• A look back at the Renaissance… What A look back at the Renaissance… What was the Renaissance again? What was was the Renaissance again? What was the purpose? Humanism?the purpose? Humanism?

• The Scientific Revolution,The Scientific Revolution, as well as the as well as the Enlightenment,Enlightenment, were inspired by the were inspired by the Renaissance. Renaissance.

• Questioned the “Old Ideas” by finding Questioned the “Old Ideas” by finding proof or using human reason to challenge proof or using human reason to challenge prior ideas prior ideas

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method• Experimentation and Observation became Experimentation and Observation became

critical components in proving “X”critical components in proving “X”

• All they did was…• Help in developing the scientific

method.• Descartes emphasized the power

of human reason with the idea that new knowledge should be made to fit existing traditional ideas.

• Bacon stressed the experimentation and observation tasks.

Descartes walks into a bar.

The bartender walks up to him and says, “Would

you care for a drink?”

Descartes replied, “I think not.” and

disappears.

• The Earth was the center of the universe and “everything” revolved around “IT”.

• Aristotle and others taught the geocentric theory.

• The church taught that God put Earth at the center of the universe

• You will begin to see why, some of the scientific pioneers during this era, weren’t looked upon too fondly…

• All he did was…• Challenge the belief that the Earth

was at the center of the universe.• Using math, he theorized that the

universe was heliocentric- meaning centered around the sun.

• He also believed that planets revolved around the sun rather than opposite.

• Why do you believe that most people thought he was incorrect?

• All he did was…• Provide further evidence to support

Copernicus’ theory• How?• Observing the skies with the

telescope… (in which he constructed)• Many disapproved of Galileo’s

findings, even threatening him with death.

• To receive more of a lenient service, (to avoid death) Galileo “recanted” and was placed under house arrest where he spent the rest of his life

The Story of The Story of GalileoGalileo Many people considered the Many people considered the

sentencing of Galileo in 1633 to life sentencing of Galileo in 1633 to life imprisonment a great tragedy. imprisonment a great tragedy. Efforts to clear his name continued for Efforts to clear his name continued for centuries after his death. But as late centuries after his death. But as late as 1822, the Vatican still banned as 1822, the Vatican still banned Galileo’s Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning Two Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World SystemsChief World Systems. The church . The church gradually changed its views toward gradually changed its views toward Galileo. A church commission Galileo. A church commission reopened his case in 1983. In reopened his case in 1983. In 19921992 Pope John Paul II declared that the Pope John Paul II declared that the church had wrongfully condemned church had wrongfully condemned Galileo.Galileo.

• All he did was…• Build upon the knowledge of the previous

two guys• Use math to prove the existence of “force”

that keeps planets in their orbit• What is this “force?”• Correct, what Luke Skywalker uses • How about… Gravity!• This force also makes objects fall toward

Earth.• Eventually, Newton will establish laws

depicting his theories

• Newton is the first to be credited with the development of the mathematical concept of calculus.

• However, in Germany, a man by the name Gottfried von Leibniz did the same thing at presumably the same time.

• Both accused each other of plagiarism.• It has been a long debate, but most historians

believe they may have developed it at the same time, in different locations.

• Gives new meaning to the “right place at the right time”

BiologyBiology• Began identifying

the human anatomy (Vesalius)

• Development of magnifying lens

• Descriptions of bacteria, blood, yeast, etc

• Development of the term: Cell (Hooke)

Chemistry• Robert Boyle-

Arguably, the Father of Modern Chemistry (1661)

• Described matter as a cluster of tiny particles

• His most significant: Boyle’s Law

• Describes how volume and pressure affect gases.

NuggetTo pass a

scuba diving

certification test, divers must

answer questions

about how

Boyle’s law

relates to safely

ascending and

descending

underwater.

•ExplorationExploration and expansion of trade and expansion of trade•ContinuingContinuing study of ancient authorities study of ancient authorities•Development of the Development of the scientific methodscientific method

•Beginnings of Beginnings of modernmodern science science•Belief in Belief in progressprogress and the and the power of reasonpower of reason

•New view of the universe as a well-ordered systemNew view of the universe as a well-ordered system

• Period in the 1700’s• People rejected traditional

ideas and supported belief in new innovative ways

• A belief that logical thought can lead to truth- Rationalism

• The Enlightenment introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law.

