Vascular plants- Have vascular tissue (vessels) that carry nutrients up and down plant

-includes all plants that grow in height

Parts of the vascular tissue

1. Xylem-transports water and nutrients from root to leaves

2. Phloem- Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of plant

**Both structures extend from root tip through stem to leaves

Vascular plants are divided into 2 groups:

1. Gymnosperms 2.AngiospermsProduce seeds in cones Produce seeds in fruitEx. Pines, palm trees (Produce flowers)Most are evergreens Fruit-Flesh around a

seed includes most plants

Most are deciduous

*Both types have seeds- hard coat around the embryo

Advantages of seeds:

1. Seeds have food to nourish embryo

2. Protects

3. Aids in dispersal

4. Does not require much water to reproduce

Anthophyta (flowering plants) have 2 kinds of seeds:

1. Monocot-stands for mono cotyledon

-Seeds have 1 seed leaf (Ex. Grasses, orchids, lilies)

2. Dicot-stands for di cotyledon

-Seeds have 2 seed leaves (Ex. Garden flowers, most trees)

Some adaptations plants:

-During droughts, cold, and limited sunlight, roots and stems store food

3 Ways They Store Food1. Bulb- short stem enclosed

in a fleshy leaf base ex. Onion

2. Corm- short thickened underground stem that is not in a fleshy leaf base

3. Tuber- swollen root or stem with buds that sprout to form new leaves

-Each eye develops a shoot (ex. Potato)

Flowering Plants

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Anthophyta

Common Name: Angiosperms

Lifecycles of Flowering Plants:1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex.

Corn/Wheat)-sprout, grow, reproduce & die-Most herbaceous-no woody material

2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2 years (Ex. Carrot/turnips)-1st year-grow leaves and roots/above ground part dies back in winter-2nd year-produce new shoots, reproduce (make flowers & seeds), & die

3. Perennial-Take several years-Produce flowers and seeds periodically-includes all plants that have wood

Anthophyta (Angiosperm) plant structures:

1. Roots- Underground part of plant

Functions: 1. Anchor2. Absorbs water

and nutrients3. Transports

nutrients to stem4. Stores food

(ex. Carrot)

Structures of a root1. Epidermis- Outermost

layer of cells2. Root hairs- Extension of

an epidermal cell-used to increase the area of the root to absorb more water

3. Cortex- Layer beneath epidermis-it passes nutrients from the epidermis to the center of the plant (vascular tissue)--Cells that make up cortex called parenchyma cells

4. Endodermis- innermost layer of cortex that surrounds the vascular tissue-it is a waterproof seal that controls passage of water into a root

5. Pericycle- layer inside endodermis-it gives rise to the lateral roots that grow at side of larger roots

6. Vascular tissue- in middle of root-consists of two parts:

a. xylemb. phloem

2 Parts of Vascular Tissue

a. xylem-transports water up and down

b. Phloem-transports sugar and nutrients

How roots grow?

There are three zones of root growth:

1. Root cap-at tip of root-it protects root as it penetrates down into earth

2. Zone of elongation-new cells are produced here pushing cells further down into soil adding length

3. Zone of differentiation-cells here develop into different areas such as the cortex, pericycle

**Apical meristem-where the cells of the root divide by mitosis adding new cells to root--responsible for growth in length of plant

2. Stem-above ground part of plant

Functions:

1. Support leaves

2. Includes vascular tissue (transports nutrients and water)

3. Where leaves and flower buds are produced

Stem Structures1. Vascular tissue- In middle

Includes xylem and phloem

Xylem- Transports water

Phloem- Transports nutrients/sugar

*Other structures are like root

*Vascular cambium- where cells divide by mitosis to allow growth in width of plant

-width is called girth

3. Leaves

--Have a waxy layer- cuticle

--Have openings called stomata

--Cells that regulate size of openings are called guard cells

Leaf Structure:1. Epidermis- outer

layer of cells2. Mesophyl- beneath

epidermis*Place where photosynthesis occurs

3. Vascular tissue- located within mesophyl takes nutrients and water to and from leaf

Transpiration

• Evaporation of water from leaf surface

Modified Leaf Structures:

• Cactus spines- pointed to protect and reduce water loss

• Onion leafs- food storage• Pincher plants- trap insects• Aloe Vera- store water