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Seed-bearing Plants

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Page 1: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Seed-bearing Plants

Page 2: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 3: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 4: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Land Plants fall into two major groups

• Non vascular • Vascular

Page 5: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Vascular Plants

• Some are seedless

• Others produce seed

Page 6: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Seed-bearing Vascular Plants fall into two major categories

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Page 7: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Seed-bearing Vascular Plants fall into two major categories

• Gymnosperm – seeds naked on surface of sporophyll

• Angiosperm – seeds enclosed in a ripened ovary

Page 8: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Seed-bearing plants also produce pollen

Page 9: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Living Gymnosperms

Cycads

GnetophytesGinkgoes

Conifers

Page 10: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 11: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycads Appeared on Earth 250 MYA

• Reached their greatest abundance and diversity during the Jurassic

• Declined sharply during the Cretaceous radiation of the angiosperms.

Page 12: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Global Distribution of Cycads is Tropical

Page 13: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Mexican Cycads

Dioon Ceratozamia

Page 14: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Australian Cycads

Macrozamia Macrozamia

Page 15: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

African Cycads

Encephalartos Stangeria

Page 16: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Only Cycad Native to the US

Zamia pumila

Page 17: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycads – Vegetative Characteristics

Encephalartos in Africa

Page 18: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycad Stems

• Columnar• Little branching• Not very woody

Page 19: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycad Leaves

• Produced in crowns at tip of stem

• Pinnately compound

Page 20: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Certain roots in Cycads grow toward the soil surface

Corraloid Roots

Page 21: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

A Closer Look at Coralloid Roots

• Grow upward near soil surface

• Branch to form masses

• Root cortex inhabited by Cyanobacteria (carry out nitrogen fixation)

Page 22: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycads – Reproductive Structures

Page 23: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Cycads produce pollen and seeds in cones

• Cones develop at apex of stem

Page 24: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

All Cycads are Dioecious

• Individual plants produce either pollen cones or seed cones

Cycas revoluta

Pollen Cone

Seed Cone

Page 25: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Many Cycads are Pollinated by Insects

• Only a few cycad species studied • Weevils and oldest known bee genus (Trigona)• Usually pollinators mate and lay eggs within female cone• All cones except Stangeria produce heat. Thought to

volatilize pollinator attractants• Hence insect pollination may predate flowering plants

Trigona

weevils

Page 26: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

The Gnetophytes

Ephedra

Welwitschia

Gnetum

Page 27: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ephedra is a desert shrub

Page 28: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

50 species 39 species monotypic

Ephedra is distributed in arid regions of the world

Page 29: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

http://www.anephedraattorneyforyou.com/

Ephedra contains Ephedrine

Page 30: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pseudoephedrine is a Synthetic Version of Ephedrine

Page 31: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Gnetum is a tropical vine or

small tree

Page 32: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

50 species 39 species monotypic

Gnetum occurs in the tropics

Page 33: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Welwitschia is a bizarre plant of an extremely arid environment

Page 34: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

50 species 39 species monotypic

Welwitschia occurs only in the Namib Desert in South-West Africa

Page 35: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Welwitschia forms a

short stem and deep tap root

Page 36: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Welwitschia produces only two

adult leaves

Page 37: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Welwitschia leaves grow

from the base – leaves fray as they grow

Page 38: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo – The Maiden Hair Tree

Page 39: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo was a common forest tree in the geological past

• Today represented by a single species

• Once occurred in North American Forests

• Presently occurs naturally only in China

Page 40: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Present Distribution of Ginkgo biloba

• “Natural” trees may actually be plants cultivated at ancient Monasteries

Page 41: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo is also widely cultivated

Page 42: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo – Vegetative Characteristics

Page 43: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo is Deciduous

Page 44: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo is Deciduous

Page 45: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo Stems

• Extensive branching• Very woody

Page 46: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo Stems

long shoot

spur shoot

Page 47: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo Stems

long shoot spur shoot

Page 48: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo Leaves

• Fan shaped • Dichotomous

branching veins

Page 49: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Leaf shape ranges from entire to bilobed

Page 50: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

All Ginkgo trees are Dioecious

• Individual plants produce either pollen “cones” or seed “cones”

• Produced on spur shoots

C

Pollen “Cone” Seed “Cone”

Page 51: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo produces a seed with a fleshy seed coat

• Seed Coat contains Butyric Acid

• Seed Coat is not edible

Page 52: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 53: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo seeds are edible when fleshy seed coat is removed

Page 54: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 55: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Taro with Ginkgo Seed

Page 56: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo biloba leaves are a popular herbal remedy

• Slow the progression of Alzheimer's symptoms

• Relieve depression, anxiety, headaches, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and dizziness

• Reduce macular degeneration and control cataracts

• Optimize brain power

Page 57: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular
Page 58: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Conifers – the most conspicuous gymnosperms

Page 59: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Conifers

• Like the Cycads and Ginkgos, Conifers are well represented in the fossil record

Sequoia affinis

Page 60: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Conifers are of great ecological importance

• Conifers are the dominant members of the vast Boreal forests (Taiga)

Page 61: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Conifers are of great ecological importance

• Conifers are important members of other ecosystems

Page 62: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Conifers are of great economic importance

• Edible Seeds• Crates, Boxes,

Matchsticks, Furniture

• Telephone Poles

• Turpentine and Rosin (Resin)

• Fuel (Pitch)• Pulpwood• Ornamentals• Pharmaceutica

ls (Taxol)

Page 63: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

There are seven living families of Conifers

Norfolk Island Pines

Junipers and CedarsYew

Sequoias and Redwoods

Pines, Fir Spruce

Five of the most familiar

Page 64: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

The Largest and the Oldest Plants are

both Conifers

• Bristlecone pines of the California White Mountains are the oldest

Giant Sequoias of the California Sierras are the largest

Page 65: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

"The Largest Living Thing on Earth"

- General Sherman -

Sequoia National Forest, CA 2200 years old , 275 feet tall ,

30 feet in diameter at the base. 119.3 miles of 1X12 planks

Page 66: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Vegetative Characters of Pine

Page 67: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pine Stems

• Extensive branching• Christmas tree shape• Very woody

Page 68: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pine Stems

• Wood consist of tracheids only

• No fibers or vessels• Wood is “soft”

Page 69: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pine Leaves

• Needles produced in clusters (fascicles) of 1 to 5

Page 70: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Leaf shape in transverse section

depends on number of leaves in the

fascicle

Page 71: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Ginkgo Stems

long shoot spur shoot

Page 72: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pine Leaves

• Each fascicle is an entire spur shoot

long shoot

spur shoot

Page 73: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pine – Reproductive structures

Page 74: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pines produce pollen and seeds in cones

Page 75: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pines are MoneciousIndividual plants produce both pollen cones and seed cones

C

Seed Cone

Page 76: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pines are MoneciousIndividual plants produce both pollen cones and seed cones

C

Pollen Cone

Page 77: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Pollen cones produce pollen

C

Page 78: Seed-bearing Plants. Land Plants fall into two major groups Non vascular Vascular

Seed cones produce seed

C

Young seed cone

Mature seed cone


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