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AGE OF EXPLORATIONCh. 2 Sec. 1

Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5

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THE SEARCH FOR SPICESCh. 2 Sec. 1

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REASONS FOR EXPLORATION

With a growing population- higher demand for traded goods

Most valued items were spices to preserve food, add flavor to meat, and for medicines and perfume

Moluccas: island chain known as Spice Islands

Set out in search of direct access to Asia

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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST

Prince Henry sponsored exploration for Portugal

First discovered/claimed Madeira and Azores islands

Expanded into Muslim North AfricaOpportunity to convert Africans to

ChristianityHoped to find easier way to reach

Asia- would have to go around Africa

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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’T

Henry gathered scientists, cartographers- map makers, and other experts to prepare for a long voyage Redesigned ships, drew maps,

trained captainsWorked their way South to explore western coast of Africa

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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’T

Henry died in 1460 but the quest continued1488: Bartholomeu Dias

rounded Cape of Good Hope1497: Vasco da Gama- reached

spice port of Calicut in IndiaVery rough journey, but proved highly profitable- created a trade network

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COLUMBUS SAILS WEST

News of Portugal’s success inspired Italian navigator Christopher Columbus Wanted to reach East Indies by

sailing West across AtlanticUnderestimated Earth’s size

Portugal would not sponsor him, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain didRulers hoped Columbus’s voyage

would bring wealth and prestige

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COLUMBUS SAILS WEST

Aug. 3, 1492: Columbus sailed WestNina, Pinta, Santa MariaOct. 12: land was spotted

Spent several months cruising around islands of CaribbeanThought he reached Indies- called

locals Indians1493: returned home to discover

later he found a new continent

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DIVIDING THE GLOBEFerdinand and Isabella appealed

to Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI Wanted support of their claim to the

new worldPope set Line of Demarcation- line

set by Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain (west) and the other Portugal (East)

Led to building empires quickly to claim land

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NAMING WESTERN HEMISPHEREAmerigo Vespucci, Italian sea

Captain, wrote journal describing his voyage to Brazil

Martin Waldseemuller used Vespucci’s description to publish map- which he labeled “America”

Term turned to “Americas” which came to be used for both continentsIslands Columbus explored became

West Indies

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SEARCH CONTINUES

English, Dutch, and French explored coast of North America for “northwest passage” Unsuccessful

Vasco Nunez de Balboa made passage westward through forests of Panama

Sept. 20, 1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) set out to find a route to Pacific Ocean Sailed coast of South America exploring each bay Nov. 1520: found a passage – later known as Strait

of Magellan Renamed South Sea to Pacific (Latin for peaceful)

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SEARCH CONTINUES

Most of the crew wanted to return the way they came

Magellan wanted to continue WestHe underestimated size of Pacific- took

longer than expectedMarch 1522 (3 years after setting out)

reached Philippines- Magellan was killedSurvivors were first to circumnavigate-

sail around the world

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THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADECh. 3 Sec. 4

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TRIANGULAR TRADE ACROSS ATLANTICSpanish were first major

European partners in slave tradeAfter other European nations

established colonies in Americas they joined slave trade network

Atlantic Slave trade formed one part of three-legged international trade network- Triangular Trade- triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and Americas

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SHIPPING PEOPLE AND GOODS

First leg: merchant ships brought European goods (guns, cloth, and cash) to AfricaMerchants traded these goods for slaves

Second leg: Middle Passage: slaves were transported to AmericasSlaves traded for sugar, molasses, cotton,

furs, rum, and other manufactured products

Third leg: merchants carried American goods to Europe where they were sold at a profit

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INTERACTIVE MAP: TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTES

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INDUSTRIES AND CITIES THRIVE

Triangular trade immediately profitable for many peopleMerchants: even though risk of

losing shipsIndustries that supported trade:

shipbuildingOther colonial industries: fishing,

tobacco, sugarLed to successful port cities

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HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGE

To merchants was just another voyage/ for enslaved Africans it was a horror

Most slaves were taken from inland villagesForced to march to coastal ports (up to

1,000 miles)Bound by ropes and chains to one anotherMight be forced to carry heavy loads Those who lived the march were held in

port holding pens and warehouses

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HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGE CON’T

Once purchased- packed below decks of slave ships

Hundreds packed into single vessel for voyages from 3 weeks to 3 months

Ships faced storms, raids by pirates, mutinies- revolts by captives

Disease was biggest threat Most died of dysentery, others smallpox, other

unknown diseases Ships became known as “floating coffins”

Suicide was common

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IMPACT OF SLAVE TRADE

Brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders

Provided labor to help colonial economies grow

African states/societies were torn apart1500s: estimated 2,000 Africans

sent to Americas each yr.1780s: approached 80,000 a yearMid 1800s: slave trade was

“stopped”

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EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CONTACTCh. 3 Sec. 5

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEColumbus’s return to Spain

brought plants and animals found in the Americas

Later that year, Columbus returned to Americas with European plants and animals along with colonists

He began a vast global exchange that would affect the world

Since it started with Columbus we call it Columbian Exchange

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

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DIAGRAM OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

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NEW FOODS AND ANIMALS

From Americas to Europe:Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn

and potatoesPotatoes, easy and cheap to grow, helped feed Europe’s growing population

Corn became world’s most important cereal crops

From Europe to Americas:Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats,

chickens, horses and donkeysBananas and sugar cane from Africa

and Asia

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GLOBAL POPULATION GROWS Exchange of food crops contributed to

world population growth Exchange sparked migration of

millions Europeans began to sail to Americas-

promise of new life and land opportunities

Slave trade brought millions of Africans to Americas

In some parts of world, population declined:European diseases (smallpox & measles)

spread and killed Native AmericansOthers wiped out due to conflicts

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COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION1500s prices began to rise, also,

there was much more money in circulation

Inflation: a rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money availableCaused by large amount of silver/gold

flowing into Euro from AmericasPrice Revolution: The period in

Euro history when inflation rose rapidly

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CAPITALISM EMERGES Expanded trade, increased money

supply, and push for overseas empires spurred growth of European capitalism: economic system in which businesses are owned privatelyEntrepreneurs: people who take on

financial risk to make profits Key to success of capitalism

Organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business

Hired workers, paid for raw materials, transport, and other costs of production

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EXPLORING NEW BUSINESS METHODS Early Europeans discovered new ways

to create wealth Adapted ideas of bookkeeping from

Arabs Banks increased in importance

allowing wealthy merchants to lend money at interest

Joint stock companies allowed people to pool investment to fund overseas adventures

“Putting-Out” system bypassed guildsSeparated capital and labor for the first

timeLeads to capitalist-owned factories of

Industrial Rev.

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PUTTING OUT/ COLONIAL SYSTEM

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MERCANTILISM ARISES

Monarchs enjoyed benefits of commercial revolution- led to mercantilism: policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

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MERCANTILISM SYSTEM

Overseas colonies existed for benefit of parent country

They provided resources and raw materials not available in Europe

Euro powers passed strict laws regulating trade

Colonies could not set up own industries, forbidden to buy goods from foreign counties

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INCREASE NATIONAL WEALTH

To boost production- governments exploited mineral and timber resources, built roads and backed new industries

Imposed national currencies and standard weights and measures

Imposed tariffs: taxes on imported goodsLed to rise of national governmentHad a lot of control over economies

Debatable if system made economies wealthier

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IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY

Societies still divided into distinct social classes

Price revolution hurt nobles and helped overseas capitalists

Change took generations to be felt by majority of Europeans

Merchants/skilled workers thrived, hired laborers who served middle/upper class lived on edge of poverty