Through Through consent, consent, people in the people in the society agree society agree to give up to give up some freedoms some freedoms to government to government leaders in leaders in exchange for exchange for peace, safety, peace, safety, and orderand order

• In his book, The Social Contract, he wrote…

• People are naturally good but are corrupted by the evils of society

• (unequal distribution of land example)

• For a government to work, people must choose to give up their own interests for the common good.

• Believed in in the will of the majority which he called the General Will

• The majority then would/should always work for the common good for all.

• In his book, Leviathan, he wrote…

• People are greedy and selfish.• Only a powerful government

can create a peaceful, orderly society.

• Strong believer in the government ideology, absolutism.

• A government that rulers have complete authority over the government and the lives of people in their nations

In Colombia, one can be fined up to $90,000 for gossiping!

• In his book, Two Treatises on Government, he wrote…

• All people were born equal with the natural rights: Life, Liberty, and Property

• Believed that people were naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable.

• If the government does not protect these rights, people have the right to overthrow it…

•Powers of government should be separated into three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

•These separations of power would prevent tyranny by creating a system of “checks and balances”

• Name: Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire

• Voltaire attacked injustice wherever he saw it.

• He used sharp wit and satire to criticize the French government and the Catholic Church.

• His tongue often created enemies and also landed him in prison on several occassions.

• His major complaints: Both failed to permit religious and intellectual freedom

"I may not agree "I may not agree with what you say, with what you say,

but but I will defend to the I will defend to the death your right to death your right to

say it." say it."

"I may not agree "I may not agree with what you say, with what you say,

but but I will defend to the I will defend to the death your right to death your right to

say it." say it."

The “Who’s Who” ChartThe “Who’s Who” Chart

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes• People are greedy and People are greedy and

selfishselfish• Only a powerful government Only a powerful government

can create a peaceful, can create a peaceful, orderly societyorderly society

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu•The powers of government The powers of government should be separated into should be separated into three branchesthree branches•Each branch will keep the Each branch will keep the other branches from other branches from becoming too powerful.becoming too powerful.

John LockeJohn Locke•People have natural rights.People have natural rights.•It is the duty of the It is the duty of the government to protect these government to protect these rights.rights.•If the government fails to If the government fails to protect, then the people have protect, then the people have the right to overthrow it.the right to overthrow it.

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau•In a perfect society, people In a perfect society, people both make and obey the laws.both make and obey the laws.•What is good for everyone is What is good for everyone is more important than what is more important than what is good for one persongood for one person

VoltaireVoltaire•Strong believer in Free Strong believer in Free SpeechSpeech•Strong believer in religious Strong believer in religious tolerationtoleration

Which do you agree with?Which do you agree with?Do you agree with any?Do you agree with any?All of them?All of them?

• Creator of the Encyclopedia• 35 volume work that explained new ideas

about art, science, government, and religion.

• Its purpose was to promote knowledge• How long did it take Diderot to complete?• 27 years!• The French government will try to stop

publication, but the encyclopedia was too popular among the people

• And to think that some of you don’t want to go near one of those books…

• In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, she wrote…

• About demanding equal rights for women, especially in education.

• Her main argument, “If men and women had equal education, they would be equal in society.”

• Although Enlightenment thinkers questioned established beliefs, most left gender equality alone.

• Wollstonecraft’s views were extremely radical for the time (1792)

• In his book, The Wealth of Nations, he wrote about his analysis of…

• Economic systems• Smith argued the following…• 1) Business activities should take place in a free

market • 2) The government should not interfere with

economics. • Anyone familiar with this term from 8th grade?• Laissez-Faire – “to leave alone”• Smith’s main argument- the economy would be

stronger if the market forces of supply and demand were allowed to work freely

Key Enlightenment IdeasKey Enlightenment Ideas

The ability to reason is what makes humans unique.The ability to reason is what makes humans unique.

Reason can be used to solve problems Reason can be used to solve problems and improve people’s livesand improve people’s lives

Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfair government.and unfair government.

Governments should encourage education and debateGovernments should encourage education and debate

•The Constitution:The Constitution: •America’s Social America’s Social ContractContract•Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers•Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Key American Key American Enlightenment Enlightenment

LeadersLeaders•Ben FranklinBen Franklin•Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson•John AdamsJohn Adams

The American The American RevolutionRevolutionInfluence of Influence of

the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment• Common SenseCommon Sense, by , by

Thomas PaineThomas Paine• Colonists should not Colonists should not

be subjects of a be subjects of a distant monarchdistant monarch

• The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• Governments rule Governments rule only with the consent only with the consent of the governed and of the governed and that they should that they should protect… (What did protect… (What did Locke say again?)Locke say again?)

