darwinism (chap xv)

7/24/2019 Darwinism (Chap XV)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/darwinism-chap-xv 1/26

CHAPTER XV DARWINISM APPLIED TO MANGeneral identity of h!an and ani!al "tr#tre$Rdi!ent" and %ariation" "ho&in' relation of !an to other !a!!al"$The

e!(ryoni# de%elo)!ent of !an and other !a!!alia$Di"ea"e"#o!!on to !an and the lo&er ani!al"$The ani!al" !o"t nearlyallied to !an$The (rain" of !an and a)e"$E*ternal di+eren#e" of !an and a)e"$S!!ary of the ani!al #hara#teri"ti#" of !an$The'eolo'i#al anti,ity of !an$The )ro(a(le (irth)la#e of !an$Theori'in of the !oral and intelle#tal natre of !an$The ar'!entfro! #ontinity$The ori'in of the !athe!ati#al fa#lty$The ori'inof the !"i#al and arti"ti# fa#ltie"$Inde)endent )roof that the"efa#ltie" ha%e not (een de%elo)ed (y natral "ele#tion$Theinter)retation of the fa#t"$Con#ldin' re!ar-".

Or re%ie& of !odern Dar&ini"! !i'ht /tly ha%e ter!inated &iththe )re#edin' #ha)ter0 (t the i!!en"e intere"t that atta#he" tothe ori'in of the h!an ra#e1 and the a!ont of !i"#on#e)tion&hi#h )re%ail" re'ardin' the e""ential tea#hin'" of Dar&in2" theoryon thi" ,e"tion1 a" &ell a" re'ardin' !y o&n ")e#ial %ie&" )on it1ind#e !e to de%ote a /nal #ha)ter to it" di"#""ion.To any one &ho #on"ider" the "tr#tre of !an2" (ody1 e%en in the!o"t ")er/#ial !anner1 it !"t (e e%ident that it i" the (ody of anani!al1 di+erin' 'reatly1 it i" tre1 fro! the (odie" of all otherani!al"1 (t a'reein' &ith the! in all e""ential featre". The (ony

"tr#tre of !an #la""e" hi! a" a %erte(rate0 the !ode of "#-lin'hi" yon' #la""e" hi! a" a !a!!al0 hi" (lood1 hi" !"#le"1 and hi"ner%e"1 the "tr#tre of hi" heart &ith it" %ein" and arterie"1 hi"ln'" and hi" &hole re")iratory and #ir#latory "y"te!"1 all #lo"ely#orre")ond to tho"e of other !a!!al"1 and are often al!o"tidenti#al &ith the!. He )o""e""e" the "a!e n!(er of li!("ter!inatin' in the "a!e n!(er of di'it" a" (elon' fnda!entallyto the !a!!alian #la"". Hi" "en"e" are identi#al &ith their"1 andhi" or'an" of "en"e are the "a!e in n!(er and o##)y the "a!erelati%e )o"ition. E%ery detail of "tr#tre &hi#h i" #o!!on to the!a!!alia a" a #la"" i" fond al"o in !an1 &hile he only di+er" fro!

the! in "#h &ay" and de'ree" a" the %ario" ")e#ie" or 'ro)" of !a!!al" di+er fro! ea#h other. If1 then1 &e ha%e 'ood rea"on to(elie%e that e%ery e*i"tin' 'ro) of !a!!alia ha" de"#ended fro!"o!e #o!!on an#e"tral for!$a" &e "a& to (e "o #o!)letelyde!on"trated in the #a"e of the hor"e tri(e1$and that ea#h fa!ily1ea#h order1 and e%en the &hole #la"" !"t "i!ilarly ha%ede"#ended fro! "o!e !#h !ore an#ient and !ore 'enerali"edty)e1 it &old (e in the hi'he"t de'ree i!)ro(a(le$"o i!)ro(a(lea" to (e al!o"t in#on#ei%a(le$that !an1 a'reein' &ith the! "o#lo"ely in e%ery detail of hi" "tr#tre1 "hold ha%e had "o!e ,ite

di"tin#t !ode of ori'in. Let "1 then1 "ee &hat other e%iden#e (ear")on the ,e"tion1 and &hether it i" "+i#ient to #on%ert the



)ro(a(ility of hi" ani!al ori'in into a )ra#ti#al #ertainty. Rudiments and Variations as Indicating the Relation of Man toother Mammals. All the hi'her ani!al" )re"ent rdi!ent" of or'an" &hi#h1 tho'h"ele"" to the!1 are "efl in "o!e allied 'ro)1 and are (elie%ed

to ha%e de"#ended fro! a #o!!on an#e"tor in &hi#h they &ere"efl. Th" there are in r!inant" rdi!ent" of in#i"or teeth&hi#h1 in "o!e ")e#ie"1 ne%er #t thro'h the '!"0 !any li3ard"ha%e e*ternal rdi!entary le'"0 &hile !any (ird"1 a" the A)tery*1ha%e ,ite rdi!entary &in'". No& !an )o""e""e" "i!ilarrdi!ent"1 "o!eti!e" #on"tantly1 "o!eti!e" only o##a"ionally)re"ent1 &hi#h "er%e inti!ately to #onne#t hi" (odily "tr#tre &iththat of the lo&er ani!al". Many ani!al"1 for e*a!)le1 ha%e a")e#ial !"#le for !o%in' or t&it#hin' the "-in. In !an there arere!nant" of thi" in #ertain )art" of the (ody1 e")e#ially in theforehead1 ena(lin' " to rai"e or eye(ro&"0 (t "o!e )er"on"ha%e it in other )art". A fe& )er"on" are a(le to !o%e the &hole"#al) "o a" to thro& o+ any o(4e#t )la#ed on the head1 and thi")ro)erty ha" (een )ro%ed1 in one #a"e1 to (e inherited. In the oterfold of the ear there i" "o!eti!e" a )ro4e#tin' )oint1 #orre")ondin'in )o"ition to the )ointed ear of !any ani!al"1 and (elie%ed to (e ardi!ent of it. In the ali!entary #anal there i" a rdi!ent$the %er!ifor! a))enda'e of the #ae#!$&hi#h i" not only "ele""1 (ti" "o!eti!e" a #a"e of di"ea"e and death in !an0 yet in !any %e'eta(le feedin' ani!al" it i" %ery lon'1 and e%en in the oran'5tan it i" of #on"idera(le len'th and #on%olted. So1 !an )o""e""e"

rdi!entary (one" of a tail #on#ealed (eneath the "-in1 and1 in"o!e rare #a"e"1 thi" for!" a !inte e*ternal tail.The %aria(ility of e%ery )art of !an2" "tr#tre i" %ery 'reat1 and!any of the"e %ariation" tend to a))ro*i!ate to&ard" the "tr#treof other ani!al". The #or"e" of the arterie" are e!inently %aria(le1 "o that for "r'i#al )r)o"e" it ha" (een ne#e""ary todeter!ine the )ro(a(le )ro)ortion of ea#h %ariation. The !"#le"are "o %aria(le that in /fty #a"e" the !"#le" of the foot &ere fondto (e not "tri#tly ali-e in any t&o1 and in "o!e the de%iation" &ere#on"idera(le0 &hile in thirty5"i* "(4e#t" Mr. 6. Wood o("er%ed nofe&er than 778 !"#lar %ariation". The "a!e athor "tate" that in

a "in'le !ale "(4e#t there &ere no fe&er than "e%en !"#lar %ariation"1 all of &hi#h )lainly re)re"ented !"#le" )ro)er to %ario" -ind" of a)e". The !"#le" of the hand" and ar!"$)art"&hi#h are "o e!inently #hara#teri"ti# of !an$are e*tre!ely lia(leto %ary1 "o a" to re"e!(le the #orre")ondin' !"#le" of the lo&erani!al". That "#h %ariation" are de to re%er"ion to a for!er "tateof e*i"ten#e Mr. Dar&in thin-" hi'hly )ro(a(le1 and he add"9 :It i",ite in#redi(le that a !an "hold1 thro'h !ere a##ident1a(nor!ally re"e!(le #ertain a)e" in no le"" than "e%en of hi"!"#le"1 if there had (een no 'eneti# #onne#tion (et&een the!. On

the other hand1 if !an i" de"#ended fro! "o!e a)e5li-e #reatre1no %alid rea"on #an (e a""i'ned &hy #ertain !"#le" "hold not



"ddenly rea))ear after an inter%al of !any tho"and 'eneration"1in the "a!e !anner a"1 &ith hor"e"1 a""e"1 and !le"1 dar- #olored "tri)e" "ddenly rea))ear on the le'" and "holder"1 afteran inter%al of hndred"1 or !ore )ro(a(ly of tho"and" of 'eneration".:;<=

