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Name: _______________________________________ ____ Date: ___________________

ELA 7, period: ______ ELA 7 notes

Poetry TermsTypes of PoetryWhat is poetry?Poetry is language used in a unique, musical way to communicate ideas or experiences more powerfully than can be communicated in prose. Prose is writing that is not poetry.

There are two types of poetry:

1. Lyric Poetry - Highly musical form of verse that conveys the ideas and emotions of the speaker. These poems may cover subjects from life and death to everyday experiences. Lyric poems are often short.

"Sleeping in the Forest"by Mary Oliver

I thought the earth remembered me,she took me back so tenderly,

arranging her dark skirts, her pocketsfull of lichens and seeds.

5 I slept as never before, a stone on the river bed,nothing between me and the white fire of the starsbut my thoughts, and they floated light as moths

among the branches of the perfect trees.All night I heard the small kingdoms

10 breathing around me, the insects,and the birds who do their work in the darkness.

All night I rose and fell, as if in water,grappling with a luminous doom. By morning

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I had vanished at least a dozen times15 into something better.2. Narrative Poetry - Tells a story and contains characters, a setting, and a plot. These poems contain rhyme, rhythm, imagery, and figurative language. Narrative poems are often long.

"Casey at the Bat"by Ernest Lawrence Thayer

Taken From the San Francisco Examiner - June 3, 1888

The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day;The score stood four to two, with but one inning more to play,And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same,A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of the game.

5 A straggling few got up to go in deep despair. The restClung to that hope which springs eternal in the human breast;They thought, "If only Casey could but get a whack at that —We'd put up even money now, with Casey at the bat."

But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Jimmy Blake,10 And the former was a hoodoo, while the latter was a cake;

So upon that stricken multitude grim melancholy sat;For there seemed but little chance of Casey getting to the bat.

But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonderment of all,And Blake, the much despised, tore the cover off the ball;

15 And when the dust had lifted, and men saw what had occurred,There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn a-hugging third.

Then from five thousand throats and more there rose a lusty yell;It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in the dell;It pounded on the mountain and recoiled upon the flat,

20 For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to the bat.

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There was ease in Casey's manner as he stepped into his place;There was pride in Casey's bearing and a smile lit Casey's face.And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat,No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas Casey at the bat.

25 Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt.Five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his

shirt.Then while the writhing pitcher ground the ball into his hip,Defiance flashed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip.

And now the leather-covered sphere came hurtling through the air,30 And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty grandeur there.

Close by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped —"That ain't my style," said Casey. "Strike one!" the umpire said.

From the benches, black with people, there went up a muffled roar,

Like the beating of the storm-waves on a stern and distant shore;35 "Kill him! Kill the umpire!" shouted some one on the stand;

And it's likely they'd have killed him had not Casey raised his hand.

With a smile of Christian charity great Casey's visage shone;He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the game go on;He signaled to the pitcher, and once more the dun sphere flew;

40 But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire said "Strike two!"

"Fraud!" cried the maddened thousands, and echo answered "Fraud!"

But one scornful look from Casey and the audience was awed.They saw his face grow stern and cold, they saw his muscles

strain,And they knew that Casey wouldn't let that ball go by again.

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45 The sneer has fled from Casey's lip, the teeth are clenched in hate;

He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon the plate.And now the pitcher holds the ball, and now he lets it go,And now the air is shattered by the force of Casey's blow.

Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright,50 The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light,

And somewhere men are laughing, and little children shout;But there is no joy in Mudville — mighty Casey has struck out.

Poetry Literary Terms3. Line - a group of words written horizontally across the page.4. Stanza - a group of lines.

"It Was a Sound"  by Jack Prelutsky  It was a sound, an awful sound,

a sound both sharp and flat,  and high and low and screechy,  like the shrieking of a cat.

5 It was a scratchy scrapy sound,  it sank into my skin,  that sound my sister made today-  she plays the violin.

How many lines are in this poem?

How many stanzas can be found in poem?

Types of Stanzas

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5. Couplet - a two-line stanza.  For never was a story of more woe  Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.  -from William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

6. Tercet/Triplet - a three-line stanza.   He clasps the crag with crooked hands;  Close to the sun in lonely lands,  Ringed with the azure world, he stands.  -from Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "The Eagle"7. Quatrain - a four-line stanza.

  Wee Willie Winkie  Ran through the town.  Upstairs, downstairs  In his nightgown.  -from a nursery rhyme

Rhyme - a repetition of sounds at the end of words.

 8. End Rhyme - rhyme that occurs at the end of  lines of poetry.   As I crossed the busy town road,  I spied remains resembling a toad.