• The DeclarationThe Declaration also also stated the people stated the people have a right to throw have a right to throw off governments that off governments that are unjustare unjust

Opposing British Opposing British PoliciesPolicies

•Trouble erupted when Britain began to impose laws on the colonies without representation•The Stamp Act infuriated the colonists•Though the Stamp Act will be repealed by the British in 1766, other incidents will follow•Boston Massacre •The Boston Tea Party

Influence of British Influence of British TraditionsTraditions

•Magna Carta and Parliament

•Limited the Monarch’s Power

•“No taxation without…”

•English Bill of Rights

•Hey, if they have that… why can’t we?

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French Revolution

The The Storming Storming

of the of the BastilleBastille

• Estates General (The Three Estates)

• The Bourgeoisie (People)• The San Culottes• Storming of the Bastille• The Enlightenment influence• Declaration of the Rights of

Man and Citizen• Why was there a financial

crisis?• The Great Fear• The Guillotine• What happened to Louis XVI?

• How did the “new way” differ from the “old way?”

• The Committee of Public Safety• Maximilien Robespierre• The Reign of TerrorWhat happened and why did it

happen? What happened to Robespierre?• What do you feel about the

revolution? • Did it accomplish what it set out

to do?• What are the effects?

Key PointsKey Points

The three wealthiest The three wealthiest families in the world have families in the world have more assets than the more assets than the combined wealth of the combined wealth of the forty-eight poorest nations.forty-eight poorest nations.

BELIEVE IT OR NOT?

• Fate - Destiny?• A young Napoleon catches a

break.• Leads coup d’ etat of the

“Directory”• Organizes new government and is

declared “Emperor of the French.”• People support Napoleon because

they wanted stability

Notice Notice the the

differencdifference in e in

picturespictures??

Napoleon’s Reign cont…Napoleon’s Reign cont…Napoleon’s Reign cont…Napoleon’s Reign cont…

AchievementsAchievements• Helped the French Economy Helped the French Economy

immenselyimmensely

EducationEducation• Established a government-Established a government-

supervised public school systemsupervised public school system

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code• A legal code that made laws A legal code that made laws

uniform across the nation and uniform across the nation and eliminated many injustices. eliminated many injustices.

• However: Freedom of many However: Freedom of many individual liberties were individual liberties were censored, code only applied to censored, code only applied to males, husbands had authority males, husbands had authority over wives…over wives…

• Some historians refer to this Some historians refer to this period as the Age of Napoleonperiod as the Age of Napoleon

The Napoleonic Wars• The only nations that managed

to remain free from Napoleon were:

• Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire, and Russia

• In many of the nations he conquered, he put his relatives in power.

““To Meet One’s Waterloo”To Meet One’s Waterloo”““To Meet One’s Waterloo”To Meet One’s Waterloo”Napoleon’s FallNapoleon’s Fall

• The Russian Campaign will be the biggest The Russian Campaign will be the biggest reason for the downfallreason for the downfall

• The Campaign to MoscowThe Campaign to Moscow• The Russian Winter and the forced retreatThe Russian Winter and the forced retreat• The 1The 1stst banishment to Elba banishment to Elba• The Hundred Days (His return)The Hundred Days (His return)• The Battle of WaterlooThe Battle of Waterloo• Overwhelming odds against the British and Overwhelming odds against the British and

Prussian alliesPrussian allies• The 2The 2ndnd Banishment to St. Helena Banishment to St. Helena (remote volcanic (remote volcanic

S. Atlantic Island)S. Atlantic Island)

• Served 6 years and died by the age of 51Served 6 years and died by the age of 51• Some believe he may have been murdered…Some believe he may have been murdered…

Between Between a battle a battle

lost and a lost and a battle battle

won, the won, the distance distance

is is immense immense and there and there

stand stand empiresempires

This is the tomb of Napoléon Bonaparte, under the This is the tomb of Napoléon Bonaparte, under the Dôme des Invalides. Napoléon is . Napoléon is in the big red sarcophagus; it is big because it contains six other coffins, one in the big red sarcophagus; it is big because it contains six other coffins, one inside the other. The standard joke is that this was done to keep Napoléon from inside the other. The standard joke is that this was done to keep Napoléon from getting back out. getting back out.