The Embryonic Development of Man and other Mammalia.The )ro're""i%e de%elo)!ent of any %erte(rate fro! the o%! or!inte e!(ryoni# e'' a+ord" one of the !o"t !ar%ello" #ha)ter"in Natral Hi"tory. We "ee the #ontent" of the o%! nder'oin'n!ero" de/nite #han'e"1 it" interior di%idin' and "(di%idin' tillit #on"i"t" of a !a"" of #ell"1 then a 'roo%e a))ear" !ar-in' ot the!edian line or %erte(ral #ol!n of the ftre ani!al1 andthereafter are "lo&ly de%elo)ed the %ario" e""ential or'an" of the(ody. After de"#ri(in' in "o!e detail &hat ta-e" )la#e in the #a"e of the o%! of the do'1 Profe""or H*ley #ontine"9 :The hi"tory of the de%elo)!ent of any other %erte(rate ani!al1 li3ard1 "na-e1 fro'1or /"h tell" the "a!e "tory. There i" al&ay" to (e'in &ith1 an e''ha%in' the "a!e e""ential "tr#tre a" that of the do'0 the yel- of that e'' nder'oe" di%i"ion or "e'!entation1 a" it i" #alled1 thelti!ate )rod#t" of that "e'!entation #on"titte the (ildin'!aterial" for the (ody of the yon' ani!al0 and thi" i" (ilt )rond a )ri!iti%e 'roo%e1 in the >oor of &hi#h a noto#hord i"de%elo)ed. ?rther!ore1 there i" a )eriod in &hi#h the yon' of allthe"e ani!al" re"e!(le one another1 not !erely in ot&ard for!1(t in all e""ential" of "tr#tre1 "o #lo"ely1 that the di+eren#e"(et&een the! are in#on"idera(le1 &hile in their "("e,ent #or"e

they di%er'e !ore and !ore &idely fro! one another. And it i" a'eneral la& that the !ore #lo"ely any ani!al" re"e!(le oneanother in adlt "tr#tre1 the lar'er and the !ore inti!ately dotheir e!(ryo" re"e!(le one another0 "o that1 for e*a!)le1 thee!(ryo" of a "na-e and of a li3ard re!ain li-e one another lon'erthan do tho"e of a "na-e and a (ird0 and the e!(ryo" of a do' andof a #at re!ain li-e one another for a far lon'er )eriod than dotho"e of a do' and a (ird1 or of a do' and an o)o""!1 or e%en thantho"e of a do' and a !on-ey.:;@=

We th" "ee that the "tdy of de%elo)!ent a+ord" a te"t of a+inityin ani!al" that are e*ternally %ery !#h nli-e ea#h other0 and &e

natrally a"- ho& thi" a))lie" to !an. I" he de%elo)ed in a di+erent&ay fro! other !a!!al"1 a" &e "hold #ertainly e*)e#t if he ha"had a di"tin#t and alto'ether di+erent ori'in :The re)ly1: "ay"Profe""or H*ley1 :i" not do(tfl for a !o!ent. Withot ,e"tion1the !ode of ori'in and the early "ta'e" of the de%elo)!ent of !anare identi#al &ith tho"e of the ani!al" i!!ediately (elo& hi! inthe "#ale.: And a'ain he tell" "9 :It i" %ery lon' (efore the (ody of the yon' h!an (ein' #an (e readily di"#ri!inated fro! that of the yon' )))y0 (t at a tolera(ly early )eriod the t&o (e#o!edi"tin'i"ha(le (y the di+erent for!" of their ad4n#t"1 the yel-5"a#

and the allantoi"0: and after de"#ri(in' the"e di+eren#e" he#ontine"9 :Bt e*a#tly in tho"e re")e#t" in &hi#h the de%elo)in'



!an di+er" fro! the do'1 he re"e!(le" the a)e.... So that it i" only,ite in the latter "ta'e" of de%elo)!ent that the yon' h!an(ein' )re"ent" !ar-ed di+eren#e" fro! the yon' a)e1 &hile thelatter de)art" a" !#h fro! the do' in it" de%elo)!ent a" the !andoe". Startlin' a" thi" la"t a""ertion !ay a))ear to (e1 it i"

de!on"tra(ly tre1 and it alone a))ear" to !e "+i#ient to )la#e(eyond all do(t the "tr#tral nity of !an &ith the re"t of theani!al &orld1 and !ore )arti#larly and #lo"ely &ith the a)e".:;=

A fe& of the #rio" detail" in &hi#h !an )a""e" thro'h "ta'e"#o!!on to the lo&er ani!al" !ay (e !entioned. At one "ta'e theo" #o##y* )ro4e#t" li-e a tre tail1 e*tendin' #on"idera(ly (eyondthe rdi!entary le'". In the "e%enth !onth the #on%oltion" of the(rain re"e!(le tho"e of an adlt (a(oon. The 'reat toe1 "o#hara#teri"ti# of !an1 for!in' the fl#r! &hi#h !o"t a""i"t" hi!in "tandin' ere#t1 in an early "ta'e of the e!(ryo i" !#h "horterthan the other toe"1 and in"tead of (ein' )arallel &ith the!1)ro4e#t" at an an'le fro! the "ide of the foot1 th" #orre")ondin'&ith it" )er!anent #ondition in the ,adr!ana. N!ero" othere*a!)le" !i'ht (e ,oted1 all ill"tratin' the "a!e 'eneral la&.

Diseases Common to Man and the Loer !nimals.Tho'h the fa#t i" "o &ell -no&n1 it i" #ertainly one of )rofond"i'ni/#an#e that !any ani!al di"ea"e" #an (e #o!!ni#ated to!an1 "in#e it "ho&" "i!ilarity1 if not identity1 in the !inte"tr#tre of the ti""e"1 the natre of the (lood1 the ner%e"1 and the(rain. S#h di"ea"e" a" hydro)ho(ia1 %ariola1 the 'lander"1 #holera1her)e"1 et#.1 #an (e tran"!itted fro! ani!al" to !an or the

re%er"e0 &hile !on-ey" are lia(le to !any of the "a!e non5#onta'io" di"ea"e" a" &e are. Ren''er1 &ho #areflly o("er%ed the#o!!on !on-ey Ce(" A3arae in Para'ay1 fond it lia(le to#atarrh1 &ith the "al "y!)to!"1 ter!inatin' "o!eti!e" in#on"!)tion. The"e !on-ey" al"o "+ered fro! a)o)le*y1in>a!!ation of the (o&el"1 and #atara#t in the eye. Medi#ine")rod#ed the "a!e e+e#t )on the! a" )on ". Many -ind" of !on-ey" ha%e a "tron' ta"te for tea1 #o+ee1 ")irit"1 and e%ento(a##o. The"e fa#t" "ho& the "i!ilarity of the ner%e" of ta"te in!on-ey" and in or"el%e"1 and that their &hole ner%o" "y"te! i"a+e#ted in a "i!ilar &ay. E%en the )ara"ite"1 (oth e*ternal and

internal1 that a+e#t !an are not alto'ether )e#liar to hi!1 (t(elon' to the "a!e fa!ilie" or 'enera a" tho"e &hi#h infe"tani!al"1 and in one #a"e1 "#a(ie"1 e%en the "a!e ")e#ie". ;F= The"e#rio" fa#t" "ee! ,ite in#on"i"tent &ith the idea that !an2"(odily "tr#tre and natre are alto'ether di"tin#t fro! tho"e of ani!al"1 and ha%e had a di+erent ori'in0 &hile the fa#t" are 4"t&hat &e "hold e*)e#t if he ha" (een )rod#ed (y de"#ent &ith!odi/#ation fro! "o!e #o!!on an#e"tor.The !nimals most nearly !llied to Man.By ni%er"al #on"ent &e "ee in the !on-ey tri(e a #ari#atre of

h!anity. Their fa#e"1 their hand"1 their a#tion" and e*)re""ion")re"ent ldi#ro" re"e!(lan#e" to or o&n. Bt there i" one 'ro)



of thi" 'reat tri(e in &hi#h thi" re"e!(lan#e i" 'reate"t1 and theyha%e hen#e (een #alled the anthro)oid or !an5li-e a)e". The"e arefe& in n!(er1 and inha(it only the e,atorial re'ion" of Afri#a and A"ia1 #ontrie" &here the #li!ate i" !o"t nifor!1 the fore"t"den"e"t1 and the "))ly of frit a(ndant thro'hot the year.

