renaissance means “rebirth,” specifically the revival of art and learning where educated men and...
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Renaissance
Means “rebirth,” specifically the revival of art and learning where
educated men and women in Italy hoped to bring back the culture and life of classical Greece and
Rome.
RenaissanceRenaissance
1300s-1600s “rebirth” of art and learning “rebirth” of Greek/Roman ideas Impact of the Renaissance still seen
today
Life Before the Life Before the RenaissanceRenaissance
Uncertain life: war, plague, economic insecurity
Christian Church dominant force Most life centered on rural areas Art had mainly religious themes, very flat
and dull After the plague/wars people wanted
more free life guided by Carpe Diem
Birth of the Birth of the RenaissanceRenaissance
Started in Italy: Why?/ Trade increased after the crusades./ Italians dominated trade./ Thriving city-states/ Wealthy merchant class emerged.
Many became patrons: supporters of the arts
/ Medici family Powerful merchant family in Florence (controlled
politics) Strong supporters of the arts. Collected art, ancient manuscripts, opened libraries
/ Inspired by Roman ruins, art, literature./ Greek ideas reintroduced through trade
routes
Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
Thriving Cities (City-States) Overseas trade had led to the growth of large city-
states in northern Italy
Cities are often places where people exchange ideas – ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution
1300’s – bubonic plague hit these cities hard, bringing economic changes (with fewer available laborers, the survivors could demand higher wages)
Merchants do not have as much opportunities to expand business, so they pursue other interests (i.e. art)
Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
A Wealthy Merchant Class Wealthy merchant class in each city-state controlled
politics Merchants did NOT inherit their social rank
/ they worked toward their status by succeeding in business by using their wits
/ many believed the deserved the power and wealth because they had worked for it
Belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance!!
Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
The Classical Heritage of Greece and Rome Scholars shunned art and literature from the Middle
Ages, and wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans
Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince (1513) – examines
the imperfect conduct of human beings (a political guidebook)
Examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies/ People are selfish, fickle, and
corrupt
/ “The end justifies the means.” (not concerned with what is morally right, but what is politically effective)
/ Leaders had to trick and mislead people and lie to opponents sometimes – must be crafty enough to overcome the suspicions and to gain the trust of others
(1)(1)How could the changes that led to the How could the changes that led to the rise of Florence help influence rise of Florence help influence Machiavelli’s ideas?Machiavelli’s ideas?
(2)(2)Who are examples of “Machiavellian” Who are examples of “Machiavellian” politicians that you know of?politicians that you know of?
(3)(3)How “Machiavellian” are you?How “Machiavellian” are you?
Rise of HumanismIMPORTANT VOCABULARY ALERT!!
Humanism: intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
The Classics Lead to Humanism
/ Inspired by the study of classical texts in order to understand ancient Greek values
/ Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education
(i.e. history, literature, and philosophy – the “HUMANITIES”)
Renaissance Ideas Renaissance Ideas
Humanism: Focus on Human potential
Worldliness (secular)- people focused on the materialism of the time, instead of a primarily religious life.
Learning: development of universities
Antiquity (Classicism): authority of ancient world respected: Greece/Rome
Reform: Humans can change for the better.
Petrarch
An Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists ("father of humanism")
Believed one must turn from the outer world of nature to the inner world of 'soul'
Famous Lines – “nothing is wonderful but the soul”; “we look about us for what is to be found only within”
Dante Italian poet from Florence
/ Central Work – Divina Commedia/ "Father of the Italian language"
Embraced individuality and happiness/ Man's duty is to attempt to
achieve earthly happiness and everlasting life
Worked in the vernacular instead of the formal Latin language
Mark a transition to a new way of thinking about humanity
Desiderius Erasmus “The Prince of the Humanists”
Christian Humanist (Holland) Advocated reform within the
Church through his satirical works
Believed in…/ Christianity of the heart / All human evils were rooted in
ignorance and infatuation and therefore education of humanity was the essential task of his life
/ Christianity was not only as a religion and doctrine of salvation, but also as a guide to moral life
The Move to Worldly Values
Worldly Pleasures/ While most people remained devout
Catholics, the basic spirit of the Renaissance society was SECULAR (concerned with the HERE and NOW!!)
/ Even church leaders became worldly, living in elaborate houses and mansions, throwing lavish banquets, and wearing expensive clothes
The Move to Worldly Values
Patron of the Arts/ PATRONS – financial supporters / Church leaders – Funded the beautification of Rome by spending a lot of money for art
/ Wealthy merchants – paid to have their portraits made or donated art to the city to place in public squares (demonstrating their own importance)
The Move to Worldly Values
The Renaissance Man/ A man who excelled in many fields
praised as a universal man” – later to be called “Renaissance man”
/ Characteristics According to Castiglione (The Courtier) Witty, charming, and well educated in the
classics Should dance, sing, play music, and write
poetry Skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman
The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man”
Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Donatello Raphael
1. Realism & 1. Realism & ExpressionExpression
Expulsion Expulsion fromfromthe Gardenthe Garden
MasaccioMasaccio
14271427
First nudes First nudes sincesinceclassical classical timestimes..
2. Perspective2. Perspective
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
First use First use of linear of linear
perspective!perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
The The TrinityTrinity
MasaccioMasaccio
14271427
What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will
become.become.
3. Classicism3. Classicism
Greco-Roman influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism free standing figures.
Symmetry/BalanceThe The “Classical Pose”“Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)Medici “Venus” (1c)
4. Empasis on Individualism4. Empasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoThe Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
Isabella d’Este –Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, da Vinci, 14991499 1474-1539
“First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.”
