renaissance means “rebirth,” specifically the revival of art and learning where educated men and...

Renaissance

Means “rebirth,” specifically the revival of art and learning where

educated men and women in Italy hoped to bring back the culture and life of classical Greece and

Rome.

RenaissanceRenaissance

1300s-1600s “rebirth” of art and learning “rebirth” of Greek/Roman ideas Impact of the Renaissance still seen

today

Life Before the Life Before the RenaissanceRenaissance

Uncertain life: war, plague, economic insecurity

Christian Church dominant force Most life centered on rural areas Art had mainly religious themes, very flat

and dull After the plague/wars people wanted

more free life guided by Carpe Diem

Birth of the Birth of the RenaissanceRenaissance

Started in Italy: Why?/ Trade increased after the crusades./ Italians dominated trade./ Thriving city-states/ Wealthy merchant class emerged.

Many became patrons: supporters of the arts

/ Medici family Powerful merchant family in Florence (controlled

politics) Strong supporters of the arts. Collected art, ancient manuscripts, opened libraries

/ Inspired by Roman ruins, art, literature./ Greek ideas reintroduced through trade

routes

Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

Thriving Cities (City-States) Overseas trade had led to the growth of large city-

states in northern Italy

Cities are often places where people exchange ideas – ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution

1300’s – bubonic plague hit these cities hard, bringing economic changes (with fewer available laborers, the survivors could demand higher wages)

Merchants do not have as much opportunities to expand business, so they pursue other interests (i.e. art)

Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

A Wealthy Merchant Class Wealthy merchant class in each city-state controlled

politics Merchants did NOT inherit their social rank

/ they worked toward their status by succeeding in business by using their wits

/ many believed the deserved the power and wealth because they had worked for it

Belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance!!

Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

The Classical Heritage of Greece and Rome Scholars shunned art and literature from the Middle

Ages, and wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans

Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince (1513) – examines

the imperfect conduct of human beings (a political guidebook)

Examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies/ People are selfish, fickle, and

corrupt

/ “The end justifies the means.” (not concerned with what is morally right, but what is politically effective)

/ Leaders had to trick and mislead people and lie to opponents sometimes – must be crafty enough to overcome the suspicions and to gain the trust of others

(1)(1)How could the changes that led to the How could the changes that led to the rise of Florence help influence rise of Florence help influence Machiavelli’s ideas?Machiavelli’s ideas?

(2)(2)Who are examples of “Machiavellian” Who are examples of “Machiavellian” politicians that you know of?politicians that you know of?

(3)(3)How “Machiavellian” are you?How “Machiavellian” are you?

Rise of HumanismIMPORTANT VOCABULARY ALERT!!

Humanism: intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

The Classics Lead to Humanism

/ Inspired by the study of classical texts in order to understand ancient Greek values

/ Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education

(i.e. history, literature, and philosophy – the “HUMANITIES”)

Renaissance Ideas Renaissance Ideas

Humanism: Focus on Human potential

Worldliness (secular)- people focused on the materialism of the time, instead of a primarily religious life.

Learning: development of universities

Antiquity (Classicism): authority of ancient world respected: Greece/Rome

Reform: Humans can change for the better.

Petrarch

An Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists ("father of humanism")

Believed one must turn from the outer world of nature to the inner world of 'soul'

Famous Lines – “nothing is wonderful but the soul”; “we look about us for what is to be found only within”

Dante Italian poet from Florence

/ Central Work – Divina Commedia/ "Father of the Italian language"

Embraced individuality and happiness/ Man's duty is to attempt to

achieve earthly happiness and everlasting life

Worked in the vernacular instead of the formal Latin language

Mark a transition to a new way of thinking about humanity

Desiderius Erasmus “The Prince of the Humanists”

Christian Humanist (Holland) Advocated reform within the

Church through his satirical works

Believed in…/ Christianity of the heart / All human evils were rooted in

ignorance and infatuation and therefore education of humanity was the essential task of his life

/ Christianity was not only as a religion and doctrine of salvation, but also as a guide to moral life

The Move to Worldly Values

Worldly Pleasures/ While most people remained devout

Catholics, the basic spirit of the Renaissance society was SECULAR (concerned with the HERE and NOW!!)

/ Even church leaders became worldly, living in elaborate houses and mansions, throwing lavish banquets, and wearing expensive clothes

The Move to Worldly Values

Patron of the Arts/ PATRONS – financial supporters / Church leaders – Funded the beautification of Rome by spending a lot of money for art

/ Wealthy merchants – paid to have their portraits made or donated art to the city to place in public squares (demonstrating their own importance)

The Move to Worldly Values

The Renaissance Man/ A man who excelled in many fields

praised as a universal man” – later to be called “Renaissance man”

/ Characteristics According to Castiglione (The Courtier) Witty, charming, and well educated in the

classics Should dance, sing, play music, and write

poetry Skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman

The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man”

Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.

Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from

different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.

The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Donatello Raphael

1. Realism & 1. Realism & ExpressionExpression

Expulsion Expulsion fromfromthe Gardenthe Garden

MasaccioMasaccio

14271427

First nudes First nudes sincesinceclassical classical timestimes..

2. Perspective2. Perspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

First use First use of linear of linear

perspective!perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

The The TrinityTrinity

MasaccioMasaccio

14271427

What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will

become.become.

3. Classicism3. Classicism

Greco-Roman influence.

Secularism.

Humanism.

Individualism free standing figures.

Symmetry/BalanceThe The “Classical Pose”“Classical Pose”

Medici “Venus” (1c)Medici “Venus” (1c)

4. Empasis on Individualism4. Empasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:

The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoThe Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

Isabella d’Este –Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, da Vinci, 14991499 1474-1539

“First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.”

