. . . . . . : . . . . . . . . : . ;

1

. . . .. Stahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . .

2

( )Alessandro Volta . . . . . . . . " " . . 9581 . . . . . .

3

. 0891. . . . . " " " " . . . . . " " . 051 . . Soren " Lovtrup ". . .

4

DARWINZM'N YIKILAN EFSANELER VE BLMN DORU TANIMI

: " " " " . . 1) " ". . 2) " " . 3) ( ) . . . 4) . . . .

5

5) " " . . . . 6) " " . " ". Richard Leakey ( ) : : " ." .(2) : ( ) . . . (3).6

. . 7) " " ( ) . . Haeckel . . 8) "" . DNA " DNA ". . . 9) "" () ( ) . . " " . 7

. 01) . . . . " " . . . . . 4) )Jonathan Wells " " . . (5) " " " " .

8

" : " . . . " " . . . " ". " " . . . . " ". . : . - " "

9

. . . . . - .

Moral Darwinism: How We Become Hedonists ? ( : ) . : 1) " ". 2) . 3) ( ). . 01

. . . . . . . : 143 . ( ) . . ... . . .(6) " " " ". 11

. 41 " " (: 41). " " (:34). . " " . . . .

. . . . . 21

.

. . " " . " " . . . " " . "" . . " " ( " " . - )Anaksimenderes - . 31

. . . . 0851 ) Jan Baptista Von Helmont 4461 ) . 1061 0861 ) .) Athanasius Kircher . . ( 7961 6261) . . . " " .biogenez " " .abiogenez 3171 1871 ) ) John Needham 9271 9971) )Lazzaro Spallanzani " " " ". . . . . 41

( ). . . " ". . . 0681 Louis Pasteur . . . 9581. . " ". 1781 : . / ... .7*** . 51

. . . . ... . . Alexander Oparin . . . J. B S . Haldane - - " ". . Stanly Miller " ".

" " . " " . . " " .61

. 3591 . . . . . . . " " . . . . . 8991 : . . ( ) 3591. 8**** 71

National Geographic : . . ! . 9 John Cohen 5991 . : " ". 01 . . . . . . : " " " ". . 81

" ". . " ". . "" Athanasius Kircher . . ( ) . 11*** : . . " " . . . " DNA " ( ) . . 91

" " . . " " - Paul davies - : "" . : ! . : . .21 *** . " " . " " : . . . Michael J. Behe Lehigh " " 6991 : 0591

02

. - . . . . . ... . . .31 ****** : 0591 . . . ! " " . . .

12

. . . " ". .41 **** Gerald Schroeder : ... 0002 . . . . . . 51 ****** . . : . . 61 ***22

. Harold Urey : . ( ) ... . 71 *** "" . . - - . - - . .

. -9671) Paron Georges Cuvier 2381). " . ". 81 Lamarck . 32

. " ... ." 91 **** . . . . . . . . " " ( ). " Difficulties On ( "Theory ). " ( On the Imperfection Of The Geological Record " . . . 42

. . " ". . " " . . . : . . 02 **** . "" . ... . - - . 0681 Solnhofen . . . Thomas Huxley . " " . 52

" " . " ". : " ". " " . Feduccia: " ". 12 *** . . - - . Stehpen Jay Gould Niles eldredge . " " " " . ". ***** " " Lan Tattersall : 62

. ... 021 . . " ": . - - . 22 **** ( Integrated Principles Of Zoology ): . . 32 ***** . - Tom Kemp 9991 " " - : . 42 **** 72

. David Berlinski Princeton : . . . 52 ***** " " .

" "*** . . . " " . " ". " " . . " " . 9091 . . . ( .) shale 82

. 4 06 08 shale . "" : . ( . 05 . "" kordata "" " molluska artropoda " ). "" . . . . . . "" . " " . 07 . "" 4 92

. "" ( )Smithsonian . . 5891. Gerald Schroeder : . . ( ) . . 62 **** 07 " " Harry Whittington " " " Derek Brigs " .Simon Conway Morris "" . " " . "" " :" shale " " Srus " " Chengjiang . . " " .

03

. . 2002: " 53 "". 3 . 045 . ( ) 01 - . . 72 ***** . " " . )Trends in Genetics (TIG 9991 "" : " 13

. . ( ) . . 82 **** " " " " " Jonathan Wells : " ... . . ". 92 **** . . . . . "". . . . ( : 711)

23

. . " " ( )The Descent Of Man 21 . . . . " " . ( ). . . " " . 0191 . " " 34 33

. .Eoanthropus dawsoni Eoanthropus dawsoni : . . . " " . Eoanthropus dawsoni " ". : . 3591 . . . 2291 " " . . . 43

( )Homo habilis ()Homo rudolfensis ( )Homo erectus . " " . . . . . " " Niles Eldredge " " Lan Tattersal : " . . ". 03 **** 5991 Richard Lewontin : " " " . ". 13 ***53

. Henery Gee "" Nature : " ... ". 23 **** " " . . . 9991 Bernard Wood Mark Collard Homo rudolfensis . 33 . 43 **** " " . 63

. " " . (( British Association for the Advancement of ) Science : " " 53 *** "" : " ... ... ". 63**** . " " Geoffrey Clark Arizona State . 7991 : " - ... ( ) ".73 ***

73

-Medya Propagandasnn yz . . . " ". 0002 :Icons Of Evolution Science Or Myth Why Much Of What We Teach About Evolution Is ( ?wrong : " Jonathan Wells : " . . " "... ".83 **** 83

" " : " ".93 ***** . .