The"e ani!al" are no& #o!)arati%ely &ell -no&n1 #on"i"tin' of theoran'5tan of Borneo and S!atra1 the #hi!)an3ee and the 'orillaof We"t Afri#a1 and the 'ro) of 'i((on" or lon'5ar!ed a)e"1#on"i"tin' of !any ")e#ie" and inha(itin' Soth5Ea"tern A"ia andthe lar'er Malay I"land". The"e la"t are far le"" li-e !an than theother three1 one or other of &hi#h ha" at %ario" ti!e" (een#lai!ed to (e the !o"t !an5li-e of the a)e" and or neare"trelation" in the ani!al -in'do!. The ,e"tion of the de'ree of re"e!(lan#e of the"e ani!al" to or"el%e" i" one of 'reat intere"t1leadin'1 a" it doe"1 to "o!e i!)ortant #on#l"ion" a" to or ori'inand 'eolo'i#al anti,ity1 and &e &ill therefore (rie>y #on"ider it.If &e #o!)are the "-eleton" of the oran' or #hi!)an3ee &ith thatof !an1 &e /nd the! to (e a -ind of di"torted #o)y1 e%ery (one#orre")ondin' &ith %ery fe& e*#e)tion"1 (t altered "o!e&hat in"i3e1 )ro)ortion"1 and )o"ition. So 'reat i" thi" re"e!(lan#e that itled Profe""or O&en to re!ar-9 :I #annot "ht !y eye" to the"i'ni/#an#e of that all5)er%adin' "i!ilitde of "tr#tre$e%erytooth1 e%ery (one1 "tri#tly ho!olo'o"$&hi#h !a-e" thedeter!ination of the di+eren#e (et&een "omo and #ithecus theanato!i"t2" di+i#lty.:The a#tal di+eren#e" in the "-eleton" of the"e a)e" and that of

!an$that i"1 di+eren#e" de)endent on the )re"en#e or a("en#e of #ertain (one"1 and not on their for! or )o"ition$ha%e (eenen!erated (y Mr. Mi%art a" follo&"9$< In the (rea"t5(one#on"i"tin' of (t t&o (one"1 !an a'ree" &ith the 'i((on"0 the#hi!)an3ee and 'orilla ha%in' thi" )art #on"i"tin' of "e%en (one"in a "in'le "erie"1 &hile in the oran' they are arran'ed in a do(le"erie" of ten (one". @ The nor!al n!(er of the ri(" in the oran'and "o!e 'i((on" i" t&el%e )air"1 a" in !an1 &hile in the#hi!)an3ee and 'orilla there are thirteen )air". The oran' andthe 'i((on" al"o a'ree &ith !an in ha%in' /%e l!(ar %erte(rae1&hile in the 'orilla and the #hi!)an3ee there are (t for1 and

"o!eti!e" only three. F The 'orilla and #hi!)an3ee a'ree &ith!an in ha%in' ei'ht "!all (one" in the &ri"t1 &hile the oran' andthe 'i((on"1 a" &ell a" all other !on-ey"1 ha%e nine.;7=

The di+eren#e" in the for!1 "i3e1 and atta#h!ent" of the %ario"(one"1 !"#le"1 and other or'an" of the"e a)e" and !an are %eryn!ero" and e*#eedin'ly #o!)le*1 "o!eti!e" one ")e#ie"1"o!eti!e" another a'reein' !o"t nearly &ith or"el%e"1 th")re"entin' a tan'led &e( of a+initie" &hi#h it i" %ery di+i#lt tonra%el. E"ti!ated (y the "-eleton alone1 the #hi!)an3ee and'orilla "ee! nearer to !an than the oran'1 &hi#h la"t i" al"o

inferior a" )re"entin' #ertain a(erration" in the !"#le". In thefor! of the ear the 'orilla i" !ore h!an than any other a)e1 &hile



in the ton'e the oran' i" the !ore !an5li-e. In the "to!a#h andli%er the 'i((on" a))roa#h neare"t to !an1 then #o!e the oran'and #hi!)an3ee1 &hile the 'orilla ha" a de'raded li%er !orere"e!(lin' that of the lo&er !on-ey" and (a(oon".The $rains of Man and !pes.

We #o!e no& to that )art of hi" or'ani"ation in &hi#h !an i" "o!#h hi'her than all the lo&er ani!al"$the (rain0 and here1 Mr.Mi%art infor!" "1 the oran' "tand" hi'he"t in ran-. The hei'ht of the oran'2" #ere(r! in front i" 'reater in )ro)ortion than in eitherthe #hi!)an3ee or the 'orilla. :On #o!)arin' the (rain of !an &iththe (rain" of the oran'1 #hi!)an3ee1 and (a(oon1 &e /nd a"##e""i%e de#rea"e in the frontal lo(e1 and a "##e""i%e and %ery'reat in#rea"e in the relati%e "i3e of the o##i)ital lo(e.Con#o!itantly &ith thi" in#rea"e and de#rea"e1 #ertain fold" of (rain "("tan#e1 #alled 2(rid'in' #on%oltion"12 &hi#h in !an are#on")i#o"ly inter)o"ed (et&een the )arietal and o##i)ital lo(e"1"ee! a" tterly to di"a))ear in the #hi!)an3ee1 a" they do in the(a(oon. In the oran'1 ho&e%er1 tho'h !#h red#ed1 they are "tillto (e di"tin'i"hed.... The a#tal and a("olte !a"" of the (rain i"1ho&e%er1 "li'htly 'reater in the #hi!)an3ee than in the oran'1 a" i"the relati%e %erti#al e*tent of the !iddle )art of the #ere(r!1altho'h1 a" already "tated1 the frontal )ortion i" hi'her in theoran'0 &hile1 a##ordin' to M. Gratiolet1 the 'orilla i" not onlyinferior to the oran' in #ere(ral de%elo)!ent1 (t e%en to hi""!aller Afri#an #on'ener1 the #hi!)an3ee.:;=

On the &hole1 then1 &e /nd that no one of the 'reat a)e" #an (e

)o"iti%ely a""erted to (e neare"t to !an in "tr#tre. Ea#h of the!a))roa#he" hi! in #ertain #hara#teri"ti#"1 &hile in other" it i"&idely re!o%ed1 'i%in' the idea1 "o #on"onant &ith the theory of e%oltion a" de%elo)ed (y Dar&in1 that all are deri%ed fro! a#o!!on an#e"tor1 fro! &hi#h the e*i"tin' anthro)oid a)e" a" &ella" !an ha%e di%er'ed. When1 ho&e%er1 &e trn fro! the detail" of anato!y to )e#liaritie" of e*ternal for! and !otion"1 &e /nd that1in a %ariety of #hara#ter"1 all the"e a)e" re"e!(le ea#h other anddi+er fro! !an1 "o that &e !ay fairly "ay that1 &hile they ha%edi%er'ed "o!e&hat fro! ea#h other1 they ha%e di%er'ed !#h!ore &idely fro! or"el%e". Let " (rie>y en!erate "o!e of the"e

di+eren#e". E%ternal Di&erences of Man and !pes. All a)e" ha%e lar'e #anine teeth1 &hile in !an the"e are no lon'erthan the ad4a#ent in#i"or" or )re!olar"1 the &hole for!in' a)erfe#tly e%en "erie". In a)e" the ar!" are )ro)ortionately !#hlon'er than in !an1 &hile the thi'h" are !#h "horter. No a)e"tand" really ere#t1 a )o"tre &hi#h i" natral in !an. The th!( i")ro)ortionately lar'er in !an1 and !ore )erfe#tly o))o"a(le thanin that of any a)e. The foot of !an di+er" lar'ely fro! that of alla)e"1 in the hori3ontal "ole1 the )ro4e#tin' heel1 the "hort toe"1 and

the )o&erfl 'reat toe /r!ly atta#hed )arallel to the other toe"0 all)erfe#tly ada)ted for !aintainin' the ere#t )o"tre1 and for free



!otion &ithot any aid fro! the ar!" or hand". In a)e" the foot i"for!ed al!o"t e*a#tly li-e or hand1 &ith a lar'e th!(5li-e 'reattoe ,ite free fro! the other toe"1 and "o arti#lated a" to (eo))o"a(le to the!0 for!in' &ith the lon' /n'er5li-e toe" a )erfe#t'ra")in' hand. The "ole #annot (e )la#ed hori3ontally on the

'rond0 (t &hen "tandin' on a le%el "rfa#e the ani!al re"t" onthe oter ed'e of the foot &ith the /n'er and th!(5li-e toe" )artly#lo"ed1 &hile the hand" are )la#ed on the 'rond re"tin' on the-n#-le". The ill"tration on the ne*t )a'e ?i'. "ho&"1 fairly&ell1 the )e#liaritie" of the hand" and feet of the #hi!)an3ee1 andtheir !ar-ed di+eren#e"1 (oth in for! and "e1 fro! tho"e of !an.The for li!("1 &ith the )e#liarly for!ed feet and hand"1 aretho"e of ar(oreal ani!al" &hi#h only o##a"ionally and a&-&ardly!o%e on le%el 'rond. The ar!" are "ed in )ro're""ion e,ally&ith the feet1 and the hand" are only ada)ted for "e" "i!ilar totho"e of or hand" &hen the ani!al i" at re"t1 and then (t#l!"ily. La"tly1 the a)e" are all hairy ani!al"1 li-e the !a4ority of other !a!!al"1 !an alone ha%in' a "!ooth and al!o"t na-ed "-in.The"e n!ero" and "tri-in' di+eren#e"1 e%en !ore than tho"e of the "-eleton and internal

anato!y1 )oint to an enor!o"ly re!ote e)o#h &hen the ra#e that&a" lti!ately to de%elo) into !an di%er'ed fro! that other "to#- &hi#h #ontined the ani!al ty)e and lti!ately )rod#ed thee*i"tin' %arietie" of anthro)oid a)e".

