United Arab Emirates University

College of Education

Department of Physical Education

Obesity and Diet

Physical Fitness And Wellness (51)

Student Name

ID

Aisha Ateeq Alnuaimi

201600313

Alia Adel Al Kaabi

201630264

Alanoud Adeeb Zuhair 

 201414720

Fatima salem alghafli

201604432

Maitha saif alnuaimi

201401309

Maryam yousuf Mahmood

201630072

Doctor. Jamal AlNuaimi

Date: 7 December 2016

Table of Contact

1. Introduction

4

2. Definition of obesity

5

3. Causes of obesity

5

3.1 Lack of energy balance

5

3.2 Genes and Family history

5

3.3 Age

6

3.4 Pregnancy

6

3.5 Lack of sleep

6

3.6 Medicines

7

3.7 Emotional Factors

7

3.8 Smoking

7

3.9 An Inactive Lifestyle

8

3.10 Health Conditions

8

4. Treatment and diet

9

4.1 Treatment

9

4.2 Diet

9

4.2.1 Diet programs and fad diets

10

4.2.2 Very Law Calories Diet

11

4.3 Exercise

11

4.4 Surgery

12

5. Finding

13

5.1 General Information

13

5.1.1 Gender

13

5.1.2 Age

14

5.1.3 Weight

14

5.1.4 Height

15

5.2 Obesity, Diet and Physical Activities

15

5.2.1 Things to improve your health or lose weight

15

5.2.2 If your family Members are over weight

16

5.2.3 The most important meal

17

5.2.4 Less you eat Healthy you become

17

5.2.5 Eating Fruits

18

5.2.6 Snacks

18

5.2.7 Not hungry but do I need to eat ?

19

5.2.8 Does eating have a specific time ?

20

5.2.9 Home Cooked food ?

21

5.2.10 I can't exercise and reasons are

21

5.2.11 physical activities per day

23

5.2.12 How I choose my healthy food ?

24

5.2.13 Sleeping At night

25

6. Conclusion

25

7. Recommendation

25

8. References

26

Obesity And Diet

1. Introduction

1.1 Background:

Obesity has become an important public health problem.it spread widely in all of the countries and specially developed countries. Obesity speared like that because of many factors like the change of our lifestyle and a lot of other things. A person with a BMI of 30% is considered as an obese person. However, obesity become a disease that hospital concern nowadays because of the amount of obese people and they have a lot of surgeries to solve this problem.

1.2 Purpose

In this research paper we will a survey to see the percentage of obesity in UAE, we will analyze the data we collected draw a conclusion for the research and finally provide recommendation and treatment for this problem which obesity.

1.3 Scope

For this research we will include main topics such as the definition of Obesity, the diet and treatment. As well we didn't mention the side effects of Obesity or how does it effects on the academic life.

2. Definition of Obesity :

Obesity is a hypokinetic disease that occur because of less movement and unhealthy food which you can control and it could be genetic which is not in your control. It is an excessively high amount of fat in relation to lead body mass. 20% more than your ideal body weight. It is an ongoing disease not a cosmetic problem. it means it is a big problem that put your health at risk.

3. The Causes for obesity :

3.1 Lack of Energy Balance

A lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity. Energy balance means that your energy IN equals your energy OUT.

Energy IN is the amount of energy or calories you get from food and drinks. Energy OUT is the amount of energy your body uses for things like breathing, digesting, and being physically active.

To maintain a healthy weight, your energy IN and OUT don't have to balance exactly every day. It's the balance over time that helps you maintain a healthy weight.

The same amount of energy IN and energy OUT over time = weight stays the same

More energy IN than energy OUT over time = weight gain

More energy OUT than energy IN over time = weight loss

Overweight and obesity happen over time when you take in more calories than you use.

3.2 Genes and Family History

Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart show that genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight and obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight or obese.

Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment.

Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.

3.3 Age:

As you get older, you tend to lose muscle, especially if you're less active. Muscle loss can slow down the rate at which your body burns calories. If you don't reduce your calorie intake as you get older, you may gain weight.

Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to aging and lifestyle, but menopause also plays a role. Many women gain about 5 pounds during menopause and have more fat around the waist than they did before.

3.4 Pregnancy:

During pregnancy, women gain weight to support their babies’ growth and development. After giving birth, some women find it hard to lose the weight. This may lead to overweight or obesity, especially after a few pregnancies.

3.5 Lack of Sleep:

Research shows that lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well.

People who sleep fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and carbohydrates, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and obesity.