 9. Internal Rhyme - rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry.  I arose from my seat and decided to greet

My friends who waited patiently across the street.  10. Slant Rhyme - end rhyme that is close to sounding the same but is not exact.  Sitting quietly, alone in the dark

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I could hear the drumming of my aching heart.

11. Sight Rhyme - end rhyme similar in spelling but different pronunciation.

All my love to her I gave  All my love for her to have.

Sight Rhyme Examples:

12. Meter/Rhythm - a collection of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. This emphasizes the musical quality of the language.

Write your name below in the open box.

"The Tyger" William Blake Tyger! Tyger! burning bright, In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

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5 In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire in thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire?

What the hammer? What the chain? 10 In what furnace was thy brain?

What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

"The Destruction of Sennacherib"George Gordon Lord Byron

The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

13. Rhyme Scheme -a pattern of end rhymes in a poem. Rhyme scheme is noted by giving a letter of the alphabet, beginning with a, to each line. Lines that rhyme are  given the same letter.

"I Wandered as Lonely as a Cloud"Wlliam Wordsworth

I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;

5 Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line

10 Along the margin of a bay:

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Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but theyOut-did the sparkling waves in glee:

15 A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed--and gazed--but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie 20 In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.

14. Traditional Verse - poetry that has a regular meter/rhythm and a regular rhyme scheme.

15. Free Verse - poetry that does not have a regular meter or pattern of rhymes.

"Poetry is the Pits"by Bella Barzun

When you eat a peach. You have to let go a bit,Get a little messed up,Let the juice run down your chin,

5 Savor it.Reading a poem is like that.Ya gotta goWith the flowAnd not get all hung up, at first,

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10 On making up sense.

16. Repetition - a technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis.

"The Bells"Edgar Allan Poe

IHear the sledges with the bells -Silver bells!What a world of merriment their melody foretells!How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,In the icy air of night!While the stars that oversprinkleAll the heavens seem to twinkleWith a crystalline delight;Keeping time, time, time,In a sort of Runic rhyme,To the tintinnabulation that so musically wellsFrom the bells, bells, bells, bells,Bells, bells, bells -From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.

IIHear the mellow wedding bells -Golden bells!What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!Through the balmy air of nightHow they ring out their delight!From the molten-golden notes,And all in tune,What a liquid ditty floatsTo the turtle-dove that listens, while she gloatsOn the moon!

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Oh, from out the sounding cellsWhat a gush of euphony voluminously wells!How it swells!How it dwellsOn the Future! -how it tellsOf the rapture that impelsTo the swinging and the ringingOf the bells, bells, bells,Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,Bells, bells, bells -To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!

IIIHear the loud alarum bells -Brazen bells!What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!In the startled ear of nightHow they scream out their affright!Too much horrified to speak,They can only shriek, shriek,Out of tune,In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire,In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire,Leaping higher, higher, higher,With a desperate desire,And a resolute endeavorNow -now to sit or never,By the side of the pale-faced moon.Oh, the bells, bells, bells!What a tale their terror tellsOf despair!How they clang, and clash, and roar!What a horror they outpourOn the bosom of the palpitating air!Yet the ear it fully knows,By the twangingAnd the clanging,

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How the danger ebbs and flows;Yet the ear distinctly tells,In the janglingAnd the wrangling,How the danger sinks and swells,By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells -Of the bells,Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,Bells, bells, bells -In the clamor and the clangor of the bells!

IVHear the tolling of the bells -Iron bells!What a world of solemn thought their monody compels!In the silence of the night,How we shiver with affrightAt the melancholy menace of their tone!For every sound that floatsFrom the rust within their throatsIs a groan.And the people -ah, the people -They that dwell up in the steeple,All alone,And who tolling, tolling, tolling,In that muffled monotone,Feel a glory in so rollingOn the human heart a stone -They are neither man nor woman -They are neither brute nor human -They are Ghouls:And their king it is who tolls;And he rolls, rolls, rolls,RollsA paean from the bells!And his merry bosom swells

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With the paean of the bells!And he dances, and he yells;Keeping time, time, time,In a sort of Runic rhyme,To the paean of the bells,Of the bells -Keeping time, time, time,In a sort of Runic rhyme,To the throbbing of the bells,Of the bells, bells, bells -To the sobbing of the bells;Keeping time, time, time,As he knells, knells, knells,In a happy Runic rhyme,To the rolling of the bells,Of the bells, bells, bells -To the tolling of the bells,Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,Bells, bells, bells -To the moaning and the groaning of the bells.17. Speaker - the voice that talks to the reader.

The speaker may be the poet or a character created by the poet.

What is the form of this poem?

Who is the speaker in this poem?