Great patroness of the arts in Mantua.
Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”
5. Geometrical 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Arrangement of
FiguresFigures The Dreyfus The Dreyfus Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee
Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci
14691469
The figure as The figure as architecture!architecture!
6. Light & 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Shadowing/Softening
EdgesEdges
ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro
SfumatoSfumato
7. Artists as 7. Artists as Personalities/CelebritiesPersonalities/Celebrities
Lives of the Lives of the Most Most Excellent Excellent Painters, Painters, Sculptors, andSculptors, andArchitectsArchitects
Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari
15501550
David by David by DonatelloDonatello
14301430
First free-form bronze First free-form bronze since Roman times!since Roman times!
The Liberation The Liberation of Sculptureof Sculpture
DavidDavid
VerrocchioVerrocchio
1473 - 1473 - 14751475
Leonardo da Vinci“Renaissance Man”
His work was so realistic, that people have tried to explain thoughts and personalities through the facial expressions
Leonardo da Vinci“Renaissance Man”
He was also known for his work in anatomy, engineering, and mathematics.
A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488)A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488)Anatomical study Anatomical study
of the arm, (c. 1510)of the arm, (c. 1510)
Vitruvian Vitruvian Man Man
Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci
14921492
TheTheL’uomoL’uomo
universauniversalele
1.1. Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da -- da Vinci, 1512Vinci, 1512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
Artist
Sculptor
Architect
Scientist
Engineer
Inventor
Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist
The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks
Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci
1483-14861483-1486
Leonardo, the Artist:Leonardo, the Artist:From hisFrom hisNotebooks of over Notebooks of over 5000 5000
pages (1508-1519)pages (1508-1519)
Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci, – da Vinci, 1503-41503-4
A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona
A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona
An Andy Warhol MonaAn Andy Warhol Mona
Mona LisaMona Lisa OROR da da Vinci??Vinci??
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498& Geometry& Geometry
RefractorRefractoryy
Convent Convent of Santa of Santa
Maria Maria delle delle
GrazieGrazie
MilanMilan
horizontal
vert
ical
PerspectivPerspective!e!
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498
Detail of Detail of JesusJesus
The Last The Last SupperSupper
Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci
14981498
DeterioratDeteriorationion
A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John St. John oror Mary Magdalene? Mary Magdalene?
Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor
An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue
1516-15181516-1518
Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Study of a Study of a central central church.church.
14881488
Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.
Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):(Biology):Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): (Anatomy):
Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Leonardo, the Leonardo, the Inventor:Inventor:
Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?
A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.
Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.
Leonardo, the Engineer: Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Pages from his
NotebookNotebook
Leonardo da Vinci….Leonardo da Vinci….
O investigator, do not O investigator, do not flatter yourself that you flatter yourself that you know the things nature know the things nature performs for herself, but performs for herself, but rejoice in knowing that rejoice in knowing that purpose of those things purpose of those things designed by your own designed by your own mind.mind.
Michelangelo Buonarrotiused realistic style when depicting the human form
2.2. Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonorratiBuonorrati
1475 – 15641475 – 1564
He He represented represented the body in the body in three three dimensions dimensions of sculpture.of sculpture.
DavidDavid
MichelangelMichelangelooBuonarottiBuonarotti
15041504
MarbleMarble
15c15c
16c16c
WhatWhat
aa
differencedifference
aa
centurycentury
makes!makes!
The PietaThe Pieta
MichelangeMichelangeloloBuonarrotiBuonarroti
14991499
marblemarble
The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts
The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapel
MichelangelMichelangelo Buonarrotio Buonarroti
1508 - 15121508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel’s The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingCeiling
Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 15121508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The The Creation Creation
of the of the HeavensHeavens
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
Creation of ManCreation of Man
A Modern A Modern “Adaptation”“Adaptation”
Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment
ArchitecArchitectureture Before
Filippo Filippo BrunelleschiBrunelleschi1377 - 14361377 - 1436
ArchitectArchitect
Cuppolo of St. Cuppolo of St. MariaMariadel Fioredel Fiore
AFTER
Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi
Commissioned to build the cathedral dome./ Used unique
architectural concepts. He studied
the ancient Pantheon in Rome.
Used ribs for support.
Brunelleschi’s Brunelleschi’s DomeDome
Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital
(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
Comparing DomesComparing Domes
The Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475
Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci
3.3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483- Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)1520)
Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist Portrait of the Artist with a Friendwith a Friend, 1518, 1518
PerspectivPerspective!e!
PerspectivPerspective!e!
BetrothBetrothal al
of the of the Virgin Virgin
RaphaelRaphael
15041504
Raphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Canagiani Madonna, Madonna, 15071507
Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (1)(1)
Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna
Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna
Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (2)(2)
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective.
All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts!
A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments
library. Raphael worked on this commission
simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.
No Christian themes here.
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and
now].now].
PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or
the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details
Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
ZoroasterZoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
The Liberation of St. The Liberation of St. PeterPeter by Raphael, 1514 by Raphael, 1514
Portrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512by Raphael, 1511-1512
More concerned More concerned with politics than with politics than with theology.with theology.
The “Warrior The “Warrior Pope.”Pope.”
Great patron of Great patron of Renaissance Renaissance artists, especially artists, especially Raphael & Raphael & Michelangelo.Michelangelo.
Died in 1513Died in 1513
4.4. Donatello Donatello
PrimaveraPrimavera – Botticelli, – Botticelli, 14821482
Depicted classical gods as Depicted classical gods as almost naked and life-size.almost naked and life-size.