Sleep helps maintain a healthy balance of the hormones that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.

Sleep also affects how your body reacts to insulin, the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal blood sugar level, which may increase your risk for diabetes.

3.6 Medicines:

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines.

These medicines can slow the rate at which your body burns calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.

3.7 Emotional Factors

Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time, overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause overweight or obesity.

3.8 Smoking:

Some people gain weight when they stop smoking. One reason is that food often tastes and smells better after quitting smoking.

Another reason is because nicotine raises the rate at which your body burns calories, so you burn fewer calories when you stop smoking. However, smoking is a serious health risk, and quitting is more important than possible weight gain.

3.9 An Inactive Lifestyle:

Many Americans aren't very physically active. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to overweight and obesity.

Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools.

People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your risk for coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, and other health problems.

3.10 Health Conditions:

Some hormone problems may cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause weight gain. You'll also feel tired and weak.

Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as prednisone, for long periods.

People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight, have upper-body obesity, a rounded face, fat around the neck, and thin arms and legs.

PCOS is a condition that affects about 5–10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth, and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of hormones called androgens.

4. Treatment and Diet :

4.1 Treatment:

Management of obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. The main treatment for obesity consists of dieting and physical exercise. Diet programs may produce weight loss over the short term, but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and often requires making exercise and a lower calorie diet a permanent part of an individual's lifestyle.

4.2 Diet

There's no single rule that applies to everyone, but to lose weight at a safe and sustainable rate of 0.5 to 1kg (1lb to 2lbs) a week, most people are advised to reduce their energy intake by 600 calories a day.

For most men, this will mean consuming no more than 1,900 calories a day, and for most women, no more than 1,400 calories a day.

The best way to achieve this is to swap unhealthy and high-energy food choices – such as fast food, processed food and sugary drinks (including alcohol) – for healthier choices.

A healthy diet should consist of:

· plenty of fruit and vegetables

· plenty of potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and other starchy foods (ideally you should choose wholegrain varieties)

· some milk and dairy foods

· some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein

· just small amounts of food and drinks that are high in fat and sugar.

Try to avoid foods containing high levels of salt because they can raise your blood pressure, which can be dangerous for people who are already obese.

You'll also need to check calorie information for each type of food and drink you consume to make sure you don't go over your daily limit.

Some restaurants, cafés and fast food outlets provide calorie information per portion, although providing this information isn't compulsory. Be careful when eating out because some foods can quickly take you over the limit, such as burgers, fried chicken, and some curries or Chinese dishes.

4.2.1 Diet programs and fad diets:

Avoid fad diets that recommend unsafe practices, such as fasting (going without food for long periods of time) or cutting out entire food groups. These types of diets don't work, can make you feel ill, and aren't sustainable because they don’t teach you long-term healthy eating habits.

This isn't to say that all commercial diet programs are unsafe. Many are based on sound medical and scientific principles and can work well for some people.

A responsible diet program should:

· educate you about issues such as portion size, making behavioral changes and healthy eating 

· not be overly restrictive in terms of the type of foods you can eat 

· be based on achieving gradual, sustainable weight loss rather than short-term rapid weight loss, which is unlikely to last.

4.2.2 Very low Calories Diet

A very low calorie diet (VLCD) is where you consume less than 800 calories a day.

These diets can lead to rapid weight loss, but they aren't a suitable or safe method for everyone, and they aren't routinely recommended for managing obesity.

VLCDs are usually only recommended if you have an obesity-related complication that would benefit from rapid weight loss.

VLCDs shouldn't usually be followed for longer than 12 weeks at a time, and they should only be used under the supervision of a suitably qualified healthcare professional.

4.3 Exercise

Reducing the amount of calories in your diet will help you lose weight, but maintaining a healthy weight requires physical activity to burn energy.

As well as helping you maintain a healthy weight, physical activity also has wider health benefits. For example, it can help prevent and manage more than 20 conditions, such as reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes by 40%.

The Chief Medical Officers recommend that adults should do at least 150 minutes (two-and-a-half hours) of at least moderate-intensity activity a week – for example, five 30-minute bouts a week. Something is better than nothing, and doing just 10 minutes of exercise at a time is beneficial.

Moderate-intensity activity is any activity that increases your heart and breathing rate, such as:

· brisk walking

· cycling 

· recreational swimming

· dancing

Alternatively, you could do 75 minutes (one hour, fifteen minutes) of vigorous-intensity activity a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous activity.