2002 . " " Michel Brunet "Sahelanthropus ."tchadensis . "" : " ". 04 ***** : " ".14 *** 7 " " : ( ) "

93

". " " . " " . "" " : " 3691 . ... " "... ". 24 *** " " Henry Gee "" . "" The Guardian : " " " ( ) ... ". 34 *** 9991 In Search of Deep ( Time ) " " " " : "... 04

. . . ".44 *** "" " " " : " . " " / . . ". 54 **** . 051 " " " " . "" : " . . " " 051 " ". . F. Clark Howell : " 14

... ." 64 *** " " . . " ".

*** Matrix Reloaded Matrix " " ( .)Software "" . . " " . "" .*** . . Mac OS 24

. . . . ** . DNA . DNA . " ". . . . "". ( ). ************** DNA . 3591 Francis Crick . James Watson DNA . " " 1002. 34

" " ( ) " " . . . DNA Gene Myers " " Celera . San Francisco Chronicle ( Human ) Genome Map Has Scientists Talking About the Divine " " : ... . " " ... ... . ... ( ). 74 DNA . " " . ndirgemeciliin Sonu . . " " . .44

. " ". " ". . " " . " ". . . Karl Vogt " ". 84 . . . . : " " " ". Werner Gitt : " . . ... 54

... . "94 " " 02-03 . . : " . . . " DNA ... DNA " ". - . George C. Williams . 5991 " ": ... " "... ... ... . 05 64

. . . Philip Johnson " " : . ( ) . . .DNA : " + = ". . 15 . " " . + = = DNA . " " : . " 74

". 25 . : . . " " " " . : . . . " " ". " : (32) ( ). . : (63) (73) (83) (93) ( ).

" " BR ZAMANLAR EVRME EMBRYOLOJK KANIT VAR84

SANILIYORDU The Descent of Man ( " " ) . . " " " : : 521 . . ( ). " 35 " " . " " . 45 . . . : Ernst Haeckel Natrliche Schpfungsgeschichte ( ) . . 9581 94

. . ( ) 8681 . . 242 . . : ! .55 " " " " . " " ". L. Rutimeyer " Archiv fr Anthropologie " 8681 . Basel ( Naturliche Schpfungsgeschichte ) -ber die Entstehung und den Stammba ( um des Menschengeschlechts ) . : " .

05

. . . . " 65 . . . . . . . . " " : ( ) ". : " " . " " . " " ( ) recaputilation " " " " 15

. - - " ". " " . . . . . " " : " " " ". ( : " " . " " . ) " " . : . . 75

25

. . . . 5 7991 . Elizabeth Pennisi " " : " ( ) "... . " ". 85 : . . . " ( ) ". 95 35

: " " " 1091 Darwin and ( After Darwin ) . . " 06 61 9991 New Scientist : " " " ". . . 16 " " " " . . . . . . Karl Ernest Von Baer . " Icons of Evolution " . " 45

". 26 ( ) " " 36 . : . 6781. . 46 . . " ". 56 . ... . : ! ...

55

BIR ZAMANLAR HATALI ZELLIKLER HIKAYESI VARDI Richard Dawkins . . The Blind 6891 .Watchmaker " " . . 66 " " . . " " . " " . . . . " ".65

" " . . The Blindwatchmaker : . . . 76 . . Mchael Denton . The Iverted Origins :Retina & Design

( ?Maladaptation or Ore-adaptation : ) " " " " . : " " 75

. 86 . . . . " ." 96 . . . . . G. L. Walls ( The Vertebrate Eye ) " " . 07 ... " " . . :85

"-choriocapilla "ris . . " " Bruch . 81 05 " " . . 17 . -James T. McIl wain An Introduction to the Biology of Vision ( ) " " . " 27 " ". . " " . . . " " . . :95

. ...37 " " . . " ". . -Krelmi Organlar Hika

yesi

" " " " . . " " . . " ". " "Rudimentary " ( ) . 47 . " " . " " " ". " "06

. R. Wiedersheim 001 . ( apandis ' 'apandisit" ". ' " 'apandisit " . )57 Wiedersheim . " " . "-Examples of Bad Design Go ( "ne Bad ) : . ( GALT ). . . . " " . . . 16

peyer patches . . 67 " " . " " . . . Wiedersheim " " . . . " " " " . . Pititer26

. " " . " " . ' ( Vestigial Organs' Are Fully Functional ) . Jerry Bergman . . George Howe " " . . . S. R. Scadding ( Evolutionary Theory ) " " : ( ) ... " " . 77 .

anda'nn Ba Parma

" . . " " 36

2002. " " : . . . radial ( sesamoid bone " " ). " ". . 0891: The ( Panda's Thumb ) " " . . . Paul Nelson : ( ). 87 The Giant Pandas of ( Wolong ) : " " ... ...

46

. . 97 9991 Nature . " " " " " ".08 " 'Role of the giant panda's 'pseudo-thumb ( " " ) : .18 " " " " 051 . . . " " " ". .

" DNA "BR ZAMANLAR HURDA DNA MASALI VARDI DNA ()Junk DNA

56

" " " ". . . . . " " . " " " ". ( ")junk " DNA . DNA . . . " DNA " . . 1002 " DNA ". Evan Eichler Cleveland " DNA ". 28 DNA. DNA .