'ummary of the !nimal Characteristics of Man.The fa#t" no& %ery (rie>y "!!ari"ed a!ont al!o"t to ade!on"tration that !an1 in hi" (odily "tr#tre1 ha" (een deri%edfro! the lo&er ani!al"1 of &hi#h he i" the #l!inatin'

de%elo)!ent. In hi" )o""e""ion of rdi!entary "tr#tre" &hi#h arefn#tional in "o!e of the !a!!alia0 in the n!ero" %ariation" of hi" !"#le" and other or'an" a'reein' &ith #hara#ter" &hi#h are#on"tant in "o!e a)e"0 in hi" e!(ryoni# de%elo)!ent1 a("oltelyidenti#al in #hara#ter &ith that of !a!!alia in 'eneral1 and #lo"elyre"e!(lin' in it" detail" that of the hi'her ,adr!ana0 in thedi"ea"e" &hi#h he ha" in #o!!on &ith other !a!!alia0 and in the&onderfl a))ro*i!ation of hi" "-eleton to tho"e of one or other of the anthro)oid a)e"1 &e ha%e an a!ont of e%iden#e in thi"dire#tion &hi#h it "ee!" i!)o""i(le to e*)lain a&ay. And thi"e%iden#e &ill a))ear !ore for#i(le if &e #on"ider for a !o!ent&hat the re4e#tion of it i!)lie". ?or the only alternati%e "))o"itioni"1 that !an ha" (een ")e#ially #reated$that i" to "ay1 ha" (een



)rod#ed in "o!e ,ite di+erent &ay fro! other ani!al" andalto'ether inde)endently of the!. Bt in that #a"e the rdi!entary"tr#tre"1 the ani!al5li-e %ariation"1 the identi#al #or"e of de%elo)!ent1 and all the other ani!al #hara#teri"ti#" he )o""e""e"are de#e)ti%e1 and ine%ita(ly lead "1 a" thin-in' (ein'" !a-in'

"e of the rea"on &hi#h i" or no(le"t and !o"t di"tin#ti%e featre1into 'ro"" error.We #annot (elie%e1 ho&e%er1 that a #arefl "tdy of the fa#t" of natre lead" to #on#l"ion" dire#tly o))o"ed to the trth0 and1 a"&e "ee- in %ain1 in or )hy"i#al "tr#tre and the #or"e of it"de%elo)!ent1 for any indi#ation of an ori'in inde)endent of the re"tof the ani!al &orld1 &e are #o!)elled to re4e#t the idea of :")e#ial#reation: for !an1 a" (ein' entirely n"))orted (y fa#t" a" &ell a"in the hi'he"t de'ree i!)ro(a(le.The (eological !nti)uity of Man.The e%iden#e &e no& )o""e"" of the e*a#t natre of there"e!(lan#e of !an to the %ario" ")e#ie" of anthro)oid a)e"1"ho&" " that he ha" little ")e#ial a+inity for any one rather thananother ")e#ie"1 &hile he di+er" fro! the! all in "e%eral i!)ortant#hara#ter" in &hi#h they a'ree &ith ea#h other. The #on#l"ion to(e dra&n fro! the"e fa#t" i"1 that hi" )oint" of a+inity #onne#t hi!&ith the &hole 'ro)1 &hile hi" ")e#ial )e#liaritie" e,ally"e)arate hi! fro! the &hole 'ro)1 and that he !"t1 therefore1ha%e di%er'ed fro! the #o!!on an#e"tral for! (efore the e*i"tin'ty)e" of anthro)oid a)e" had di%er'ed fro! ea#h other. No&1 thi"di%er'en#e al!o"t #ertainly too- )la#e a" early a" the Mio#ene

)eriod1 (e#a"e in the ))er Mio#ene de)o"it" of We"tern Ero)ere!ain" of t&o ")e#ie" of a)e ha%e (een fond allied to the'i((on"1 one of the!1 Dryo)ithe#"1 nearly a" lar'e a" a !an1 and(elie%ed (y M. Lartet to ha%e a))roa#hed !an in it" dentition !orethan the e*i"tin' a)e". We "ee! hardly1 therefore1 to ha%e rea#hed1in the ))er Mio#ene1 the e)o#h of the #o!!on an#e"tor of !anand the anthro)oid".The e%iden#e of the anti,ity of !an hi!"elf i" al"o "#anty1 andta-e" " (t %ery little &ay (a#- into the )a"t. We ha%e #lear )roof of hi" e*i"ten#e in Ero)e in the latter "ta'e" of the 'la#ial e)o#h1&ith !any indi#ation" of hi" )re"en#e in inter'la#ial or e%en )re5

'la#ial ti!e"0 &hile (oth the a#tal re!ain" and the &or-" of !anfond in the arifero" 'ra%el" of California dee) nder la%a5>o&"of Plio#ene a'e1 "ho& that he e*i"ted in the Ne& World at lea"t a"early a" in the Old.;= The"e earlie"t re!ain" of !an ha%e (eenre#ei%ed &ith do(t1 and e%en &ith ridi#le1 a" if there &ere "o!ee*tre!e i!)ro(a(ility in the!. Bt1 in )oint of fa#t1 the &onder i"that h!an re!ain" ha%e not (een fond !ore fre,ently in )re5'la#ial de)o"it". Referrin' to the !o"t an#ient fo""il re!ain" fondin Ero)e$the En'i" and Neanderthal #rania1$Profe""or H*ley!a-e" the follo&in' &ei'hty re!ar-9 :In #on#l"ion1 I !ay "ay1 that

the fo""il re!ain" of Man hitherto di"#o%ered do not "ee! to !e tota-e " a))re#ia(ly nearer to that lo&er )ithe#oid for!1 (y the



!odi/#ation of &hi#h he ha"1 )ro(a(ly1 (e#o!e &hat he i".: TheCalifornian re!ain" and &or-" of art1 a(o%e referred to1 'i%e noindi#ation of a ")e#ially lo& for! of !an0 and it re!ain" ann"ol%ed )ro(le! &hy no tra#e" of the lon' line of !an2" an#e"tor"1(a#- to the re!ote )eriod &hen he /r"t (ran#hed o+ fro! the

)ithe#oid ty)e1 ha%e yet (een di"#o%ered.It ha" (een o(4e#ted (y "o!e &riter"$nota(ly (y Profe""or BoydDa&-in"$that !an did not )ro(a(ly e*i"t in Plio#ene ti!e"1(e#a"e al!o"t all the -no&n !a!!alia of that e)o#h are di"tin#t")e#ie" fro! tho"e no& li%in' on the earth1 and that the "a!e#han'e" of the en%iron!ent &hi#h led to the !odi/#ation of other!a!!alian ")e#ie" &old al"o ha%e led to a #han'e in !an. Btthi" ar'!ent o%erloo-" the fa#t that !an di+er" e""entially fro!all other !a!!al" in thi" re")e#t1 that &herea" any i!)ortantada)tation to ne& #ondition" #an (e e+e#ted in the! only (y a#han'e in (odily "tr#tre1 !an i" a(le to ada)t hi!"elf to !#h'reater #han'e" of #ondition" (y a !ental de%elo)!ent leadin' hi!to the "e of /re1 of tool"1 of #lothin'1 of i!)ro%ed d&ellin'"1 of net" and "nare"1 and of a'ri#ltre. By the hel) of the"e1 &ithotany #han'e &hate%er in hi" (odily "tr#tre1 he ha" (een a(le to")read o%er and o##)y the &hole earth0 to d&ell "e#rely in fore"t1)lain1 or !ontain0 to inha(it ali-e the (rnin' de"ert or the ar#ti#&a"te"0 to #o)e &ith e%ery -ind of &ild (ea"t1 and to )ro%idehi!"elf &ith food in di"tri#t" &here1 a" an ani!al tr"tin' tonatre2" naided )rod#tion"1 he &old ha%e "tar%ed.;8=

It follo&"1 therefore1 that fro! the ti!e &hen the an#e"tral !an

/r"t &al-ed ere#t1 &ith hand" freed fro! any a#ti%e )art inlo#o!otion1 and &hen hi" (rain5)o&er (e#a!e "+i#ient to #a"ehi! to "e hi" hand" in !a-in' &ea)on" and tool"1 ho"e" and#lothin'1 to "e /re for #oo-in'1 and to )lant "eed" or root" to"))ly hi!"elf &ith "tore" of food1 the )o&er of natral "ele#tion&old #ea"e to a#t in )rod#in' !odi/#ation" of hi" (ody1 (t&old #ontino"ly ad%an#e hi" !ind thro'h the de%elo)!ent of it" or'an1 the (rain. Hen#e !an !ay ha%e (e#o!e trly !an$the")e#ie"1 Ho!o "a)ien"$e%en in the Mio#ene )eriod0 and &hile allother !a!!al" &ere (e#o!in' !odi/ed fro! a'e to a'e nder thein>en#e of e%er5#han'in' )hy"i#al and (iolo'i#al #ondition"1 he