During vigorous activity, breathing is very hard, your heart beats rapidly and you may be unable to hold a conversation.

Examples include:

· running

· most competitive sports

· circuit training

You should also do strength and balance training two days a week.

This could be in the form of a gym workout, carrying shopping bags, or doing an activity such as tai chi. It's also critical that you break up sitting (sedentary) time by getting up and moving around.

Your GP, weight loss adviser or staff at your local sports centre can help you create a plan suited to your own personal needs and circumstances, with achievable and motivating goals. Start small and build up gradually.

It's also important to find activities you enjoy and want to keep doing. Activities with a social element or exercising with friends or family can help keep you motivated. Make a start today – it’s never too late.

4.4 Surgery

Weight loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is sometimes used to treat people who are severely obese.

Bariatric surgery is usually only available on the NHS to treat people with severe obesity who fulfill all of the following criteria:

· they have a BMI of 40 or more, or between 35 and 40 and another serious health condition that could be improved with weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure

· all appropriate non-surgical measures have been tried, but the person hasn't achieved or maintained adequate, clinically beneficial weight loss

· the person is fit enough to have anesthesia and surgery

· the person has been receiving, or will receive, intensive management as part of their treatment

· the person commits to the need for long-term follow-up

Bariatric surgery may also be considered as a possible treatment option for

`people with a BMI of 30 to 35 who have recently (in the last 10 years) been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

In rare cases, surgery may be recommended as the first treatment (instead of lifestyle treatments and medication) if a person's BMI is 50 or above.

5. Finding :

5.1 General Information :

5.1.1 Gender :

The first question was about the gender, so we can know who has high average of obesity males or females. In addition, our survey shows that the number of females is much higher than the males. The females were 32 witch they present 91% and males were just 3 witch are 9% only.

(Figure 1: What is your Gender ?)

5.1.2 Age :

(Figure 2: What is your Age ?)The question was including different ages, under 15, from 16 to19, from 20 to 24, from 25 to 29, from 30 to 35, and finally above 30. Moreover, under 15 were just 2 witch represent 6%, from 16 to19 were 15 witch represent 43%, from 20 to 24 were 16 witch represent 46% and that means that most of the people who are overweight and answer the survey were between this age. In addition, nobody was between 25 to 29, from 30 to 35 was just one-person witch represent 3%, and finally above 30 was also one-person witch represent 3%.

5.1.3 weight :

(Figure 3: what is your weight(kg) ?)We asked about 35 of people about their weight, most of them where between 55 and 60 kg of a 40% as 14 out of the 35. 7 of them where between 70 to 80 kg which took 20%, 6 where 90 kg and above in about 17%. Moreover, 5 of them where between 60 to 70 kgs which took 14%, and 3 where between 80 and 90 kgs as a 9%. The standard deviation was 3.74.

5.1.4 height:

We asked about 35 girl about their height, most of them where between 160 to 170 cm of a 40% as 14 girl out of the 35 girls.13 of them where between 150 to 160 cm which took 37%, 7 where under 150 cm in about 20%. Moreover, 1 of them where between 170 to 180 cm which took 3%, and non of them where above 180 cm and this took 0% out of all.

The standard deviation was 5.83.

(Figure 3: what is your height (cm) ?)

5.2 Obesity , Diet and Physical Activities :

5.2.1 Things to improve your health or lose weight:

We asked about 35 girl if they are doing anything to improve their health or to lose weight, most of them where saying that they are eating healthier foods to improve their health and lose weight in about 46% as 16 girl out of the 35 girls. 10 of them said that they are doing more cardio exercise ( like running, walking, biking, dancing, etc ) which took 29%, 7 where heading to dieting on their own in about 20%. Moreover, 6 of them where watching portion sizes to improve their health which took 17%, and 5 of them where not doing anything to improve their health or to lose weight this took 14% out of all. But also, 3 girls where doing more strength and toning exercise ( like pushups, weights, crunches, etc ) and another 3 where Dieting with a plan, like weight watchers or Jenny Craig, both got 9% of all.

(Figure 5: Are you currently doing anything to improve your health or lose weight?)

5.2.2 If Your Family Members Are Overweight , How Dose That Make You Feel?

Incase one of my family members are overweight , I feel so unhappy ,Because overweight person o is like also unhealthy that ca cause sickness , Bass on my analization through this pie the blue color pep resent the discouaeement ,Which is 29% that is the highest I feel that will end up to become unhealthy ,The green color represent the empowered which is also 17% so it courage me to try to lose weight as I can to have a healthy life style.

