what was renaissance

8/3/2019 What Was Renaissance

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NAME: KANWAL RASHEED

CLASS: BS 2ND YEAR

SUBJECT: EUORPEN HISTORY

DEPARTMENT: GENERAL HISTORY

SUBMITTED TO: MAM NASREEN

ASSINGMNET TOPIC: RENAISSENCE

AND REFORMATION


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RENAISSENCE AND REFORMATION

WHAT WAS RENAISSANCE?

Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest ofEurope. The

term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the

Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As acultural movement, it encompassed a flowering ofliterature,science, art, religion, and

politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development oflinearperspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance beingviewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the

Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectualpursuits, as well as social and political

upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuchpolymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term

"Renaissance man".

In other words Renaissance was a time of renewal.

Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the

plague.People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

THE BEGINNING OF RENAISSANCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath


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Most historians agree that the ideas that characterized the Renaissance had their origin in

late 13th century Florence, in particular with the writings ofDante Alighieri (1265

1321) and Francesco Petrarca (13041374), as well as the painting ofGiotto diBondone (12671337). Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely; one

proposed starting point is 1401, when the rival geniuses Lorenzo Ghiberti and

Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for theBaptistery of the Florence Cathedral (Ghiberti won). Others see more general

competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello,

and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance.Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began

when it did. Accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its

origins.

This is Italy at the beginning of the Renaissance.

It shows the main centers:Florence - Milan -Rome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Petrarcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghibertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Petrarcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghibertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaccio


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DUE TO RENAISSANCE HOW SOCIETY AND CITIES CHANGE IN

1300?

In 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe. Catastrophic events,

enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s.due to that there was decreasein population, which led Increase in food production, Decline in food prices, more money

to spend, Specialization in products. Renaissance gave raise to city -states, especially in

urban areas, particularly in Italy. Italy divided into several large city-states in north,various kingdoms, and Papal States south. At that time Catholic Church, nobles,

merchants, artisans have dominated society in city-states. Many of them sought to display

new wealth with knowledge of arts. At that stage Venice built economy, reputation on

trade, Venice had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea.

Shipbuilding was prospered, sailors traveled to near East. Wealthy Venetian merchantsbuilt unique city, work of art. While Milan, at west of Venice, based economy on

agriculture, silk, weapons while on the other hand Florence was famous for banking andcloth. Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars. Merchants

refined raw wool into fine cloth Bankers and created city to rival any in Europe.

Main changes occurs due to renaissance was specialization in agriculture increased which

resulting in more trade, urban areas became centers of commerce, merchants and artisans

became important, some cities became displays of wealth.

RENAISSANCE SOCIETY:

Renaissance brings Very family-oriented society. Marriages were frequently arranged to

strengthen business ties. In renaissance society Fathers authority over his family.

Some wealthy women also played an important role in Italian city-states i.e.Isabella dEste of Mantua. Concentration of wealth hold among great families like

populo grosso.Extreme social stratification divided into factions around the

wealthiest families. Poor increasingly attempting to improve their social status.Number of portraits painted during this era illustrates focus on the individual. this

society also gave growth to humanism and secularism in a Christian context. the

society also focus on mans free will.

MAIN IDEA OF RENAISSANCE IN ITALY:

The main idea of renaissance In Italy was the growth of wealthy trading cities and new

ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. Due to renaissance

revival of commerce and town building was more intense in Italy, feudalism had less itsrevival of commerce and town building was more intense in Italy, feudalism had less its


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grip, two competing lords for control of Italy were losing influence and presence ofgrip, two competing lords for control of Italy were losing influence and presence of

antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe.antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe.

RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS:RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS:

Profit-making became more important than Church doctrine .To overcome guilt profit-Profit-making became more important than Church doctrine .To overcome guilt profit-makers indulge in philanthropy.High profits led to economic diversificationmakers indulge in philanthropy.High profits led to economic diversification

.It also give growth to.It also give growth to Cottage Industry.Art became the way to advertise economicCottage Industry.Art became the way to advertise economicsuccess.Intensified commercial competition created the need to be efficient.success.Intensified commercial competition created the need to be efficient.

POLITICAL IDEA OF RENAISSEMCE:POLITICAL IDEA OF RENAISSEMCE:

Political changes in the ruling class of Italy shortly before this period had led to the rulers

of most of the major city states being new men without much of a political history.

They attempted to legitimise themselves with conspicuous display, with ostentation,

including all forms of art and creativity.

This meant that artists keen to use their new found Renaissance ideas were ablysupported and able to produce masterpieces. As the Renaissance spread, the Church

and other European rulers would use their wealth to adopt the new styles to keep

pace. The demand from new (and old) elites wasnt just artistic, they also relied uponideas developed from the Renaissance for their political models. Machiavellis

infamous guide to rulers The Prince is a work of Renaissance political theory.

