CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

MADE BY -: AUM BABARIYA

CLASS -:10A

ROLL NO. -: 1004

CARBON

Carbon is a very important chemical element, with a chemical symbol of C. All known life on Earth is made from it. Carbon has atomic mass 12 and atomic number 6. It is a non-metal.

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and some other elements like sulphur and phosphorus together form most life on earth. Carbon forms a very large number of organic compounds because it can form strong bonds with itself and with other elements. Because of the amounts of carbon living things have, all organic things are considered "carbon-based". Also, each carbon atom can form 4 single covalent bonds. Many carbon atoms linked together with hydrogen atoms form plastic. Also, Carbon is the only element that can form long chain-shaped molecules. When iron is heated up with carbon, hard steel is formed.

WHY DOES CARBON FORM A LARGE NO. OF COMPOUNDS ?

A carbon atom completes its octet only by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. As a result, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds by sharing valence electrons with other atoms. This is known as tetravalency of carbon("tetra" means four).

The linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains is known as Catenation. Catenation occurs most readily in carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature.

These are the reasons why carbon forms large number of compounds.

ISOMERISM

An isomer is a molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure. That is, isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, but have different arrangements of their atoms. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have the same functional groups. The existence of two(or more) different organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures is called isomerism. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms, because only then we can have two or more different arrangements of carbon atoms.

SATURATED AND UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS

A saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively. Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain. They can form straight chain, branched chain, or ring arrangements. They can have functional groups, as well.

ADDITION REACTION

Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons, this process is known as addition reaction. Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceed at a different rate without the reaction itself being affected. This reaction is commonly known used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst. Vegetable oils generally have long unsaturated carbon chains while animal fats have saturated carbon chains.

SUBSTITUTION REACTION

Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction. Chlorine can replace hydrogen atoms one by one. It is called a substitution reaction because one type of atoms or a group of atoms takes the place of another. A number of products are usually formed with the higher homologues of alkanes.

ETHANOLEthanol is a liquid at room temperature. It is commonly called alcohol and is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. In addition, because it is a good solvent, it is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics. Ethanol is also soluble in water in all proportions. Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol causes drunkenness.

Reactions of Ethanol :-

With Sodium :- 2Na + 2𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2OH -> 2𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂−𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐻2

Hot Conc.

With Unsaturated Hydrocarbon :-𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐻2𝑂

𝐻2𝑆𝑂4

The concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol.

ETHANOIC ACID

Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids. 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is widely used as a preservative in pickles. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This gives rise to its name glacial acetic acid.

The group of organic compounds called carboxylic acids are obviously characterised by a special acidity. However, unlike mineral acids like HCl, which are completely ionised, carboxylic acids are weak acids.

ESTERIFICATION REACTION

Esters are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst to give an ester –

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻3COO𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3

Esters are sweet-smelling substances. These are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

REACTIONS OF ETHANOIC ACID :

1) Esterification Reaction : Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶2𝐻5 𝐶2𝐻5𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝐻3COONa

2) Reaction with a base: Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water:

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

• 3) Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon dioxide and water. The salt produced is commonly called sodium acetate.

• 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

• CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

A soap is the sodium salt(or potassium salt) of a long chain carboxylic acid(fatty acid) which has cleansing properties in water. A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group, 𝐶𝑂𝑂−𝑁𝑎+. Examples of the soaps are : Sodium Stearate, Sodium Palmitate. Being basic, a soap turns red litmus paper to blue.

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions.” These substances are usually alkyl benzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions.

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