(Figure 6)The yellow color represent indifferent which is doesn't really affect me one way or the other , 29% I feel that I will do what good foe me to maintain good health. The brown color represent 26% that main nobody in my family members are not overweight.

(Figure 6: If your family members are overweight, how does that make you feel?)

5.2.3 The Most important meal ( Breakfast) :

(Figure 7: How often do you eat breakfast?)This pie shows , mostly of the people are eat breakfast which have an average of 66% because breakfast is the most important meal, only 26%of the people are eating their breakfast and 6%are Rarely , 3% never eat Breakfast , this is bass on the data 7.79 the standard deviation for 35 responses.

5.2.4Less you eat Healthy you become ( Fast food and how often you eat it? )

(Figure 8: How often do you eat fast food (e.g. McDonald's, Subway, Taco Bell, pizza, quick neighborhood takeout, etc.)?)Base on the data for a standard deviation of 3.01 and all responses of 33 .My analization for this . That the brown color have a bigger per cent of 30% who eat fast food only a few times in a month , and 24% a few times in a week represent the green color , and the same percentage the blue and yellow color about once a week or everyday . And the red color about are never or rarely people eat in fast food.

5.2.5 Eating Fruits:

We all know that fruits had many benefits for becoming healthy, And living in healthy way but many people refuse to eat it because they think that it is not necessary for regular people who are not in diet and they replace it with any think else that they think it is more healthier, What they don’t know is that Fruits is the main thing to become healthy and it had many benefits like It can provide your body with water, improve your memory and also it can help prevent disease. And the mush you eat fruit the much you get great results. So, we did our study by asking current of people this question “how often you eat fruit?

34 people respond to this question the chart shows that 12% of people eat more than 3 times a day, 24% twice a day, 44% one a day, 21% zero times in day, So what we understand is that people are avoiding the benefits of fruit eating one fruit in day is not enough to make you have a better life it will take time, for people who had problem with obesity eatin g 5 of different kind of fruit at least can help you to lose your weight.

(Figure 9: How often do you usually eat fruit (fresh, frozen, dried, or canned)?)

5.2.6 snacks :

Snacks, In our regular days we need to eat snack when we feel that our energy is decreasing and many of people jump and search for some food to eat whether it contain high amount of calories or low, Many of them don’t really care they just want the energy to return back to their bodies and complete his/her the rest of the day, But what they don’t know and have to do is following the instauration and by following it, Their whole life will change and they are going to stay in a safe side.

In our survey, 29% of people prefer eating salty snacks which means that many people like it and they enjoy eating it but they don’t release that it is harmful for their bodies and it may take them to the risky level.

(Figure 10: Which of the following foods do you snack on most often?)The second position 24% of people had chosen Snacks Baked with cookies, donuts and cakes it is because its very testy, 21% people had chosen sugars and sweets and this result has shown us that people really prefer unhealthy food over healthy food as we see that 18% of people had chosen to eat fruit and vegetables as a snack, In the other side there are 9% of people has chosen cheese and yogurt.

5.2.7 Not Hungry but do I need to eat ?

(Figure 11: Would you say you sometimes eat when you're not really hungry?)Now a days what makes people reach to the level of obesity is eating more than their body requires and day by day their body except it and it requires them to eat more high amount of food without counting the calories, So we asked in our survey do you sometimes eat when you’re not hungry and 76% of people respond saying yes and 24% saying no, So the number of people who said yes is high than the number of people who said no it shows that they are facing many problems in their life they need to be organized to reach the level of safeness

5.2.8 Does eating have a specific time ?

Eating food is the activity people gets bored doing it whether the food taste good or bad in our life we see so many busy people or people like to make their self-busy by doing any activity thing to reduce the time of eating, in this survey we asked people what you really do while they’re eating and we give them options.

So in this chart it shows that 71% of people and it the highest number had chosen “watching T.V” and it shows that people really don’t look at their food while they’re eating they’re focusing in watching television and that can give them a negative result, it can make the person feel bad and unhealthy also it causes obesity

And for the other options people had chosen many different things like 29% preferred using their a computer, 26% using their phone, 24% doing their homework, and few of them had chosen to do nothing which are 15% of people.

(Figure 12: When you're eating, which of the following do you do?)

5.2.9 Home Cooked Food could be healthy but what about our traditional food ?

According to the people who did the survey we found out that 74% of the people which are 25 people agreed on that parents that cook at home will help them eat healthier food. I feel that they agreed with that because the food that we cook at home doesn’t have any preservatives and healthy. On the other side there is 26% of the people, which is, 9 only disagree on this thing. I think that it depend on the food that is cooked at home these people may have unhealthy food in home which will cause on gaining weight.