&old (e ad%an#in' !ainly in intelli'en#e1 (t )erha)" al"o in"tatre1 and (y that ad%an#e alone &old (e a(le to !aintainhi!"elf a" the !a"ter of all other ani!al" and a" the !o"t&ide")read o##)ier of the earth. It i" ,ite in a##ordan#e &ith thi" %ie& that &e /nd the !o"t )ronon#ed di"tin#tion (et&een !anand the anthro)oid a)e" in the "i3e and #o!)le*ity of hi" (rain.Th"1 Profe""or H*ley tell" " that :it !ay (e do(ted &hether ahealthy h!an adlt (rain e%er &ei'hed le"" than < or @ on#e"1or that the hea%ie"t 'orilla (rain ha" e*#eeded @J on#e"1:altho'h :a fll5'ro&n 'orilla i" )ro(a(ly )retty nearly t&i#e a"

hea%y a" a Bo"4e" !an1 or a" !any an Ero)ean &o!an.:

;K=

Thea%era'e h!an (rain1 ho&e%er1 &ei'h" F8 or FK on#e"1 and if &e



ta-e the a%era'e a)e (rain at only @ on#e" le"" than the %erylar'e"t 'orilla2" (rain1 or <8 on#e"1 &e "hall "ee (etter theenor!o" in#rea"e &hi#h ha" ta-en )la#e in the (rain of !an "in#ethe ti!e &hen he (ran#hed o+ fro! the a)e"0 and thi" in#rea"e &ill(e "till 'reater if &e #on"ider that the (rain" of a)e"1 li-e tho"e of

all other !a!!al"1 ha%e al"o in#rea"ed fro! earlier to later'eolo'i#al ti!e".If the"e %ario" #on"ideration" are ta-en into a##ont1 &e !"t#on#lde that the e""ential featre" of !an2" "tr#tre a"#o!)ared &ith that of a)e"$hi" ere#t )o"tre and free hand"$&ere a#,ired at a #o!)arati%ely early )eriod1 and &ere1 in fa#t1the #hara#teri"ti#" &hi#h 'a%e hi! hi" ")eriority o%er other!a!!al"1 and "tarted hi! on the line of de%elo)!ent &hi#h ha"led to hi" #on,e"t of the &orld. Bt drin' thi" lon' and "teadyde%elo)!ent of (rain and intelle#t1 !an-ind !"t ha%e#ontino"ly in#rea"ed in n!(er" and in the area &hi#h theyo##)ied$they !"t ha%e for!ed &hat Dar&in ter!" a :do!inantra#e.: ?or had they (een fe& in n!(er" and #on/ned to a li!itedarea1 they #old hardly ha%e "##e""flly "tr''led a'ain"t then!ero" /er#e #arni%ora of that )eriod1 and a'ain"t tho"e ad%er"ein>en#e" &hi#h led to the e*tin#tion of "o !any !ore )o&erflani!al". A lar'e )o)lation ")read o%er an e*ten"i%e area i" al"oneeded to "))ly an ade,ate n!(er of (rain %ariation" for !an2")ro're""i%e i!)ro%e!ent. Bt thi" lar'e )o)lation and lon'5#ontined de%elo)!ent in a "in'le line of ad%an#e render" it the!ore di+i#lt to a##ont for the #o!)lete a("en#e of h!an or )re5

h!an re!ain" in all tho"e de)o"it" &hi#h ha%e frni"hed1 in "#hri#h a(ndan#e1 the re!ain" of other land ani!al". It i" tre thatthe re!ain" of a)e" are al"o %ery rare1 and &e !ay &ell "))o"ethat the ")erior intelli'en#e of !an led hi! to a%oid that e*ten"i%ede"tr#tion (y >ood or in !ora"" &hi#h "ee!" to ha%e ofteno%er&hel!ed other ani!al". et1 &hen &e #on"ider that1 e%en inor o&n day1 !en are not nfre,ently o%er&hel!ed (y %ol#ani#er)tion"1 a" in 6a%a and 6a)an1 or #arried a&ay in %a"t n!(er" (y>ood"1 a" in Ben'al and China1 it "ee!" i!)o""i(le (t that a!)lere!ain" of Mio#ene and Plio#ene !an do e*i"t (ried in the !o"tre#ent layer" of the earth2" #r"t1 and that !ore e*tended re"ear#h

or "o!e fortnate di"#o%ery &ill "o!e day (rin' the! to li'ht.The #robable $irthplace of Man.It ha" "ally (een #on"idered that the an#e"tral for! of !anori'inated in the tro)i#"1 &here %e'etation i" !o"t a(ndant andthe #li!ate !o"t e,a(le. Bt there are "o!e i!)ortant o(4e#tion"to thi" %ie&. The anthro)oid a)e"1 a" &ell a" !o"t of the !on-eytri(e1 are e""entially ar(oreal in their "tr#tre1 &herea" the 'reatdi"tin#ti%e #hara#ter of !an i" hi" ")e#ial ada)tation to terre"triallo#o!otion. We #an hardly "))o"e1 therefore1 that he ori'inated ina fore"t re'ion1 &here frit" to (e o(tained (y #li!(in' are the

#hief %e'eta(le food. It i" !ore )ro(a(le that he (e'an hi"e*i"ten#e on the o)en )lain" or hi'h )latea* of the te!)erate or



"(5tro)i#al 3one1 &here the "eed" of indi'eno" #ereal" andn!ero" her(i%ora1 rodent"1 and 'a!e5(ird"1 &ith /"he" and!oll"#" in the la-e"1 ri%er"1 and "ea" "))lied hi! &ith ana(ndan#e of %aried food. In "#h a re'ion he &old de%elo) "-illa" a hnter1 tra))er1 or /"her!an1 and later a" a herd"!an and

#lti%ator1$a "##e""ion of &hi#h &e /nd indi#ation" in the)alaeolithi# and neolithi# ra#e" of Ero)e.In "ee-in' to deter!ine the )arti#lar area" in &hi#h hi" earlie"ttra#e" are li-ely to (e fond1 &e are re"tri#ted to "o!e )ortion of the Ea"tern he!i")here1 &here alone the anthro)oid a)e" e*i"t1 orha%e a))arently e%er e*i"ted.There i" 'ood rea"on to (elie%e1 al"o1 that Afri#a !"t (e e*#lded1(e#a"e it i" -no&n to ha%e (een "e)arated fro! the northern#ontinent in early tertiary ti!e"1 and to ha%e a#,ired it" e*i"tin'fana of the hi'her !a!!alia (y a later nion &ith that #ontinentafter the "e)aration fro! it of Mada'a"#ar1 an i"land &hi#h ha")re"er%ed for " a "a!)le1 a" it &ere1 of the early Afri#an!a!!alian fana1 fro! &hi#h not only the anthro)oid a)e"1 (t allthe hi'her ,adr!ana are a("ent.;<J= There re!ain" only the 'reatEro5A"iati# #ontinent0 and it" enor!o" )latea*1 e*tendin' fro!Per"ia ri'ht a#ro"" Ti(et and Si(eria to Man#hria1 a+ord an area1"o!e )art or other of &hi#h )ro(a(ly o+ered "ita(le #ondition"1 inlate Mio#ene or early Plio#ene ti!e"1 for the de%elo)!ent of an#e"tral !an.It i" in thi" area that &e "till /nd that ty)e of !an-ind$theMon'olian$&hi#h retain" a #olor of the "-in !id&ay (et&een the