DNA

66

Kodlamayan DNA'nn Hurda Sanl DNA . DNA " ". . DNA . DNA . " " .DNA . 01% .DNA DNA " DNA " . DNA . " . "intron DNA " " . " DNA ". DNA " ". " DNA " . . DNA . . .

76

DNA . . DNA " " " ".38 (The Junk Dealer Ain't Selling That No " )More " . Paul Nelson :DNA " [ Carl Sagan ] " Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors " " " DNA" ". . . " 48 " DNA " ... 1. DNA . 4991 DNA . 73 DNA 00005 DNA . 09% DNA 86

. 58 DNA . DNA . 2. : . DNA DNA . .DNA " DNA ". ( ) : ( 51% 03% ) " DNA " . 68 . Emile Zuckerland : . . ...DNA . 78 " "

96

. DNA .88 3. DNA . " DNA ". 9991 DNA DNA karyot ( DNA ). Crytomonad . . ( ). DNA DNA . DNA - " DNA " . 98 : " DNA [ ] ... " DNA " DNA . "09 4. DNA . DNA " " . DNA DNA . . telomerler . 19 telomerler DNA . 07

. -te lomerler DNA . 5. DNA . DNA ( ) .29 DNA 39 49 59. DNA . 6. DNA. DNA . . . DNA. . DNA .69 . . -C. Cla iborne Ray " : DNA " : " ...

17

." 79 " DNA " . DNA . DNA . 1002 Evan Eichler -Ca se Western Reserve : " DNA ." 89

DNA: " "Hurda DNA Efsanesinin Son Dayana da kt: Bir "Sahte Gen"in Fonksiyonel Olduu Ortaya kt DNA . " DNA " DNA . " DNA " : ( )pseudogenes " ". . " "Pseudo " " . . 27

. . . . . DNA . . 3002. 1 3002 . An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA " stability of its homologous coding gene " . 99 1 . Makorin1-p . : . " " .001 .37

" DNA ".101 32 3002 DNA . " DNA " . DNA . Wojciech Makalowski : " -Wojciech Maka lowski " " (Not Junk After All ) : " DNA ... . " DNA " . " DNA " DNA.... " 201 DNA . DNA " " . .

" " BR ZAMANLAR TRLERN KKEN TRLEME SANILIYORDU New Scientist 41 3002 (How Are New Species " )?Formed " .

47

George Turner : . . " " . . . . 301 . " " " ". " " . " " . . ( ) . . " " ( ) . " " . . .

57

" " " " . . . . . . . .

" """Biyolojik Deiimin Doal Snrlar . . 041 . " ". Luther Burbank : . ... ... 67

( ) ... . ... . 401 . . . Loren Eisley : . . 501 . Edward S. Deevy : " . " 601 " ". . : . 03 03 52 . . 63 65 . 701 :77

... ( ). . 801 ( Natural Limits to Biological Change ) . Lane P. Lester'n . Raymond G. Bohlin . : .. . : . . . 901 . : 1) . . . " " . " ". ( ". 2) 87

. " ". . " " . " " . " " 0391 . . .

Galapagos'taki Canllar Evrimi Reddediyor " " . . . " " " " . Peter Rosemary Grant " " 97

" ". 011

?Mutasyonlar Ne e Yarar

. ... . . . ( )Lester( )Bohlin ( ) " ( ")DNA " 111 ".rekombinasyon

08

. . ( )Pierre-Paul Grass " ... ." 211 ( )Grass " ". " ." 311 . . ( 21) . ( ) 51 . . . . ( ) ( )mutant . ( )Mutant . 18

(). ( )Jonathan Wells ( ). ( )mutant . ( )mutant . 411 ( ) . . ( ) . () () : ( )... . . ... ... () ( .)Maderia . . . . ( ) . .51128

:" ." " " . . ( )Merle d'Aubigne ( ) Croix de Guerre : . " ". ( )Grand Mller : " ". . . . . " " ( .)Merle d'Aubigne . : " .

38

" ( 72 ). ."te ylesine Hikayeler"in Sonu

( ): . . ( )Gilbert ( )Optiz( )Raff ( ) Developmental Biology 6991 " " . 711 . " ". . ( ) . ( ) . : . . . . . . . 48

. . . . . 811 (. . ) T. S. Kemp ( ) 9991 ( ) ( ) : ( ) . . : . . ( ).911 ( )Patterson ( )Kemp ( ) . . ( 58

) . ( )Jean Baptiste Lamarck 051 . . : . . . . . . " ". ( )Lamark ( ) . " " " ". " " " " ". ( ) .

68

. ( ) ( ) . ... . . ( )Pierre-Paul Grass . () : . . . . .021 . ( ) . . ( ). (

78

" " ). . " " . " " . ( )Lan Tattersall " " ( .)New York Times ( ) : . ( )Lan Tattersall : " ( ) ."121 ( )Henry Gee ( )Nature ( ) 9991 : . ( ) . . 221 . ( ) . 88

. . . . " " ... " " " ". . . : " . . .

BR ZAMANLAR AT SERLER SENARYOSU VARDI

.

98

. . . . Richard owen 1481 Hyracotherium . . Hyracotherium . Vladimir 4781 Kovalevsky

. Hyracotherium 9781 . Othniel Charles Marsh Thomas Huxley ( ) . Hyracotherium Eohippus " ". - Eohippus . 321 ,Eohippus , Orohippus, Miohippus Hipparion, Equus . . .