Latin American Latin American RevolutionRevolution

Latin American RevsLatin American Revs

Simon Bolivar• Led resistance movements against

the Spanish (1810)• Successful campaigns won

independence for several Latin American countries.

• Known as “The Liberator”• Despite success, the revolution

failed to create a united Latin American state… (Like U.S.)

Simon Bolivar• Led resistance movements against

the Spanish (1810)• Successful campaigns won

independence for several Latin American countries.

• Known as “The Liberator”• Despite success, the revolution

failed to create a united Latin American state… (Like U.S.)

The LiberatorThe LiberatorThe LiberatorThe Liberator

Toussaint L’ Ouverture• Self educated slave he leads a

revolt against the French• Haitian slaves win independence

(1798)

Toussaint L’ Ouverture• Self educated slave he leads a

revolt against the French• Haitian slaves win independence

(1798)

• Usage of animal fertilizersUsage of animal fertilizers• Ways to improve food productionWays to improve food production

• Seed drilling Seed drilling • These lead to…These lead to…

• Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion• People eat betterPeople eat better

• Women give birth to healthier babiesWomen give birth to healthier babies• Better medical careBetter medical care

• Leads to longer life spanLeads to longer life span• More people leads to more demand More people leads to more demand

for goodsfor goods• More demand means people needed More demand means people needed

to produce the goods fasterto produce the goods faster• Thus we have the industrial revolutionThus we have the industrial revolution

• Usage of animal fertilizersUsage of animal fertilizers• Ways to improve food productionWays to improve food production

• Seed drilling Seed drilling • These lead to…These lead to…

• Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion• People eat betterPeople eat better

• Women give birth to healthier babiesWomen give birth to healthier babies• Better medical careBetter medical care

• Leads to longer life spanLeads to longer life span• More people leads to more demand More people leads to more demand

for goodsfor goods• More demand means people needed More demand means people needed

to produce the goods fasterto produce the goods faster• Thus we have the industrial revolutionThus we have the industrial revolution

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Revolution? A change from the

current way of doing something to a completely new system

Industry? Mass production

and sale of goods.

Industrial Revolution? The means of

production shifted from standard hand tools and human and animal power to complex machines and steam power

When? Where? Why? When – 1750 Where – Britain Why – Agrarian

Revolution

Agrarian Revolution

•More people living longer demanded more food which bettered techniques

•Could feed more people at lower prices with less labor

More People Means:

•More clothing needed

•More Labor

•Changes in Textile Production

•Couldn’t keep up with growing demand

•A New Method Needed

Textile ProductionInventions -

•Flying Shuttle made weaving faster – Created Shortages of yarn

•Spinning jenny allowed faster yarn production – Weaving now slower than yarn production

•New loom powered by water caught up to yarn production

•Textile mills had to be set up along rivers

Steam Engine

•Rotary engine that could turn machinery

•More powerful

•No location limitations

Impact:

•1760 – Imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton

•1787 – 22 million pounds of cotton

•1840 – 366 million pounds of cotton

In 1840, where do you think the main source of cotton imported to Britain was from?

-United States

How was it being produced?

-Plantations with slave labor

To be continued…

Steam Engine powered by coal Increase in Coal Mining

Steamboats Railroads

Enhancements to Operation V.S. (Space balls)

Other Industries

Expansion U.S. in 1800’s

1800 – 6 out of 7 were farmers 1860 – 50% were farmers

Prominent in the North Urbanization

Movement from the country (rural) to cities (urban) Transportation Jobs

Higher Standard of Living Factories had many workers Lower Prices + More Money = More purchasing Factory workers constituted the new Middle Class

Effects of The Industrial RevolutionWhy would the Southern states not embrace the

industrial revolution?

-Cotton Sales were running economy

Civil War Differences

-North had a huge advantage in supplies and railroads

Social Changes

New Social Roles Children

Had worked on farm, worked in factories Worse working conditions

Sat in one chair for up to 12 hours Those that disobeyed rules were often beaten

Women 80% of textile industry workers

Who Cares?! The purpose of drills today… Global Economy