(la#- or (ro&n5(la#- of the ne'ro1 and the rddy or oli%e5&hite of the Ca#a"ian ty)e"1 a #olor &hi#h "till )re%ail" o%er all Northern A"ia1 o%er the A!eri#an #ontinent"1 and o%er !#h of Polyne"ia.?ro! thi" )ri!ary tint aro"e1 nder the in>en#e of %aried#ondition"1 and )ro(a(ly in #orrelation &ith #on"tittional #han'e"ada)ted to )e#liar #li!ate"1 the %aried tint" &hi#h "till e*i"ta!on' !an-ind. If the rea"onin' (y &hi#h thi" #on#l"ion i"rea#hed (e "ond1 and all the earlier "ta'e" of !an2" de%elo)!entfro! an ani!al for! o##rred in the area no& indi#ated1 &e #an(etter nder"tand ho& it i" that &e ha%e a" yet !et &ith no tra#e"of the !i""in' lin-"1 or e%en of !an2" e*i"ten#e drin' late tertiary

ti!e"1 (e#a"e no )art of the &orld i" "o entirely ne*)lored (y the'eolo'i"t a" thi" %ery re'ion. The area in ,e"tion i" "+i#ientlye*ten"i%e and %aried to ad!it of )ri!e%al !an ha%in' attained to a#on"idera(le )o)lation1 and ha%in' de%elo)ed hi" fll h!an#hara#teri"ti#"1 (oth )hy"i#al and !ental1 (efore there &a" anyneed for hi! to !i'rate (eyond it" li!it". One of hi" earlie"ti!)ortant !i'ration" &a" )ro(a(ly into Afri#a1 &here1 ")readin'&e"t&ard1 he (e#a!e !odi/ed in #olor and hair in #orrelation&ith )hy"iolo'i#al #han'e" ada)tin' hi! to the #li!ate of thee,atorial lo&land". S)readin' north5&e"t&ard into Ero)e the

!oi"t and #ool #li!ate led to a !odi/#ation of an o))o"ite#hara#ter1 and th" !ay ha%e ari"en the three 'reat h!an ty)e"



&hi#h "till e*i"t. So!e&hat later1 )ro(a(ly1 he ")read ea"t&ard intoNorth5We"t A!eri#a and "oon "#attered hi!"elf o%er the &hole#ontinent0 and all thi" !ay &ell ha%e o##rred in early or !iddlePlio#ene ti!e". Thereafter1 at %ery lon' inter%al"1 "##e""i%e &a%e"of !i'ration #arried hi! into e%ery )art of the ha(ita(le &orld1 and

(y #on,e"t and inter!i*tre led lti!ately to that )33lin''radation of ty)e" &hi#h the ethnolo'i"t in %ain "ee-" to nra%el.The *rigin of the Moral and Intellectual +ature of Man.?ro! the fore'oin' di"#""ion it &ill (e "een that I flly a##e)t Mr.Dar&in2" #on#l"ion a" to the e""ential identity of !an2" (odily"tr#tre &ith that of the hi'her !a!!alia1 and hi" de"#ent fro!"o!e an#e"tral for! #o!!on to !an and the anthro)oid a)e". Thee%iden#e of "#h de"#ent a))ear" to !e to (e o%er&hel!in' and#on#l"i%e. A'ain1 a" to the #a"e and !ethod of "#h de"#ent and!odi/#ation1 &e !ay ad!it1 at all e%ent" )ro%i"ionally1 that thela&" of %ariation and natral "ele#tion1 a#tin' thro'h the "tr''lefor e*i"ten#e and the #ontinal need of !ore )erfe#t ada)tation tothe )hy"i#al and (iolo'i#al en%iron!ent"1 !ay ha%e (ro'ht a(ot1/r"t that )erfe#tion of (odily "tr#tre in &hi#h he i" "o far a(o%eall other ani!al"1 and in #o5ordination &ith it the lar'er and !orede%elo)ed (rain1 (y !ean" of &hi#h he ha" (een a(le to tili"e that"tr#tre in the !ore and !ore #o!)lete "(4e#tion of the &holeani!al and %e'eta(le -in'do!" to hi" "er%i#e.Bt thi" i" only the (e'innin' of Mr. Dar&in2" &or-1 "in#e he 'oe"on to di"#"" the !oral natre and !ental fa#ltie" of !an1 andderi%e" the"e too (y 'radal !odi/#ation and de%elo)!ent fro!

the lo&er ani!al". Altho'h1 )erha)"1 no&here di"tin#tlyfor!lated1 hi" &hole ar'!ent tend" to the #on#l"ion that !an2"entire natre and all hi" fa#ltie"1 &hether !oral1 intelle#tal1 or")irital1 ha%e (een deri%ed fro! their rdi!ent" in the lo&erani!al"1 in the "a!e !anner and (y the a#tion of the "a!e 'eneralla&" a" hi" )hy"i#al "tr#tre ha" (een deri%ed. A" thi" #on#l"iona))ear" to !e not to (e "))orted (y ade,ate e%iden#e1 and to (edire#tly o))o"ed to !any &ell5a"#ertained fa#t"1 I )ro)o"e tode%ote a (rief ")a#e to it" di"#""ion.The !rgument from Continuity.Mr. Dar&in2" !ode of ar'!ent #on"i"t" in "ho&in' that the

rdi!ent" of !o"t1 if not of all1 the !ental and !oral fa#ltie" of !an #an (e dete#ted in "o!e ani!al". The !anife"tation" of intelli'en#e1 a!ontin' in "o!e #a"e" to di"tin#t a#t" of rea"onin'1in !any ani!al"1 are add#ed a" e*hi(itin' in a !#h le"" de'reethe intelli'en#e and rea"on of !an. In"tan#e" of #rio"ity1 i!itation1attention1 &onder1 and !e!ory are 'i%en0 &hile e*a!)le" are al"oadd#ed &hi#h !ay (e inter)reted a" )ro%in' that ani!al" e*hi(it-indne"" to their fello&"1 or !anife"t )ride1 #onte!)t1 and "ha!e.So!e are "aid to ha%e the rdi!ent" of lan'a'e1 (e#a"e theytter "e%eral di+erent "ond"1 ea#h of &hi#h ha" a de/nite !eanin'

to their fello&" or to their yon'0 other" the rdi!ent" of arith!eti#1 (e#a"e they "ee! to #ont and re!e!(er ) to three1



for1 or e%en /%e. A "en"e of (eaty i" i!)ted to the! on a##ontof their o&n (ri'ht #olor" or the "e of #olored o(4e#t" in theirne"t"0 &hile do'"1 #at"1 and hor"e" are "aid to ha%e i!a'ination1(e#a"e they a))ear to (e di"tr(ed (y drea!". E%en "o!e di"tanta))roa#h to the rdi!ent" of reli'ion i" "aid to (e fond in the

dee) lo%e and #o!)lete "(!i""ion of a do' to hi" !a"ter. ;<<=

Trnin' fro! ani!al" to !an1 it i" "ho&n that in the lo&e"t "a%a'e"!any of the"e fa#ltie" are %ery little ad%an#ed fro! the #onditionin &hi#h they a))ear in the hi'her ani!al"0 &hile other"1 altho'hfairly &ell e*hi(ited1 are yet 'reatly inferior to the )oint of de%elo)!ent they ha%e rea#hed in #i%ili"ed ra#e". In )arti#lar1 the!oral "en"e i" "aid to ha%e (een de%elo)ed fro! the "o#ial in"tin#t"of "a%a'e"1 and to de)end !ainly on the endrin' di"#o!fort)rod#ed (y any a#tion &hi#h e*#ite" the 'eneral di"a))ro%al of the tri(e. Th"1 e%ery a#t of an indi%idal &hi#h i" (elie%ed to (e#ontrary to the intere"t" of the tri(e1 e*#ite" it" n%aryin'di"a))ro(ation and i" held to (e i!!oral0 &hile e%ery a#t1 on theother hand1 &hi#h i"1 a" a rle1 (ene/#ial to the tri(e1 i" &ar!lyand #on"tantly a))ro%ed1 and i" th" #on"idered to (e ri'ht or!oral. ?ro! the !ental "tr''le1 &hen an a#t that &old (ene/t"elf i" in4rio" to the tri(e1 there ari"e" #on"#ien#e0 and th" the"o#ial in"tin#t" are the fondation of the !oral "en"e and of thefnda!ental )rin#i)le" of !orality.;<@=

The ,e"tion of the ori'in and natre of the !oral "en"e and of #on"#ien#e i" far too %a"t and #o!)le* to (e di"#""ed here1 and areferen#e to it ha" (een introd#ed only to #o!)lete the "-et#h of

Mr. Dar&in2" %ie& of the #ontinity and 'radal de%elo)!ent of allh!an fa#ltie" fro! the lo&er ani!al" ) to "a%a'e"1 and fro!"a%a'e ) to #i%ili"ed !an. The )oint to &hi#h I &i"h ")e#ially to#all attention i"1 that to )ro%e #ontinity and the )ro're""i%ede%elo)!ent of the intelle#tal and !oral fa#ltie" fro! ani!al" to!an1 i" not the "a!e a" )ro%in' that the"e fa#ltie" ha%e (eende%elo)ed (y natral "ele#tion0 and thi" la"t i" &hat Mr. Dar&in ha"hardly atte!)ted1 altho'h to "))ort hi" theory it &a" a("oltelye""ential to )ro%e it. Be#a"e !an2" )hy"i#al "tr#tre ha" (eende%elo)ed fro! an ani!al for! (y natral "ele#tion1 it doe" notne#e""arily follo& that hi" !ental natre1 e%en tho'h de%elo)ed

pari passu &ith it1 ha" (een de%elo)ed (y the "a!e #a"e" only.To ill"trate (y a )hy"i#al analo'y. )hea%al and de)re""ion of land1 #o!(ined &ith "(5aerial dendation (y &ind and fro"t1 rainand ri%er"1 and !arine dendation on #oa"tline"1 &ere lon' tho'htto a##ont for all the !odellin' of the earth2" "rfa#e not dire#tlyde to %ol#ani# a#tion0 and in the early edition" of Lyell2" #rinciplesof (eology the"e are the "ole #a"e" a))ealed to. Bt &hen thea#tion of 'la#ier" &a" "tdied and the re#ent o##rren#e of a'la#ial e)o#h de!on"trated a" a fa#t1 !any )heno!ena$"#h a"!oraine" and other 'ra%el de)o"it"1 (older #lay1 errati# (older"1