09

. . . . . . . Gordon Ratray Taylor ( BBC ) : " ... . Eohippus Equus . Eohippus . ". 421 . Heribert Nilsson . " ": . . ( ). . 521 . 19

0891 081 . Boyce Ransberger : 05 . . .621 . . . March . Robert milner " " : " .. . "721 . , " : Garret Hardin ...

29

... "821 . Francis Hitching : " "921 . . . . . . . . .

At serilerindeki Tutarsizliklar ve Evrimcilerin Itiraflari . ( Eohippus ) Hyracotherium Kandilart ) ( Conylarth . 031 . . 1891 . 39

. 01 . . . 131 . . . .Mesohippus Jonathan Wells ( ) 9991 Miohippus Mesohippus .231 . . O. C. Marsh .331 . . . . : . 49

Bruce Mcfaddan 6 . 431 51 91 6. . . . . . . Clydesdale .Fallabella Fallabella 34 .531 . . . . Ernest Mayr 1002 " ". 631 .

59

. David Raup 9791 : . . . . 731 . Dr. Niles Eldridge . : . 05 . . . 831 . . 69

. .

Atin Bacaklariyla Ilgili Korelme Iddialari ve Gercekler . . . . . 391 . Pierre Paul Grasse . . ( ) . : . Poclofil 79

( ) ... . . 041 . . . 2002 ( ). 52 . . . Doc. Dr. Andrew Rapoff . 141 . . . " " . 89

. " " .

" "BIR ZAMANLAR BIBERLI KELEBEKLER HIKAYESI VARDI Biston Betularia . " " . Biston . Betularia Typica . " ". . Biston Betularia . " " . . " ". . " " . . : . " " . ( ) 99

. . . " " . . .

( )Kettlewell:Kettlewell'in "Yaptrma" Kelebekleri () . . . (H.B.D) () 3591 . . () . Liken . () (

001

) 9591 . . () () . () . () .241 5891. ( ) . ( ) () . () : " . ( )Betularia ." 341 . ( ) Atlantic Monthly, New York Times Book ) Review () ( : Moths and Men: The

)Untold Story of Science and The Peppered Moth 2002 : () " ". ...." ." 441101

() . ( ) " () . ." ( ). ( Icons of Evolution ). ( ) . : () . . : " () " () . () . : () . ()

201

. .541 . . ( ) . 641- Masaln Ykselii ve k

: ( ) () () : . ( ) . 741 () . ( ) ( )College of William and Mary . ( ) () (): ( ) () ( ):"

301

. " ( ) ( ) . . ." ( ) () () ( ) . ( ) " () " " " 841 ( )Biston Betularia . . () . . ( ) ( ): . ( )Maie ( )Pittsburgh ... () . ( ) . () " " " ( ) ."941 " " . 401

. . 9991 ()The Daily Telegraph : ( ) . () " ". ( )Biston Betularia . 051 ( ) . . .-YAKIN ZAMANA KADAR DNOKU MASALLARI VARDI

:

: ( ) () . ( ) ( ) .501

( ) ( ) ( ) 3002 ( .)Scientific American () () . " ( ) . " " . . () () ()Scientific American ( ) . . ( )Alan Feduccia () . ( ) . () . ( ) () () ( ) . ( ) 2002 ( ) ( )The Auk . () ( ) 601

. () ( ) . . ()dino- fuzz . () : . ( )dinofuzz . 151 (() () (Scientific )American : () . (( theropod .251 () ( )dino fuzz . () : ( )dino-fuzz . . ( )dino-fuzz ( ) . .

701

( " )protofeather " ( .)Xu .351 () : ( )Solnhofen ( ) .451 . ! ( .)dino-fuzz () : ()Teropodlar ( )dino-fuzz . ( )dromaeosaur ( )dino-fuzz 551 ( ) ()

801

( )dino-fuzz . ( )Yixian( )Jiufotang ( )dino-fuzz . (- )Nature . 651 ( ) (- ) ( )dino-fuzz . ( ) . ( ) ( . ) ( ) ( )Scientific American . (.)Cladistics ( . ) ( ) ( )Scientific American ( ) (- ): ( ) ( ) 031 . : ( ). . .

901

. . ( .)Cladistics . ()Cladistics . ( )Velociraptor : ( )Velociraptor . ( )Rahonavis ( )Kratase ( )Velociraptor . . ( ) . 751 ( )Cladistics . : ()Velociraptor . . ( )Velociraptor 011

() . ( ) . . . ( )Cladistics . : 1 () . . 2 051 . 3 . . (.)cladistics ( )Cladisticsle " " . ( )Lysenkoizm ( )Trofim Lysenko ( )SSCB ( .)Stalin 111

(.)Lysenkoizm:- Kular ile Dinozorlar Arasndaki Almaz Farklar

: () () ( ) . " " " " . : 1 . . . .851 2 ( ) ( )Julie Nowicki 2002 .951 3 . ( )Andre Elzanowski 9991 " ( )dromaeosaurid .061 4 . . . () : ( )theropodlar

211

. ()theropodlar . : ( ( ) ( )Mesozoic ()Cathayornis ( )Parahesperornis( )Hesperornis ( ...)theropodlar ( )theropodlar . 161 5 . . . .261 . () ( ) . : . . . : " . . ." (311

77-97 ).:- SONSZ

: ( )Thomas Kuhn ()Paradigma ( ). ( )Paradigma " " . ( )Paradigma . ()Kopernik ( )Paradigma ( .)Paradigma ( )Thomas Kuhn ( )Paradigma ( ). ( )Thomas Kuhn ( )Paradigma. ( )Thomas Kuhn " " . ( )Thomas Kuhn ( ): ( ) " ." . () " " . . . ( ).