In addition, the newly developing bureaucracies of Italy, and the rest of Europe, caused a

demand for Humanists, because their education was both theoretical and, crucially,

practical, equipping them to run the new governments and monarchies, funding theirdevelopment.

CHARACTERSITICS OF RENAISSANCE:

DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM

Renaissance Humanism was a new manner of thinking and approaching the world, based

around a new form of curriculum for those learning. It has been called the earliestexpression of the Renaissance, and is described as both a product of the movement and acause. Humanist thinkers challenged the mindset of both the previously dominant school

of scholarly thought, Scholasticism, as well as the church, allowing the new mindsets

which underpinned the Renaissance to develop instead.

Petrarch(1304-1374) Sonnets, humanist scholarship:


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Francesco Petrarch assembled Greek and Roman writings.

And wrote Sonnets to Laura, love poems in the Vernacular

RENAISSANCE ART AND ARCHITECTURE:

The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy,and

literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified

city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.

Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation. Renaissance art andliterature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

RENAISSANCE ARTIST:

Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art

They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotionNew Techniques also emerged

Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular

because it gave depth to the paintings .Sculptureemphasized realism and the human form Architecture

reached new heights of design. Michelangelo was famousartist who created his masterpieceDavidin 1504.


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About a year after creatingDavid, Pope Julius II summoned

Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project,the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

La Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture

Moses Sistine Chapel

Another famour artist was Leonardo (1452-1519) who was Painter, Sculptor, Architect,

Engineer who

tried to create faithful renditions of life. In a culture previously dominated by highly

figurative and downright strange religious paintings, Leonardo's desire to paint things

realistically was bold and fresh. This call to objectivity became the standard for painters

who followed in the 16th century.

Famous painting by Leonardo de vince

;ll

GENIUS MONA LISA NOTEBOOK

Ever the perfectionist, Leonardo turned to science in the quest to improve his artwork.His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his stunningly realistic paintings, and his

dissections of the human body paved the way for remarkably accurate figures. He was thefirst artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these

studies to determine the "ideal" human figure.

Another famous artist was Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) was born Raphaello Sanzio in

Urbino. Raphael worked in Tuscany and Umbria where the work of Leonardo da Vinci -


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especially compositional devices - influenced his development. Evidence of this can be

seen inLa Belle Jardiniere (Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist) one of

a number of paintings completed at this time of The Virgin and the Child. The bestknown of these works is The School of Athens, a majestic piece which glorify's the

philosophers of antiquity. Plato and Aristotle are central, joined by Socrates (to Plato's

left), Euclid, Pythagoras and Epicurus. Doused in the characteristic serenity and harmonyof his style, this piece clearly displays Raphael's maturity and technical skill.

THE SCOOL OF

ATHENES

BY RAPHAEL

RENAISSANCE LITERATURE :

In 1454, Johann Gutenberg published the Gutenberg Bible, the first book printed by amachine using moveable type. The moveable-type printing press vastly

changed the nature of book publishing, simultaneously increasing printing

volume and decreasing prices. The process of printing spread throughoutEurope, and was used extensively in Italy, where the humanist writers of the

Renaissance had long sought a way to more easily express their ideas to thepublic. During the Renaissance, writers produced a greater volume of workthan ever before, and with the lower prices and increased numbers of texts,

these works reached an audience of unprecedented size. Literature became a

part of the lives of the larger public, not just the few elite able to afford books,

as had been the case before the advent of the printing press.

Sir Thomas More

: English Humanist Wrote: Utopia

A book about a perfect society believed men and women live in harmony. No private

property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is usedto end crime instead of executing criminals.

Erasmus Dutch humanist:

Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible

I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translatedinto the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the

Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it
http://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/virginhttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/virginhttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/virginhttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/virginhttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/athenshttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/virginhttp://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Raphael/athens


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The Praise of Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people,

including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

SCEINCE OF RENAISSANCE:

In scientific Information

humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts and discovered wealthof scientific information.In natural world the Focus of Renaissance on human sciences,

history, politics, geography.New ideas about natural world began to be explored also.in

scientific challengesScience soon became important avenue of inquiry.Churchs teachings about world were

challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe.Earth, Sun

Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe.Galileo Galilei arrested by church

officials for saying Earth orbited Sun.

RELIGION:

The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a

Christian backdrop, especially in the Northern Renaissance. Indeed, much (if not most) ofthe new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church. The Renaissance began

in times of religious turmoil. The late Middle Ages saw a period of political intrigue

surrounding the Papacy, culminating in the Western Schism, in which three mensimultaneously claimed to be true Bishop ofRome. While the schism was resolved by the

Council of Constance (1414), the 15th century saw a resulting reform movement known

as Conciliarism, which sought to limit the pope's power. Although the papacy eventuallyemerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), itwas dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person ofPope

Alexander VI, who was accused variously ofsimony, nepotism and fathering four

illegitimate children whilst Pope, whom he married off to gain more power.