Great patroness of the arts in Mantua.

Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”

5. Geometrical 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Arrangement of

FiguresFigures The Dreyfus The Dreyfus Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

14691469

The figure as The figure as architecture!architecture!

6. Light & 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Shadowing/Softening

EdgesEdges

ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro

SfumatoSfumato

7. Artists as 7. Artists as Personalities/CelebritiesPersonalities/Celebrities

Lives of the Lives of the Most Most Excellent Excellent Painters, Painters, Sculptors, andSculptors, andArchitectsArchitects

Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari

15501550

David by David by DonatelloDonatello

14301430

First free-form bronze First free-form bronze since Roman times!since Roman times!

The Liberation The Liberation of Sculptureof Sculpture

DavidDavid

VerrocchioVerrocchio

1473 - 1473 - 14751475

Leonardo da Vinci“Renaissance Man”

His work was so realistic, that people have tried to explain thoughts and personalities through the facial expressions

Leonardo da Vinci“Renaissance Man”

He was also known for his work in anatomy, engineering, and mathematics.

A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488)A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488)Anatomical study Anatomical study

of the arm, (c. 1510)of the arm, (c. 1510)

Vitruvian Vitruvian Man Man

Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci

14921492

TheTheL’uomoL’uomo

universauniversalele

1.1. Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da -- da Vinci, 1512Vinci, 1512

1452 - 15191452 - 1519

Artist

Sculptor

Architect

Scientist

Engineer

Inventor

Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist

The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks

Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci

1483-14861483-1486

Leonardo, the Artist:Leonardo, the Artist:From hisFrom hisNotebooks of over Notebooks of over 5000 5000

pages (1508-1519)pages (1508-1519)

Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci, – da Vinci, 1503-41503-4

A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona

A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona

An Andy Warhol MonaAn Andy Warhol Mona

A “Mona”ca A “Mona”ca LewinskyLewinsky

Mona LisaMona Lisa OROR da da Vinci??Vinci??

The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498& Geometry& Geometry

RefractorRefractoryy

Convent Convent of Santa of Santa

Maria Maria delle delle

GrazieGrazie

MilanMilan

horizontal

vert

ical

PerspectivPerspective!e!

The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498

Detail of Detail of JesusJesus

The Last The Last SupperSupper

Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci

14981498

DeterioratDeteriorationion

A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John St. John oror Mary Magdalene? Mary Magdalene?

Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor

An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue

1516-15181516-1518

Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Study of a Study of a central central church.church.

14881488

Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.

Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):(Biology):Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.

Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): (Anatomy):

Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Leonardo, the Leonardo, the Inventor:Inventor:

Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?

A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.

Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.

Leonardo, the Engineer: Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Pages from his

NotebookNotebook

Leonardo da Vinci….Leonardo da Vinci….

O investigator, do not O investigator, do not flatter yourself that you flatter yourself that you know the things nature know the things nature performs for herself, but performs for herself, but rejoice in knowing that rejoice in knowing that purpose of those things purpose of those things designed by your own designed by your own mind.mind.

Michelangelo Buonarrotiused realistic style when depicting the human form

2.2. Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonorratiBuonorrati

1475 – 15641475 – 1564

He He represented represented the body in the body in three three dimensions dimensions of sculpture.of sculpture.

DavidDavid

MichelangelMichelangelooBuonarottiBuonarotti

15041504

MarbleMarble

15c15c

16c16c

WhatWhat

aa

differencedifference

aa

centurycentury

makes!makes!

The PietaThe Pieta

MichelangeMichelangeloloBuonarrotiBuonarroti

14991499

marblemarble

The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts

The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapel

MichelangelMichelangelo Buonarrotio Buonarroti

1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel’s The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingCeiling

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The The Creation Creation

of the of the HeavensHeavens

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

Creation of ManCreation of Man

A Modern A Modern “Adaptation”“Adaptation”

Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment

ArchitecArchitectureture Before

Filippo Filippo BrunelleschiBrunelleschi1377 - 14361377 - 1436

ArchitectArchitect

Cuppolo of St. Cuppolo of St. MariaMariadel Fioredel Fiore

AFTER

Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi

Commissioned to build the cathedral dome./ Used unique

architectural concepts. He studied

the ancient Pantheon in Rome.

Used ribs for support.

Brunelleschi’s Brunelleschi’s DomeDome

Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons

Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital

(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

Comparing DomesComparing Domes

The Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475

Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci

3.3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483- Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)1520)

Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist Portrait of the Artist with a Friendwith a Friend, 1518, 1518

PerspectivPerspective!e!

PerspectivPerspective!e!

BetrothBetrothal al

of the of the Virgin Virgin

RaphaelRaphael

15041504

Raphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Canagiani Madonna, Madonna, 15071507

Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (1)(1)

Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna

Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna

Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (2)(2)

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective.

All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts!

A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments

library. Raphael worked on this commission

simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.

No Christian themes here.

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and

now].now].

PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or

the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details

Averroes

Hypatia

Pythagoras

ZoroasterZoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

The Liberation of St. The Liberation of St. PeterPeter by Raphael, 1514 by Raphael, 1514

Portrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512by Raphael, 1511-1512

More concerned More concerned with politics than with politics than with theology.with theology.

The “Warrior The “Warrior Pope.”Pope.”

Great patron of Great patron of Renaissance Renaissance artists, especially artists, especially Raphael & Raphael & Michelangelo.Michelangelo.

Died in 1513Died in 1513

4.4. Donatello Donatello

PrimaveraPrimavera – Botticelli, – Botticelli, 14821482

Depicted classical gods as Depicted classical gods as almost naked and life-size.almost naked and life-size.