411

. . . ( . ) ( )California Berkeley . () : . . . .361 . . ( )Miller . . 511

( )Kohne . . . . . . . . . ( ) ( ): 18 :" ". . . . . . : " ".( 24 ). 611

. . . ******** .

REFERENCES: 1- Sren Lvtrup , Darwinism: The Refutation of A Myth, Croom Helm, New York, 1987, s.422 2- Robert D. Martin, Primatlarn Orijini ve Evrim, Princetown niversitesi Yaynlar, 1990, s.82 3- David Pilbeam, American Scientist, Say 66, Mays-Haziran, 1978, s.379 4- Jonathan Wells, California Berkeley niversitesi'nde biyoloji lisans ve molekler biyoloji doktoras yapm bir bilim adamdr. Ayrca Yale niversitesi'nde 19. yzyldaki Darwinizm tartmalarnn tarihi Halen Seattle'daki Discovery Institute'da almalarn srdrmektedir. 5- Evrimin bir din olarak tanmlanmas baz okuyuculara garip gelebilir, ama son derece yerindedir. Din, bir insann inand ve hayata bakn belirleyen temel prensipleri ifade eder. nsana materyalist bir bak veren ve bilime deil inanca dayanan evrim teorisi de bir dindir. Bu teoriyi din olarak tanmlayanlar arasnda Julian Huxley veya Pierre Teilhard de Chardin gibi baz evrimcilerin de yer aldn belirtmek gerekir. 6- Benjamin D. Wiker, "Does Science Point to God? Part II: The Christian Critics", The Crisis Magazine, Temmuz-Austos 2003, http://www.crisismagazine.com/julaug2003/feature1.htm 7- CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER, Down [March 29, 1863]. http://ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext00/2llcd10.txt 8- "The Crucible of Life", Earth, ubat 1998 9- "Origin of Life on Earth", National Geographic, Mart 1998 10- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, Science or Myth, Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong, Washington, DC, Regnery Publishing, 2000, p.21

117

11- Jeremy Rifkin, Darwin'in k, Ufuk Kitaplar, stanbul 2001, s.133 12- Paul Davies, C.W. [renouned physicist] & Adams Phillip [journalist], "More Big Questions," ABC Books: Sydney, Australia, 1998, ss.53-54, 4748, 48 13- Michael J. Behe, Darwin'in Kara Kutusu, "Evrim Teorisi"ne Kar Biyokimyasal Zafer, Aksoy Yaynclk, 1998, s.8 14- Michael J. Behe, Darwin'in Kara Kutusu, s.14 15- Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanr'nn Sakl Yz, Gelenek Yaynclk, Nisan 2003, stanbul, ss.67-68 16- Michael J. Behe, Darwin'in Kara Kutusu, s.15 17- W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Co., 1991, p.325 18- Encyclopedia Britannica 2002, Expanded Edition DVD-ROM, "Cuvier, Georges, Baron" 19- Encyclopedia Britannica 2002, Expanded Edition DVD-ROM, "Cuvier, Georges, Baron" 20- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, The Modern Library, New York, p.234 21- Alan Feduccia, The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Yale University Press, 1999, p.81 22- N. Eldredge, and I. Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution, Columbia University Press, 1982, p.45-46 23- Hickman, C.P. [Professor Emeritus of Biology at Washington and Lee University in Lexington], L.P.Roberts [Professor Emeritus of Biology at Texas Tech University], and F.M. Hickman. 1988. Integrated Principles of Zoology. Times Mirror/Moseby College Publishing, St. Louis, MO. 939; (p.866) 24- Fossils and Evolution, Dr TS Kemp - Curator of Zoological Collections, Oxford University, Oxford Uni Press, s.246, 1999 25- David Berlinksi, Commentary , Sept. 1996 p.28 26- Gerald Schroeder, "Evolution: Rationality vs. Randomness", http://www.geraldschroeder.com/evolution.html 27- Richard A. Kerr, "A Trigger for the Cambrian Explosion?", Science, 298, Nov 22 2002: 1547 28- Gregory A. Wray, "The Grand Scheme of Life", Review of The Crucible Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals by Simon Conway Morris, Trends in Genetics, February 1999, vol. 15, no. 2

118

29- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, p.31 30- Niles Eldredge, Ian Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution, ss.126127 31- Lewontin, Richard C., Human Diversity, Scientific American Library: New York NY, 1995, s.163 32- Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, New York, The Free Press, 1999, p.116-117 33- Bernard Wood, Mark Collard, "The Human Genus", Science, vol. 284, No 5411, 2 April 1999, pp. 65-71 34- Pat Shipman, "Doubting Dmanisi", American Scientist, November- December 2000, s.491 35- Roger Lewin, Bones of Contention, s.312 36- John R. Durant, "The Myth of Human Evolution", New Universities Quarterly 35 (1981), pp. 425-438 37- G. A. Clark, C. M. Willermet, Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1997, p.76 38- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth, Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong, p.225 39- Paul S. Taylor, Origins Answer Book, 5. bask, 1995, p.35 40- John Whitfield, "Oldest member of human family found", Nature, 11 July 2002 41- D.L. Parsell, "Skull Fossil From Chad Forces Rethinking of Human Origins", National Geographic News, 10 Temmuz 2002 42- John Whitfield, "Oldest member of human family found", Nature, 11 Temmuz 2002 43- "Face of Yesterday: Henry Gee on the dramatic discovery of a sevenmillion-year-old hominid", The Guardian, 11 Temmuz 2002 44- Henry Gee, In Search Of Deep Time, Beyond the Fossil Record to a New Hstory of Life, p.5 45- Henry Gee, In Search Of Deep Time, s.32 46- F. Clark Howell, "Thoughts on the Study and Interpretation of the Human Fossil Record," ss.1-39 in W. Eric Meikle, F. Clark Howell & Nina G. Jablonski (editors), Contemporary Issues in Human Evolution , Memoir (San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1996), pp. 3, 31 47- Tom Abate, San Francisco Chronicle, 19, ubat 2001. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archi21