“Under the Back Porch” by Virginia Hamilton

  Our house is two stories high  shaped like a white box.  There is a yard stretched around it

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  and in back 5  a wooden porch.

  Under the back porch is my place.  I rest there.

I go there when I have to be alone.It is always shaded and damp.

10  Sunlight only slants through the slats  in long strips of light,  and the smell of the damp  is moist green,  like the moss that grows here.

15  My sisters and brothers  can stand on the back porch  and never know  I am here  underneath. 20  It is my place.  All mine.

“Grass”By Carl Sandburg

Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo. Shovel them under and let me work--

I am the grass; I cover all.And pile them high at Gettysburg

5 And pile them high at Ypres and Verdun.Shovel them under and let me work.

Two years, ten years, and the passengers ask the conductor:

What place is this?10 Where are we now?

I am the grass.Let me work.

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18. Paraphrase - the restating of information in one's own words.

"The Secret Heart" Robert P. T. Coffin

Across the years he could recallHis father one way best of all.

In the stillest hour of nightThe boy awakened to a light.

5 Half in dreams, he was his sireWith his great hands full of fire.

The man had struck a match to seeIf his son slept peacefully.He held his palms each side the spark

10 His love had kindled in the dark.

His two hands were curved apartIn the semblance of a heart.

He wore, it seemed to his small son,A bare heart on his hidden one,

15 A heart that gave out such a glowNo son awake could bare to know.

It showed a look upon a face

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Too tender for the day to trace.

One instant, it lit all about,20 And then the secret heart went out.

But shone long enough for oneTo know those hands held up the sun.

Figurative Language and Sound Devices

1. imagery-language that appeals to the six senses

2. simile-a comparison between two unlike things, using the words like or as

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"Ode to Mi Gato"Gary Soto

He's white As spilled milk,My cat who sleeps With his belly

5 Turned towardThe summer sky.

3. metaphor-a comparison between two unlike things that does NOT contain the words like or as

by Emily Dickinson

Fame is a bee.It has a song-It has a sting-

  Ah, too, it has a wing

4. personification-a description of an object, an animal, a place, or an idea as if it was human or had human qualities

"Primer Lesson"Carl Sandburg

Look out how you use proud words.When you let proud words go, it is not easy to call them back.They wear long boots, hard boots; they

  5 walk off proud; they can't hear you  calling-Look out how you use proud words.

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5. hyperbole-when the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect.

"Homework! Oh, homework!"Jack Prelutsky

I'd rather take bathswith a man-eating shark,or wrestle a lionalone in the dark,

5 eat spinach and liver,pet ten porcupines,than tackle the homework,my teacher assigns.

6. onomatopoeia-the use of words (made-up or real) whose sounds suggest their meaning

"Crack an Egg"Jack Prelutsky

Crack an egg.Stir the butter.Break the yolk.Make it flutter.

5 Stoke the heat.Hear it sizzle.Shake the salt,just a drizzle.Flip it over,

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10 just like that.Press it down.Squeeze it flat.Pop the toast.Spread jam thin.

15 Say the word.Breakfast's in.

7. alliteration-the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

"Betty's Room"Denise Rodgers

There is no clutter cluttered upmore closely, I presume,than the clutter clustered clinginglyin my friend, Betty's room.

5 Her mother mutters mawkishlyand fills her with such dread.She mutters on about the mussthat messes Betty's bed.

8. idiom-an expression that has meaning different from the meaning of its individual words

By John Randal"You can't cry over spilled milk!"my mother always said.

"Life's not a piece of cake!"she hammered in my head.

"That's the way it goes,that's the way the cookie crumbles"

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My mother saved her idiomsfor all my idiotic troubles.

Plot Map and Story Elements

climax

falling action

rising action

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resolution

exposition -- characters -- setting -- hints of potential conflict

Parts of a Story

What Drives a Story?

1. Setting - The time and place of the action. The time might be the historical era, the season, or the time of day. The place might be a country, a neighborhood, or a room. Setting often affects the action and the characters' feelings.

2. Characters - The people, animals, or imaginary creatures that take part in the story. The characters' behavior directly affects what happens in the story.

3. Conflict - A struggle between forces. This keeps the action moving forward. A conflict can be external or internal.

External Conflict -Struggle between a character and an outside force. This force might be another character, a group of characters, or nature.

Internal Conflict -Struggle within a character's mind. This kind of conflict occurs when a character must deal with opposing thoughts and feelings.

4. Plot - The series of events in a story. The story begins by introducing the main character who has a conflict. As the story moves on, the conflict becomes more complicated, and the

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character must find a solution. Once the problem is solved, the character adjusts, and the story ends.