'roo%ed and ronded ro#-"1 and Al)ine la-e (a"in"$&ere "een to(e de to thi" alto'ether di"tin#t #a"e. There &a" no (rea#h of



#ontinity1 no "dden #ata"tro)he0 the #old )eriod #a!e on and)a""ed a&ay in the !o"t 'radal !anner1 and it" e+e#t" often)a""ed in"en"i(ly into tho"e )rod#ed (y dendation or )hea%al0 yet none the le"" a ne& a'en#y a))eared at a de/nite ti!e1 andne& e+e#t" &ere )rod#ed &hi#h1 tho'h #ontino" &ith

)re#edin' e+e#t"1 &ere not de to the "a!e #a"e". It i" not1therefore1 to (e a""!ed1 &ithot )roof or a'ain"t inde)endente%iden#e1 that the later "ta'e" of an a))arently #ontino"de%elo)!ent are ne#e""arily de to the "a!e #a"e" only a" theearlier "ta'e". A))lyin' thi" ar'!ent to the #a"e of !an2"intelle#tal and !oral natre1 I )ro)o"e to "ho& that #ertainde/nite )ortion" of it #old not ha%e (een de%elo)ed (y %ariationand natral "ele#tion alone1 and that1 therefore1 "o!e otherin>en#e1 la&1 or a'en#y i" re,ired to a##ont for the!. If thi" #an(e #learly "ho&n for any one or !ore of the ")e#ial fa#ltie" of intelle#tal !an1 &e "hall (e 4"ti/ed in a""!in' that the "a!en-no&n #a"e or )o&er !ay ha%e had a !#h &ider in>en#e1and !ay ha%e )rofondly in>en#ed the &hole #or"e of hi"de%elo)!ent.The *rigin of the Mathematical ,aculty.We ha%e a!)le e%iden#e that1 in all the lo&er ra#e" of !an1 &hat!ay (e ter!ed the !athe!ati#al fa#lty i"1 either a("ent1 or1 if )re"ent1 ,ite ne*er#i"ed. The B"h!en and the Bra3ilian Wood5Indian" are "aid not to #ont (eyond t&o. Many A"tralian tri(e"only ha%e &ord" for one and t&o1 &hi#h are #o!(ined to !a-ethree1 for1 /%e1 or "i*1 (eyond &hi#h they do not #ont. The

Da!ara" of Soth Afri#a only #ont to three0 and Mr. Galton 'i%e" a#rio" de"#ri)tion of ho& one of the! &a" ho)ele""ly )33led&hen he had "old t&o "hee) for t&o "ti#-" of to(a##o ea#h1 andre#ei%ed for "ti#-" in )ay!ent. He #old only /nd ot that he &a"#orre#tly )aid (y ta-in' t&o "ti#-" and then 'i%in' one "hee)1 thenre#ei%in' t&o "ti#-" !ore and 'i%in' the other "hee). E%en the#o!)arati%ely intelle#tal l" #an only #ont ) to ten (y "in'the hand" and /n'er". The Aht" of North5We"t A!eri#a #ont innearly the "a!e !anner1 and !o"t of the tri(e" of Soth A!eri#aare no frther ad%an#ed.;<= The a+ir" ha%e 'reat herd" of #attle1and if one i" lo"t they !i"" it i!!ediately1 (t thi" i" not (y

#ontin'1 (t (y noti#in' the a("en#e of one they -no&0 4"t a" in alar'e fa!ily or a "#hool a (oy i" !i""ed &ithot 'oin' thro'h the)ro#e"" of #ontin'. So!e&hat hi'her ra#e"1 a" the E",i!a*1#an #ont ) to t&enty (y "in' the hand" and the feet0 and otherra#e" 'et e%en frther than thi" (y "ayin' :one !an: for t&enty1:t&o !en: for forty1 and "o on1 e,i%alent to or rral !ode of re#-onin' (y "#ore". ?ro! the fa#t that "o !any of the e*i"tin'"a%a'e ra#e" #an only #ont to for or /%e1 Sir 6ohn L((o#- thin-"it i!)ro(a(le that or earlie"t an#e"tor" #old ha%e #onted a"hi'h a" ten.;<F=

When &e trn to the !ore #i%ili"ed ra#e"1 &e /nd the "e of n!(er" and the art of #ontin' 'reatly e*tended. E%en the Ton'a"



of the Soth Sea i"land" are "aid to ha%e (een a(le to #ont a" hi'ha" <JJ1JJJ. Bt !ere #ontin' doe" not i!)ly either the )o""e""ionor the "e of anythin' that #an (e really #alled the !athe!ati#alfa#lty1 the e*er#i"e of &hi#h in any (road "en"e ha" only (een)o""i(le "in#e the introd#tion of the de#i!al notation. The Gree-"1

the Ro!an"1 the E'y)tian"1 the 6e&"1 and the Chine"e had all "#h#!(ro" "y"te!"1 that anythin' li-e a "#ien#e of arith!eti#1(eyond %ery "i!)le o)eration"1 &a" i!)o""i(le0 and the Ro!an"y"te!1 (y &hi#h the year <888 &old (e &ritten MDCCCLXXXVIII1&a" that in #o!!on "e in Ero)e do&n to the forteenth or/fteenth #entrie"1 and e%en !#h later in "o!e )la#e". Al'e(ra1&hi#h &a" in%ented (y the Hindoo"1 fro! &ho! al"o #a!e thede#i!al notation1 &a" not introd#ed into Ero)e till the thirteenth#entry1 altho'h the Gree-" had "o!e a#,aintan#e &ith it0 and itrea#hed We"tern Ero)e fro! Italy only in the "i*teenth #entry.;<7=

It &a"1 no do(t1 o&in' to the a("en#e of a "ond "y"te! of n!eration that the !athe!ati#al talent of the Gree-" &a"dire#ted #hie>y to 'eo!etry1 in &hi#h "#ien#e E#lid1 Ar#hi!ede"1and other" !ade "#h (rilliant di"#o%erie". It i"1 ho&e%er1 drin'the la"t three #entrie" only that the #i%ili"ed &orld a))ear" toha%e (e#o!e #on"#io" of the )o""e""ion of a !ar%ello" fa#lty&hi#h1 &hen "))lied &ith the ne#e""ary tool" in the de#i!alnotation1 the ele!ent" of al'e(ra and 'eo!etry1 and the )o&er of ra)idly #o!!ni#atin' di"#o%erie" and idea" (y the art of )rintin'1ha" de%elo)ed to an e*tent1 the fll 'rander of &hi#h #an (ea))re#iated only (y tho"e &ho ha%e de%oted "o!e ti!e e%en if

n"##e""flly to the "tdy.The fa#t" no& "et forth a" to the al!o"t total a("en#e of !athe!ati#al fa#lty in "a%a'e" and it" &onderfl de%elo)!ent in,ite re#ent ti!e"1 are e*#eedin'ly "''e"ti%e1 and in re'ard tothe! &e are li!ited to t&o )o""i(le theorie". Either )rehi"tori# and"a%a'e !an did not )o""e"" thi" fa#lty at all or only in it" !ere"trdi!ent"0 or they did )o""e"" it1 (t had neither the !ean" northe in#ite!ent" for it" e*er#i"e. In the for!er #a"e &e ha%e to a"- (y &hat !ean" ha" thi" fa#lty (een "o ra)idly de%elo)ed in all#i%ili"ed ra#e"1 !any of &hi#h a fe& #entrie" (a#- &ere1 in thi"re")e#t1 al!o"t "a%a'e" the!"el%e"0 &hile in the latter #a"e the

di+i#lty i" "till 'reater1 for &e ha%e to a""!e the e*i"ten#e of afa#lty &hi#h had ne%er (een "ed either (y the "))o"ed)o""e""or" of it or (y their an#e"tor".Let " ta-e1 then1 the lea"t di+i#lt "))o"ition$that "a%a'e")o""e""ed only the !ere rdi!ent" of the fa#lty1 "#h a" theira(ility to #ont1 "o!eti!e" ) to ten1 (t &ith an tter ina(ility to)erfor! the %ery "i!)le"t )ro#e""e" of arith!eti# or of 'eo!etry$and in,ire ho& thi" rdi!entary fa#lty (e#a!e ra)idly de%elo)edinto that of a Ne&ton1 a La Pla#e1 a Ga""1 or a Cayley. We &illad!it that there i" e%ery )o""i(le 'radation (et&een the"e

e*tre!e"1 and that there ha" (een )erfe#t #ontinity in thede%elo)!ent of the fa#lty0 (t &e a"-1 What !oti%e )o&er #a"ed



it" de%elo)!entIt !"t (e re!e!(ered &e are here dealin' "olely &ith the#a)a(ility of the Dar&inian theory to a##ont for the ori'in of themind1 a" &ell a" it a##ont" for the ori'in of the body of !an1 and&e !"t1 therefore1 re#all the e""ential featre" of that theory.