119

ve/2001/02/19/BU141026.DTL 48- Encyclopdia Britannica. "Modern Materialism" 49- Werner Gitt. In the Beginning Was Information. CLV, Bielefeld, Germany, pp. 107, 141 50- George C. Williams. The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution. (ed. John Brockman). New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995. pp. 42-43 51- Phillip Johnson's Weekly Wedge Update, "DNA Demoted" April 30, 2001, http://www.arn.org/docs/pjweekly/pj_weekly_010430.htm 52- Phillip Johnson's Weekly Wedge Update, "DNA Demoted" April 30, 2001 , http://www.arn.org/docs/pjweekly/pj_weekly_010430.htm 53- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species & The Descent of Man, The Modern Library, New York, p.398 54- Charles Darwin, Letter to Asa Gray, Sept. 10, 1860, in Francis Darwin (editor), The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. II (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1896), s.131 55- "HAECKEL'S FRAUDULENT CHARTS"; http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/17rec03.htm 56- L. Rutimeyer, "Referate," Archiv fur Anthropologie, 1868 57- Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong, New York: Ticknor and Fields 1982, p.204 58- Science, 5 Eyll 1997 59- Science, 5 Eyll 1997 60- Elizabeth Pennisi, "Haeckel's Embryos: Fraud Rediscovered", Science, 5 Eyll 1997 61- Ken McNamara, "Embryos and Evolution", New Scientist, 16 Ekim 1999 62- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?, p.84 63- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?, p.85 64- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?, p.86 65- Charles Darwin, Letter to Asa Gray, Sept. 10, 1860, in Francis Darwin (editor), The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. II (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1896), s.131 66- Dawkins'in "kr saati" tezinin rlmesi iin bkz. Lee Spetner, Not By Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution, Judaica Press, 1997; Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challange to Evolution, The Free Press, 1996; Phillip E. Johson, Darwin on Trial, 199, 2nd.ed., InterVarsity Press, 1993

120

67- Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, London: Penguin Books,1986; s.93-94 68- Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, Issue 37, 1999 69- Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, Issue 37, 1999 70- Walls, G.L. (1963). The Vertebrate Eye . New York: Hafner Publishing Company; s.652 71- Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, Issue 37, 1999 72- McIlwain, T.J. (1996). An Introduction to the Biology of Vision. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p.14 73- Michael Denton, The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?, Origins & Design, 19:2, Issue 37, 1999 74- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, III. ed. Chapter 13: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs 75- http://www.cerrah.net/apandist.htm 76- www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/6562/evolution/designgonebad.html 77- S. R. Scadding, "Do 'Vestigial Organs' Provide Evidence for Evolution?", Evolutionary Theory, Cilt 5, Mays 1981, p.173 78- Paul A. Nelson, "Jettison the Arguments, or the Rule? The Place of Darwinian Theological Themata in Evolutionary Reasoning", Access Research Network, 1988, http://www.arn.org/docs/nelson/pn_jettison.htm 79- George Schaller, H. Jinchu, P. Wenshi, and Z. Jing, The Giant Pandas of Wolong , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986, s.4, 58 80- Endo, H., Yamagiwa, D., Hayashi, Y. H., Koie, H., Yamaya, Y, and Kimura, J., Nature, vol. 397, 1999, pp. 309-310 81- Endo, H., Yamagiwa, D., Hayashi, Y. H., Koie, H., Yamaya, Y., and Kimura, J., Nature, vol. 397, 1999, pp. 309-310 82- Gretchen Vogel, "Objection #2: Why Sequence the Junk?", Science, 16 ubat 2001 83- Wojciech Makalowski, "Not Junk After All", Science, Volume 300, Number 5623, 23 Mays 2003, 84- http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od182/ls182.htm#anchor569108 85- "Does nonsense DNA speak it's own dialect?", Science News, Vol. 164 ,

