Unit 2 PP 1

Define / Describe binomial of naming species:

• - Every organism is given 2 names (by Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist – in Latin)

- These are: Genus & species (Genus – first letter is capitol, species is not – both are italic)

• Eg. Canis lupus - Wolf• Can also be written as C. lupus

Classification – each division has its own unique characteristics( REMEMBER: Kings Play Chess On Fine Grained Sand)

• Kingdom – Animal, Plant, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Protista • Phylum - vertebrates/ arthropods / nematodes / annelids /

mollusks • Class – fish / reptiles/ birds/ amphibians/ mammals - crustaceans, insects, myrapods, arachnids• Order -• Family - • Genus - • Species -

Kingdoms:

Animal Plant Fungi Prokaryotes

Protista

Kingdom: Animal; Phylum: Vertebrates includes….. • Fish Reptiles

Birds: Amphibians:

Mammals:

List features of vertebrates (as above):Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals-> vertebrates with scaly skin->Have fins->Have gills

->Vertebrates with moist scale-less skin-> eggs laid in water->Larva (tadpoles) live in water->Larva has gills-> Adult has lungs

->Vertebrates with scaly skin->Lay eggs with rubbery shells

->Vertebrates with feathers->Forelimbs have become wings->Lay eggs with hard shells (waterproof)->Homeothermic -> have a beak

->Vertebrates with hair->Have placenta->Young feed on milk from mammary glands-Homeothermic-Have diaphragm-Heart has 4 chambers-Different types of teeth -Developed cerebral hemisphere

Kingdom: Animals; Phylum: Arthropods includes…

• Crustaceans: Insects:

• Myrapods:

• Arachnids:

Kingdom: animal;Phylum : nematodes / annelids / mollusks includes….

Nematodes: Annelids:

Mollusks:

Adaptations (list of features) of organisms (as above): Arthropods Annelids Nematodes Molluscs

Myriapods:- Mandibles / lower jaws helps crush food easily-Have poison claws-Produce irritant liquid used against predators-Insects:-Wings to fly away form predators- Antenna enhanced sense of smell and taste- exoskeleton that protest internal organsCrustaceans:-Hard outside shell – protection from predators- legs have 2 endings like claws to catch prey (crabs)Arachnids:-Many legs = quick mobility- have waxy layer on skin allowing to conserve water- high metabolic rates due to trachea supplying oxygen directly to tissue

-Hermaphroditic therefore faster reproduction- thin body shape allows them to burrow in the ground easily-- can re-grow their lost body parts

-Eggs can survive harsh conditions- parasitic (some) therefore are able to get their nutrition from host organism- coved in waxy layer that is thick that can protect them in harsh conditions

-Have shells for protection -Radula used for scraping food from surfaces (algae)- closed circulatory systems (makes learning and memory possible – like octopus) - can camouflage to blend with surroundings (change color) like octopus

Kingdom: Plants• Phylum: Anthrocerotophyta – (one of many)

(Flowering plants) • Monocotyledon (Monocots):• Fibrous roots to uptake more water than Dicots• Over ground damaged roots can regenerate • Roots expand like a mat to maximize surface area to

exposed minerals• Dicotyledon (Dicots):• Larger roots more resistant to damage if pulled• Well branched / roots go deep underground• Have thorns for protection (roses)

Some background information on plantsPlants Animals•Photosynthesis: take energy from sunlight to make sugar from Carbon Dioxide and Water•Chlorophyll: a pigment that captures sunlight and allows photosynthesis to take place.•Have a cell wall made out of cellulose•* Flowering plants (sexual reproduction) that gives seeds.•**Non flowering plants (ferns – asexual reproduction)•Roots / stems and leaves

•No photosynthesis•Gets nutrients by eating plants and or other organisms•No chlorophyll•No Cell wall.•No flowering parts but use sexual reproduction to generate offspring

Monocots / Dicots• What’s a cotyledon?Parts of the seed – Mono – one part / Di – 2 parts

Monocots Dicots

•Long / sharp leavesParallel veins• Have flowers with number of parts divisible by 3

•Leaves with branching patterns•Have flowers with number of petals divisible by 4 or 5

Leaves

Monocot

Dicot

Info on viruses: ~1 nano-meter (1x 10-9 nm) 1. Virus attaches to

the cell’s surface2. DNA or RNA of the

virus (either /or) * Nucleic acid =DNA or RNA = genetic material – enters the cell

3. Viral DNA or RNA makes copy of itself using the cell’s own machinery.

4. Outside the nucleus the virus is assembled

5. New viruses leave the cell

More on Bacteria: 1000 x smaller than animal cell• Single cell organism (prokaryotic)• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan• No nucleus

More on Fungi• Do not do photosynthesis /No chlorophyll• Reproduce via spores• Saprotropic (secrete enzymes on their food / digest it

and then absorb it) • Feed on dead and waste matter

Myceluim = main body of MushroomCell wall made up of chitin Mycelium made up of Hyphe ( small thread like structures that grows where the mushroom is feeding.

Classification of viruses / bacteria / fungi / adaptations

virus bacteria fungiclassification -Small 1 nm

-Protein coat-DNA or RNA in nucleus-Uses host cell machinery to reproduce-Not considered living until..

-1000x smaller than animal cell-Prokayotic-Has cell wall made of peptidoglycan--free floating DNA

-Has mycelium-Has hyphe -Cell wall made up of chitin-Reproduces via spores

adaptation -Can remain dormant for long periods of time-Has variety of hosts-Can survive in extreme temperatures

-Cell wall allows it to survive and penetrate host cell

-Can grow on what it feeds on-Sparotrophic (has enzymes that it excretes to digest waste it feeds on)-Spores are carried by wind

Main features for the classification of:arthropods insects crustaceans arachnids myriapods•Joint legs•Hard outer covering (exoskeleton)•Exoskeleton:-Protection-Supports muscles for movement• Body divided into segments

• Body divided into: head / thorax (3 segments)/ abdomen (10/11 segments)•2 pairs of wings attached to thorax •Compound eyes•Pair of antennae•Grasshopper

• Strong exoskeleton Due to calcium • Many pairs of legs•2 pairs of antennae•Head/thorax (cephalothorax) & abdomen•Crabs

•Cephalothorx and abdomen•4 pairs of legs•No Antennae

•Centipedes (fast moving predators)•Millipedes (slow moving herbavors)•Long /thin•Similar segment bodies•Many pairs of legs•Pair of antennae

Main features for the classification of:Annelids Nematodes Molluscs• Worms•Body made up of many segments (rings)•Earthworms•Leaches•No legs•Some have antennae / visible head•Chaetae = tiny stiff hairs that help them to grip surface

• Also worms•Body not divided into segments•Long / thin / white •No obvious head / legs•No Chaetae•Parasitic• Some live in digestive system of animals others in soil

•Slugs / snails/ mussels / oisters / Octopus• Soft bodies•No segmentation •Sometimes have hard shell• Move on soft foot that secretes slimy mucus •Rough tongue that to scrape leaves that they eat•Some are filter feeders

There are other classification systems• Cladistics – based on DNA / RNA sequencing data