Yixian named president of the new Chinese Republic Faced many problems: constantly at war with itself and foreign invaders

ch. 24 all ch. 25 sec. 1/2/4. ch. 24 sec. 1 vocabulary focus imperialism: domination by one country...

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