7th Grade Social Studies Review

1. What was the Renaissance?

• The Renaissance was a Movement in Europe in the 1400s that was a rebirth of classic Greek and Roman culture like art, literature, architecture and ideas.

2. Why are the Medici significant?

• The Medici family controlled the government in Florence, Italy. Lorenzo de Medici used his wealth to support, artists, architects, and writers during the Renaissance.

3. What two reasons explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy?

• Location (Mediterranean Sea)• Wealth (trade)• Powerful leaders (Medici)

4. Compare and contrast the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance.

Italian Renaissance

Northern Renaissance

5. What was the significance of the printing press during the Renaissance and Reformation?

• The printing press helped ideas spread quickly• More people became literate• Books like the Bible were printed in many

different languages

6. What was the Reformation and why did it take place?

• A religious movement that produced a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism.

• Criticized the wealth and power of the Catholic Church.

7. Explain the ideas of Wycliffe, Erasmus, Luther, and Calvin during the Reformation.

John Wycliffe Desiderius Erasmus Martin Luther John Calvin

•Believed that the pope was not the head of the Church•All religious truth came from the Bible

•Believed that people should use reason to become better Christians•Wrote Praise of Folly

•Condemened the selling of indulgences•Wrote the 95 Theses•Created the first Protestant Church

•Believed in predestination (a person’s fate is decided)•Church members should choose church leaders

8. What were the discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Descartes, and Bacon during the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton Descartes BaconHeliocentrism (earth orbits the sun and rotates on an axis)

Planets have elliptical orbits

•Conducted experiments•Used telescopes•Other planets have moons

•Gravity•Laws of motion•Calculus

•Rationalism•“I think, therefore I am.”

Scientific method

9. List four factors that motivated the Age of Exploration.

• Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe

• Support for the diffusion of Christianity • Political and economic competition between

European empires • Innovations in navigational arts

10. Describe the accomplishments of da Gama, Magellan, Cartier, Columbus, and Hudson during the Age of Exploration.

Vasco Da Gama

Ferdinand Magellan

Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus

Henry Hudson

First European to sail around the south of Africa and reached India

First expedition to circumnavigate the world

Explored the St. Lawrence River

First European to sail west searching for a water route to Asia.

Explored the Hudson River and Bay

Describe the conquest of Cortes and Pizarro.

Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizarro

• Conquered the Aztec (Mexico)• Took advantage of diseases

weakening the Aztec• Took emperor Montezuma hostage

• Conquered the Inca (Peru)• Took ruler Atahualpa hostage• Failed to comply with a deal to

release him• Sentenced the ruler to death

12. Describe the Columbian Exchange and its effects.

Description Effects

An exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves. • Slavery was based on race. • European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.

13. Explain the ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft during the Enlightenment.

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

People need an absolute government

Natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Separation of powers.

Government is a contract between rulers and the people

Separation of church and state

Women should have the same rights as men.

14. How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies?

• The Declaration of Independence incorporated Locke’s ideas

• The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Montesquieu’s ideas.

15. How did the Enlightenment and the American Revolution contribute to the French Revolution?

• The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways. They overthrew the absolute monarchy, and a new government was established.

16. Describe the social order in Latin American countries during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

http://www.glogster.com/meganchristina13/glog-world76/g-6lv1fd7k3a4620ki42k9va0

17. How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence. (Toussaint-Louverture)

• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

18. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

• England had natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine

19. How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society?

• Population increase • Increased standards of living for many, though

not all • Improved transportation • Urbanization • Environmental pollution • Increased education • Dissatisfaction of working class with working

conditions • Growth of the middle class

20. Describe the political theories of liberalism, utilitarianism, and socialism.

Liberalism Utilitarianism Socialism

The government should not interfere with business or society (laissez-faire or hands off; Adam Smith)

The government should step in when needed to make a society better (John Stuart Mill)

Society , represented by government, should own and control the means of production (factories)

21. What were the causes and effects of imperialism in Africa?

• Economic• PoliticalEconomic Political

Rich natural resourcesCheap, raw materials

Political power and influence was measured by the number of colonies possessed.

Positive Negative

Sophisticated technology, transportation and communication systems, and better education and medical care.

Loss of independence and traditional culture, religion, and language. Natives were treated like second class citizens

22. Describe Imperialism in China and Japan.

China Japan

Queen Victoria of England imports opium into China to trade for Chinese goodsOpium WarsTai Ping RebellionBoxer RebellionOpen Door Policy (open to trade with all countries)Nationalist Revolution

Shogun (military ruler) is overthrownMeiji government is establishedJapan is forced to trade with the USJapan modernizesJapan wins war against Russia

23. What were the causes and effects of imperialism in India?

Positive Negative

• Railways• Telegraph and telephone lines• Modern Hospitals• Medicines

• Lost all political independence• Indians were discriminated against

24. Explain the causes of World War I and the figurative spark that lit the fire.

• Militarism - a faith in war and military power• Alliances – agreements between nations to help each other if

war broke out• Imperialism – a stronger country taking over a weaker

country for economic and/or political reasons• Nationalism – the desire of people with the same customs

and beliefs for self-rule

• Spark – The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) in Sarajevo.

25. What countries belonged to the Central Powers during World War I?

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Bulgaria• Ottoman Empire

26. What countries belonged to the Allied Powers during World War I?

• France• Russia• England• Italy• US

27. Who won World War I?

• Allied Powers

28. Describe what World War I was like (one paragraph)?

29. Who was blamed for World War I by the Treaty of Versailles?

• Germany

30. Why is the Treaty of Versailles notorious?

• It blamed Germany for WW I (war-guilt clause)• Germany had to pay reparations• Forced Germany to give up colonies• Reduced Germany’s army and navy• Eliminated Germany’s air force and all

submarines• Banned Germany from mobilizing (gathering

or moving troops and weapons)