121

24 Aralk,1994 86- Hubert Renauld and Susan M. Gasser, "Heterochromatin: a meiotic matchmaker," Trends in Cell Biology 7 (May 1997): pp. 201-205 87- Emile Zuckerkandl, "Neutral and Nonneutral Mutations: The Creative Mix-Evolution of Complexity in Gene Interaction Systems,' Journal of Molecular Evolution 44 (1997): S2-8. 88- Hubert Renauld and Susan M. Gasser, "Heterochromatin: a meiotic matchmaker," Trends in Cell Biology 7 (May 1997): 201-205. 89- Bencil DNA tezi: Evrimcilerin, kodlamayan DNA'nn szde evrimsel oluumunu aklamada bavurduu bir tez. Bu tez, canllarn ilevini yitirmi DNA paralar arasnda bir tr rekabet olduunu savunan hayali iddiadr. Bu yazda da gsterildii gibi, Crytomonad'lar zerinde yaplan bu almayla rtlmtr. 90- Beaton, M.J. and T. Cavalier-Smith. 1999. Eukaryotic non-coding DNA is functional: evidence from the differential scaling of cryptomonal genomes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 266:2053-2059 91- Sandell LL, Zakian VA. 1994. Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery, and chromosome loss. Cell 75: 729-739. 92- Ting SJ. 1995. A binary model of repetitive DNA sequence in Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA Cell Biol. 14: 83-85. 93- Vandendries ER, Johnson D, Reinke R. 1996. Orthodenticle is required for photoreceptor cell development in the Drosophila eye. Dev Biol 173: 243-255. 94- Keplinger BL, Rabetoy AL, Cavener DR. 1996. A somatic reproductive organ enhancer complex activates expression in both the developing and the mature Drosophila reproductive tract. Dev Biol 180: 311-323. 95- Kohler J, Schafer-Preuss S, Buttgereit D. 1996. Related enhancers in the intron of the beta1 tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogaster are essential for maternal and CNS-specific expression during embryogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 24: 2543-2550. 96- R. Nowak, "Mining Treasures from 'junk DNA ", Science 263 (1994): 608. 97- "DNA; Junk or Not", The New York Times, 4 Mart 2003 98- Gretchen Vogel, "Objection #2: Why Sequence the Junk?", Science, 16 ubat 2001 99- Hirotsune, S., Yoshida, N., Chen, A., Garrett, L., Sugiyama, F., Takahas-

122

hi, S., Yagami, K., Wynshaw-Boris, A., and Yoshiki, A. 2003. An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene. Nature 423: 91-96. 100- Lee, J. T. 2003. Molecular biology: Complicity of gene and pseudogene [News and Views]/78 Emile Zuckerkandl, "Neutral and Nonneutral Mutations: The Creative Mix-Evolution of Complexity in Gene Interaction Systems,' Journal of Molecular Evolution 44 (1997): S2-S8.ature 423: 2628. 101- "The Birth of an Alternatively Spliced Exon: 3' Splice-Site Selection in Alu Exons ", Galit Lev-Maor, et al. Science, Volume 300, Number 5623, Issue of 23 May 2003, pp. 1288-1291 102- Science, 23 Mays 2003 103- George Turner, "How Are New Species Formed?", New Scientist, June 14, 2003, s.36 104- Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried, Boston, Gambit INC., 1971, s.36. 105- Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried, ss.35-36 106- Edward S. Deevy, "The Reply: Letter from Birnam Wood", Yale Review, 56 (1967), s.636 107- Ernst Mayr, Animal Species and Evolution, Cambridge, Harvard University Pres, 1963, ss.285-286. 108- Ernst Mayr, Animal Species and Evolution, ss.290. 109- Lane P. Lester, Raymond G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, s.13-14 110- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, ss.159-175 111- Lane Lester, Raymond G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, 2nd ed, Probe Books, 1989, ss.67,70 112- Garry E. Parker, Creation: The Facts of Life, San Diego, Creation of Life Publishers, 1980, s.76 113- Pierre-Paul Grass, Evolution of Living Organisms, Academic Press, New York, 1977, p. 88 114- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution (Regnery, 2000), p.178 115- Lane Lester, Raymon G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, Probe Books, 1989, p.170-171 116- Henry Morgenau & Roy Abraham Varghese, Kosmos Bios Teos, Gelenek Yaynclk, Ekim 2002, stanbul, s.161. 117- Scott Gilbert, John Opitz, and Rudolf Raff, "Resynthesizing Evoluti-

123

onary and Developmental Biology", Developmental Biology 173, Article No. 0032, 1996, p.361 118- Personal letter (written 10 April 1979) from Dr. Collin Patterson, Senior Paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History in London, to Luther D. Sunderland; as quoted in Darwin's Enigma by Luther D. Sunderland, Master Books, San Diego, USA, 1984, p.89 119- T. S. Kemp, Fossils and Evolution, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.19 120- Pierre-P Grass, Evolution of Living Organisms, New York: Academic Press, 1977, s.103 121- Nicholas Wade, "Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways", The New York Times, 19 Austos 2003 122- Henry Gee, In Search Of Deep Time: Beyond The Fossil Record To A New Hstory Of Life, The Free Press, A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1999, s. 103 123- 0. C. Marsh, "Recent Polydactyle Horses", American Journal of Science 43, 1892, pp. 339-354 124- Gordon Rattray Taylor, "The Great Evolution Mystery" New York, Harper & Row, 1983, sf. 230 125- Heribert Nilsson, Synthetische Artbildung Lund, Sweden: Vertag CWE Gleenrup, 1954, pp. 551-552 126- Boyce Rensberger, Houston Chronicle, 5 Kasm 1980, Blm 4, p.15. 127- Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution, 1993, p.222 128- Garret Hardin, Nature and Man's Fate, (New York, Mentor, 1961), pp. 225-226. 129- Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe-Where Darwin Went Wrong, NY: Ticknor and Fields, 1982, pp. 16-17, 19, 28-30 130- Kofahl, R.E., Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter, Beta Books, San Diego, California, 1997, s.159 131- Voorhies M.R., "Ancient Ashfall Creates a Pompei of Prehistoric Animals," National Geographic, Vol. 159, No. 1, January 1981, ss.67-68,74 ; "Horse Find Defies Evolution" Creation Ex Nihilo 5(3):15, January 1983, http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3723.asp 132- Jonathan Wells, "Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? Why much of what we teach about evolution is wrong", s.199; Royal Truman, "A review of Icons of Evolution" www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/tj_v15n2_icons_review.asp