RENAISSANCE BROUGHT FOLLOWING CHNAGES:

Renaissance increased trade with Asia and other regions of world.

It promotes growth of large wealthy city-states in Italy.

It renewed interest in classical learning of ancient Greece and rome It gave rise of rich and powerful merchants who became patrons of arts

It Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge

Desire to beautify cities

NORTHEN RENAISSANCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate


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The Renaissance as it occurred in Northern Europe has been termed the "Northern

Renaissance". While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a

simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation, particularly in music. Themusic of the 15th century Burgundian School defined the beginning of the Renaissance in

that art and thepolyphony of theNetherlanders, as it moved with the musicians

themselves into Italy, formed the core of what was the first true international style inmusic since the standardization ofGregorian Chant in the 9th century.The culmination of

the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian composer, Palestrina. At the end

of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with thedevelopment of the polychoral style of the Venetian School, which spread northward into

Germany around 1600.

The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance.

Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes, breaking awayfrom the purely religious art of medieval painters. At first, Northern Renaissance artists

remained focused on religious subjects, such as the contemporary religious upheaval

portrayed by Albrecht Drer. Later on, the works ofPieter Bruegel influenced artists topaint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes. It was also during theNorthern Renaissance that Flemishbrothers Hubert and Jan van Eyckperfected the oil

painting technique, which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that

could survive for centuries.A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of thevernacular in place of Latin or Greek, which allowed greater freedom of expression. This

movement had started in Italy with the decisive influence ofDante Alighieri on the

development of vernacular languages; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglecteda major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin. The spread of the technology of the

German invention of movable type printing boosted the Renaissance, in Northern Europe

as elsewhere; with Venice becoming a world center of printing.

CONCLUSION:

The renaissance is known as the period of cultural rebirth. It was inspired from the

ancient Greeks and Romans .it gave growth to humanism, art, architecture, literature,

focus secular, discover new theories in science, Specialization in agriculture increased,

resulting in more trade, urban areas became centers of commerce, merchants and artisansbecame important, some cities became displays of wealth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Flemish_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Chanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Primitiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Flemish_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Chanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Primitiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe


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BIBLOGRAPHY:

Rundle, David, ed. The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. (1999). 434 pp.;numerous brief articles online edition

Speake, Jennifer and Thomas G. Bergin, eds. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and

the Reformation. (2004). 550 pp.Turner, Richard N. Renaissance Florence (2005) excerpt and text search

Ward, A. The Cambridge Modern History. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902) older

essays by scholars; emphasis on politicsKirshner, Julius, Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective,Italy in the Age of

the Renaissance: 13001550, ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p.89

(Retrieved on 10-05-2007)

Burckhardt, Jacob, The Revival of Antiquity', The Civilization of the Renaissance inItaly (trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878)

Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol I: The

Renaissance; vol II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, p. 69Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol I: The

Renaissance; vol II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, p. 69)

Early Renaissance - Early Renaissance Art". Huntfor.com. Retrieved 2011-07-17.Stork, David G. Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art(Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
http://www.questia.com/read/95888138?title=The%20Hutchinson%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissancehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0131344013/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0http://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.htmlhttp://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.htmlhttp://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/renaissance/earlyrenaiss.htmhttp://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Stork_SciAm04.pdfhttp://www.questia.com/read/95888138?title=The%20Hutchinson%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissancehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0131344013/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0http://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.htmlhttp://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.htmlhttp://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/renaissance/earlyrenaiss.htmhttp://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Stork_SciAm04.pdf


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Vasari, Giorgio, Lives of the Artists, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics,

1965, ISBN 0-14-044-164-6.

Peter Brueghel Biography, Web Gallery of Art (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)

REFRENCES:

Speake, Jennifer and Thomas G. Bergin, eds. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance andthe Reformation. (2004). 550 pp.

Starn, Randolph. "A Postmodern Renaissance?" Renaissance Quarterly 2007 60(1):

124 in Project MUSE

Trivellato, Francesca. "Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent

Historical Work,"Journal of Modern History (March 2010), Vol. 82, No. 1: 127155.Jensen, De Lamar (1992), Renaissance Europe, ISBN 0-395-88947-2

Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance: A Short History. (2000). 197 pp.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441646http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bruegel/pieter_e/biograph.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ren/summary/v060/60.1starn.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395889472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441646http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bruegel/pieter_e/biograph.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ren/summary/v060/60.1starn.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395889472

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