5. Exposition Introduces the setting and the characters Sets up or hints at the conflict

6. Rising Action

Shows how the conflict unfolds and becomes more complicated

Suspense builds

7. Climax The most exciting moment and the turning point Often results in a change for the main character - Epiphany Epiphany -a sudden insightful increase of understanding

(lightbulb, “Ah ha!” moment)

8. Falling Action Suspense eases Reveals how the main character begins to resolve the

conflict

9. Resolution or Denouement Ties up loose ends Sometimes offers an unexpected twist before the story ends

Elements of Drama

1. Drama/Play - major genre, or category, meant to be performed (play, film, TV, radio, etc...) 2. Tragedy - errors and mistakes lead to  misdirected actions that eventually result in a catastrophe or calamity

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3. Comedy - errors and mistakes lead to  prosperity and happiness

4. script - written form of the drama

5. plot - action of the play, grows from a conflict, usually between the characters

6. scene - piece of the action in a drama; usually changes when the setting changes; collection of these make up an act

7. act - grouping of scenes, usually grouped as part of the plot

8. cast of characters - list of all the characters or players in a drama

9. dialogue - the lines of conversation spoken by the characters

10. stage direction - instructions for actors and stage crew, usually set in italics

11. theme - the life lesson, message, or idea expressed by the elements in the play. It is what the story teaches the reader.

English Literary Terms1. genre- a category in which a work of literature is classified. The four major categories are fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama

2. protagonist - main character in a story, play, or novel; this individual is involved in the main conflict and undergoes changes as the plot runs its course

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3. antagonist- the force working against the main character in a story, play, or novel

4. central idea- the most important idea about the topic that a writer or speaker conveys

5. fiction- writing that tells an imaginary story; basic elements are plot, characters, setting, and theme; examples are short stories and novels

6. nonfiction- writing that tells about real people, places and events; conveys factual information; examples are biographies, autobiographies, speeches, and letters

7. drama- a form of literature meant to be performed by actors in front of an audience

8. poetry- a type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create effects; sound devices, imagery, and figurative language is used to express emotions and feelings

9. short stories- a short work of fiction that centers on a single idea and can be read in one sitting; has one main conflict that involves the characters that keeps the story moving

10. novels- a long work of fiction; since story is considerably longer, characters and storyline can be developed more thoroughly

11. biography- true account of person’s life written by another person; told from 3rd person point of view

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12. autobiography- writer’s account of his or her own life; told from 1st person point of view

13. memoir- autobiographical writing in which an author shares personal experiences about the impact of significant events on their lives

14. connotation- the ideas and feelings associated with the word, as opposed to its dictionary meaning

15. denotation- a word’s dictionary meaning

16. anecdote- a brief account of an interesting incident or event that is usually intended to entertain or make a point

17. allusion- reference to a famous person, place, event, or work of literature within a novel/short story

18. characterization - the way a writer creates and develops characters; four basic methods: 1. narrator’s direct comments, 2. describe character’s physical appearance, 3. character’s own thoughts, speech, and actions, 4. other character’s thoughts, speech, and actions

19. character trait- qualities (physical or expressions of personality) shown by a character

20. dialect- form of a language spoken in a particular place/region or by a particular group of people

21. dialogue - written conversation between two or more people that is usually set off with quotation marks in fiction

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22. flashback - an interruption in present events of action that took place at an earlier time to help a reader understand a character’s current situation

23. foreshadowing- hints and clues that suggest future events in a story

24. 1 st person p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is a character in the story; uses the pronouns “I” or “we” in the narration

25. 3 rd person limited p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is outside the action and not one of the characters; uses the pronouns “he” or “she” in the narration; tells only what one character thinks, feels, and observes

26. 3 rd person omniscient p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is outside the action and not one of the characters; uses the pronouns “he” or “she” in the narration; sees into the minds of all the characters; all-knowing

27. irony- a special kind of contras between appearance and reality---usually one in which reality is the opposite of what it seems; when you expect one event to happen, but the opposite happens instead

28. narrator- the voice that tells the story

29 symbol- a person, a place, an object, or an activity that stands for something beyond itself (i.e. color black stands for death)

30. mood- feeling or atmosphere a writer creates for the reader

31. tone- expresses the writer’s attitude toward his or her subject

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32. theme- life lesson, meaning, moral or message about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader; it’s what the story teaches the reader

33. suspense- feeling of growing tension and excitement felt by the reader; makes reader curious about outcome of story

Persuasive Terms1. argument- speaking or writing that expresses a position on a problem and supports it with reasons and evidence; often takes into account other points of view

2. counterargument- an argument made to oppose another argument; a good argument anticipates opposing viewpoints and provides information to disprove them

3. claim- In an argument, it’s the writer’s position on an issue or problem

4. support- any information that helps to prove a claim