124

133- O.C. Marsh, 'Recent polydactyle horses,' American Journal of Science, 43:339354, 1892. 134- Bruce J. MacFadden et al., Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5million-year-old horses from Florida, Science 283(5403):824827, 5 February 1999. 135- Horse and horsemanship,' Encyclopdia Britannica, 20:646655, 15th ed. 1992 136- Ernst Mayr, What Evolution Is, New York: Basic Books, p.163 137- D.M. Raup, 'Conflicts between Darwin and paleontology,' Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50:22, 1979 138- Sunderland L.D., Darwin's Enigma, 1988, s.78 139- J. Bergman and G. Howe, 'Vestigial Organs' Are Fully Functional Creation Research Society Books, Kansas City, s.77, 1990; 140- Paul-Pierre Grasse., Evolution of Living Organisms, p.51-52 141- Florida niversitesi: "From the Bone of a Horse, a New Idea for Aircraft Structures, 2 Aralk 2002, http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2002news/horsebone.htm ; "Uzay ve Havaclk Mhendisleri Atn Kemik Tasarmn Taklit Ediyor" http://www.harunyahya.net/V2/Lang/tr/Pg/WorkDetail/Number/969 142-Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 2002, s.xvii 143- Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, s.xviii 144- Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, p.xviii 145- Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong, pp. 141-151 146- Jerry Coyne, "Not Black and White", a review of Michael Majerus's Melanism: Evolution in Action, Nature, 396 (1988), pp. 35-36 147- Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, p.xviii 148- Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, s.296 149- Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, s.293 150- Robert Matthews, "Scientists Pick Holes in Darwin's Moth Theory", The Daily Telegraph, London, 18 Mart 1999 151- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 152- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 153- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex

125

Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 154- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 155- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 156- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 157- http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/2099/DinoKabin.html 158- Michael J. Denton, Nature's Destiny, Free Press, New York, 1998, p.361 159- David Williamson, "Scientist Says Ostrich Study Confirms Bird 'Hands' Unlike Those Of Dinosaurs", EurekAlert, 14-Aug-2002, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-08/uonc-sso081402.php 160- A Elzanowski 1999. "A comparison of the jaw skeleton in theropods and birds, with a description of the palate in the Oviraptoridae". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 89:311323 161- Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Ekim 2002, vol. 119 (4), p.11871201 162- MORELL, V.."A Cold, Hard Look at Dinosaurs", Discover, 1996, 17(12):98108.++ 163- Phillip Johnson, A Step Forward in Ohio, Touchstone, Volume 16, Issue 1,Ocak-ubat 2003, sf. 11;http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/16.1docs/16-1pg11.html

452 Batlamyus 454 Kopernik . . . Luigi Galvani

126

554 Flojistan . Flojistan . 654 . . . . . . 854 . . . . " ". 954 . .

721

. . 064 . . 264 53 55 . 364 531 531 . 003 . 81 11 . 464 " : " ( 092 453 )

821

. 564 . " " . . . . . 664 . . . . 764 Benjamin Wiker

Lazzaro Spallanzxani Louis Pasteur

921

. " " . 374 J. B. S. Haldane Alexander Oparin Stanley Miller . . .

474 . 574 Termy Rifkin 674 Gerald Schroder 774 . . 874 974 . . . DNA 031

. DNA . . DNA . Cuvier . 184 " " . 284 Thomas Hukley . 384 Archaeopteryx . 284 Metaldetes . Wiwaxia . Mobergella ( 054 594 ) .131

Marella . 384 . Charles D. Walcott :Xystridura . Pikaia: kordota . 784 . . . 884 984 ! ( 5 32 ) ( 344 094 ) . Karides ( 441 602 ) . . 231

. " " . 041 . 52 . 094 . 194 3591: . 294 " ". 394 " " . Niles Eldredge .Stephen Jay Gould . 494 Sahelanthropus " " .

331

594 Sahelanthropus . 694 Sahelanthropus 894 Matrix . 994 Watson Crick . DNA " . 105 . 305 . 405 . .

431

505 Ernest Haeckel 605 Richardson 9991 . . 805 Richard dawkins " " 6891 " ". . 905 Michael Denton . 015 . . . . . . . . .

531

215 " ". 315 Stephen Jay Gould 415 " " 0891 " ". . 515 . . . . . . 9991 . " " " " " ". ( Endo. H. Yamagiwa. .D Hayashi. . Y. H. Koie. . H. Yamaya .Y. Kmura. J 9991 903 013 : 793 ) .

631

252 Loren Eisley Ernest mayr 725 . . . . 925 " " . . 035 . 135 Lamarck . 235 .

731

435 Richard Owen

Hyracotherium . . 535 Huxley " " . 635 . . 835 . . 045 Ponileri . ., . .

831

145 . . . Percheron . Ardennais . . . . H. B. D. Kettlewell 545 Judith Hooper . 745 . . 845 . " " . 3002 " " " . 055931

" " . ( 3002 ) Feduccia " ". 255 Theropod . . . 355 Velociraptor Velociraptor. Velociraptor . . . . 455 . .

041