(Figure 13: Do you think having a parent who cooked meals at home would help you eat healthier according to out traditional food?)

5.2.10 I can't exercise and reasons are ?

This data show that the most thing that keep people from doing exercises there parents and family it is 39 % from all of the check list, this is the highest one people are busy with their family the whole day but they need to find a small time for exercising. then the thing that come after this is that the school doesn’t provide place for be physical active with a present of 19%. Then the second this that effect people from being physically active is there friend 23% of people agree that if there friend doesn’t exercise then they done. There are three things that comes to the fourth place with a 16% the first one is confidence and self-esteem, my body discomfort because of sweating or bouncing breast, then their neighborhood they don’t have any sidewalks beside their house. The think with the lowest percent which is 1% is that there friend make them feel it’s not cool to exercise or be active.

(Figure 14: What keeps you from being physically active?)

5.2.11 Physical Activities per day :

According to this statistic it have shown us that 35% of people exercise for 30 minutes each day which is a good thing because each individual need to exercise for 30-60min a day. There are 18% of the people who exercise for 10 minutes it a little time but it may be helpful for them.15% of the people exercise for 20 minutes and 12% exercise for 40 minutes. Only 3% of the people exercise for 60 minutes a day. 15% of the people do not exercise in there day. Which is a bad thing for their body we need to increase the present of being active in the day.

(Figure 15: How much physical activity should you get each day?)

5.2.12 How I choose my healthy food ?

According to the people who did the server we found out that 49% of the people choose there healthy food according to the calories that contain in the food, we also found out that 37% of them pick the healthy food according to the fat content in the food, and 26% of them pick the healthy food according to the carbohydrates. Also 26% of the. Pick it because of the sugar in the food and 20% according to the sodium , 9% according to the serving size and the lowest percent is 6% which is cholesterol. Each one of them want to achieve certain goal that way the food they pick is different.

(Figure 16: What's most important to you when it comes to picking healthy foods?)

5.2.13 Sleeping At night :

(Figure 17: How much sleep do you get during the night??)After doing this survey it showed out that most of the people sleep 6-8 hours a day which is 40%. This amount of hour is healthy for our body.we also found out that 26% of the people sleep 4-6 hours which is not normal they need to increase there sleeping hours.20% of them sleep for 8-10 hours which is more than normal . 11% of the. Sleep less than 4 hour which is bad and unhealthy for there body. And 3% of them sleep more than 10 hours.

6. Conclusion

Hopefully after reading this report you will be more aware of the effects of obesity.  Many people around the word, different ages, different cultures, do not realize how damaging obesity can be to the human body and for their overall health. Nowadays, obesity is something that is increasing between all ages and its rising dramatically and it will continue rising unless we as a part the community do something about it. In addition, we must play a role to inform the people around us, starting from our families to our friends to the hall community of how obesity can affect really bad on our health, and start to encourage people to change their bad habits that lead them to gain weight. 

7. Recommendation:

As many studies shows that 47.5% of UAE residents overweight, with a BMI of between 25 and 30, while another 13 per cent are obese. Moreover, most of the overweight people when they want to take a step and change their lifestyle and start to care about their bodies they think that the best way or method is to have a quick surgery and loss all the weight that they don’t need. On the other hand, they think that they are choosing the best way or method to end the problem, but seriously they are leading themselves to bigger health problems.

Our recommendation is that having a healthy diet and exercising can be the best methods for losing weights because it can be easily one of the rotten activities during the day. Let's change the trend of obesity by living healthy lives and building towards a healthy UAE. 

8.References

Farlex (2003) Obesity. Available at: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/obesity (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

Gunnars, K. (2013) 10 leading causes of weight gain and obesity (besides willpower). Available at: https://authoritynutrition.com/10-causes-of-weight-gain/ (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

Geranpayeh, S. and Reporter, S. (2015) Obesity rates increasing in the UAE. Available at: http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/health/obesity-rates-increasing-in-the-uae-1.1573231 (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

Obesity (no date) Obesity. Available at: https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/healthy-living/obesity.html (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

Saberi, M. and Reporter, S. (2012) UAE the fifth most obese country in the world. Available at: http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/health/uae-the-fifth-most-obese-country-in-the-world-1.1045224 (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

Obesity and overweight. (n.d.). Retrieved December 05, 2016, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en

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