The"e are1 the )re"er%ation of "efl %ariation" in the "tr''le forlife0 that no #reatre #an (e i!)ro%ed (eyond it" ne#e""itie" for theti!e (ein'0 that the la& a#t" (y life and death1 and (y the "r%i%alof the /tte"t. We ha%e to a"-1 therefore1 &hat relation the"##e""i%e "ta'e" of i!)ro%e!ent of the !athe!ati#al fa#lty hadto the life or death of it" )o""e""or"0 to the "tr''le" of tri(e &ithtri(e1 or nation &ith nation0 or to the lti!ate "r%i%al of one ra#eand the e*tin#tion of another. If it #annot )o""i(ly ha%e had any"#h e+e#t"1 then it #annot ha%e (een )rod#ed (y natral"ele#tion.It i" e%ident that in the "tr''le" of "a%a'e !an &ith the ele!ent"and &ith &ild (ea"t"1 or of tri(e &ith tri(e1 thi" fa#lty #an ha%ehad no in>en#e. It had nothin' to do &ith the early !i'ration" of !an1 or &ith the #on,e"t and e*ter!ination of &ea-er (y !ore)o&erfl )eo)le". The Gree-" did not "##e""flly re"i"t thePer"ian in%ader" (y any aid fro! their fe& !athe!ati#ian"1 (t (y!ilitary trainin'1 )atrioti"!1 and "elf5"a#ri/#e. The (ar(aro"#on,eror" of the Ea"t1 Ti!rlane and Gen'-hi" han1 did not o&etheir "##e"" to any ")eriority of intelle#t or of !athe!ati#alfa#lty in the!"el%e" or their follo&er". E%en if the 'reat #on,e"t"of the Ro!an" &ere1 in )art1 de to their "y"te!ati# !ilitary

or'ani"ation1 and to their "-ill in !a-in' road" and en#a!)!ent"1&hi#h !ay1 )erha)"1 (e i!)ted to "o!e e*er#i"e of the!athe!ati#al fa#lty1 that did not )re%ent the! fro! (ein'#on,ered in trn (y (ar(arian"1 in &ho! it &a" al!o"t entirelya("ent. And if &e ta-e the !o"t #i%ili"ed )eo)le" of the an#ient&orld$the Hindoo"1 the Ara("1 the Gree-"1 and the Ro!an"1 all of &ho! had "o!e a!ont of !athe!ati#al talent$&e /nd that it i"not the"e1 (t the de"#endant" of the (ar(arian" of tho"e day"$theCelt"1 the Teton"1 and the Sla%"$&ho ha%e )ro%ed the!"el%e" the/tte"t to "r%i%e in the 'reat "tr''le of ra#e"1 altho'h &e #annottra#e their "teadily 'ro&in' "##e"" drin' )a"t #entrie" either to

the )o""e""ion of any e*#e)tional !athe!ati#al fa#lty or to it"e*er#i"e. They ha%e indeed )ro%ed the!"el%e"1 to5day1 to (e)o""e""ed of a !ar%ello" endo&!ent of the !athe!ati#al fa#lty0(t their "##e"" at ho!e and a(road1 a" #oloni"t" or a"#on,eror"1 a" indi%idal" or a" nation"1 #an in no &ay (e tra#ed tothi" fa#lty1 "in#e they &ere al!o"t the la"t &ho de%otedthe!"el%e" to it" e*er#i"e. We #on#lde1 then1 that the )re"ent'i'anti# de%elo)!ent of the !athe!ati#al fa#lty i" &hollyne*)lained (y the theory of natral "ele#tion1 and !"t (e de to"o!e alto'ether di"tin#t #a"e.

The *rigin of the Musical and !rtistic ,aculties.The"e di"tin#ti%ely h!an fa#ltie" follo& %ery #lo"ely the line" of



the !athe!ati#al fa#lty in their )ro're""i%e de%elo)!ent1 and"er%e to enfor#e the "a!e ar'!ent. A!on' the lo&er "a%a'e"!"i#1 a" &e nder"tand it1 hardly e*i"t"1 tho'h they all deli'ht inrde !"i#al "ond"1 a" of dr!"1 to!5to!"1 or 'on'"0 and theyal"o "in' in !onotono" #hant". Al!o"t e*a#tly a" they ad%an#e in

'eneral intelle#t1 and in the art" of "o#ial life1 their a))re#iation of !"i# a))ear" to ri"e in )ro)ortion0 and &e /nd a!on' the! rde"trin'ed in"tr!ent" and &hi"tle"1 till1 in 6a%a1 &e ha%e re'lar(and" of "-illed )erfor!er" )ro(a(ly the "##e""or" of Hindoo!"i#ian" of the a'e (efore the Maho!etan #on,e"t. TheE'y)tian" are (elie%ed to ha%e (een the earlie"t !"i#ian"1 andfro! the! the 6e&" and the Gree-"1 no do(t1 deri%ed their-no&led'e of the art0 (t it "ee!" to (e ad!itted that neither thelatter nor the Ro!an" -ne& anythin' of har!ony or of the e""entialfeatre" of !odern !"i#.;<= Till the /fteenth #entry little)ro're"" a))ear" to ha%e (een !ade in the "#ien#e or the )ra#ti#eof !"i#0 (t "in#e that era it ha" ad%an#ed &ith !ar%ello"ra)idity1 it" )ro're"" (ein' #rio"ly )arallel &ith that of !athe!ati#"1 ina"!#h a" 'reat !"i#al 'eni"e" a))eared"ddenly a!on' di+erent nation"1 e,al in their )o""e""ion of thi"")e#ial fa#lty to any that ha%e "in#e ari"en. A" &ith the !athe!ati#al1 "o &ith the !"i#al fa#lty1 it i"i!)o""i(le to tra#e any #onne#tion (et&een it" )o""e""ion and"r%i%al in the "tr''le for e*i"ten#e. It "ee!" to ha%e ari"en a" aresult of "o#ial and intelle#tal ad%an#e!ent1 not a" a cause0 andthere i" "o!e e%iden#e that it i" latent in the lo&er ra#e"1 "in#e

nder Ero)ean trainin' nati%e !ilitary (and" ha%e (een for!ed in!any )art" of the &orld1 &hi#h ha%e (een a(le to )erfor!#redita(ly the (e"t !odern !"i#.The arti"ti# fa#lty ha" rn a "o!e&hat di+erent #or"e1 tho'hanalo'o" to that of the fa#ltie" already di"#""ed. Mo"t "a%a'e"e*hi(it "o!e rdi!ent" of it1 either in dra&in' or #ar%in' h!an orani!al /'re"0 (t1 al!o"t &ithot e*#e)tion1 the"e /'re" arerde and "#h a" &old (e e*e#ted (y the ordinary inarti"ti# #hild.In fa#t1 !odern "a%a'e" are1 in thi" re")e#t hardly e,al to tho"e)rehi"tori# !en &ho re)re"ented the !a!!oth and the reindeeron )ie#e" of horn or (one. With any ad%an#e in the art" of "o#ial

life1 &e ha%e a #orre")ondin' ad%an#e in arti"ti# "-ill and ta"te1ri"in' %ery hi'h in the art of 6a)an and India1 (t #l!inatin' in the!ar%ello" "#l)tre of the (e"t )eriod of Gre#ian hi"tory. In theMiddle A'e" art &a" #hie>y !anife"ted in e##le"ia"ti#alar#hite#tre and the ill!ination of !an"#ri)t"1 (t fro! thethirteenth to the /fteenth #entrie" )i#torial art re%i%ed in Italy andattained to a de'ree of )erfe#tion &hi#h ha" ne%er (een "r)a""ed.Thi" re%i%al &a" follo&ed #lo"ely (y the "#hool" of Ger!any1 theNetherland"1 S)ain1 ?ran#e1 and En'land1 "ho&in' that the trearti"ti# fa#lty (elon'ed to no one nation1 (t &a" fairly di"tri(ted

a!on' the %ario" Ero)ean ra#e".The"e "e%eral de%elo)!ent" of the arti"ti# fa#lty1 &hether



!anife"ted in "#l)tre1 )aintin'1 or ar#hite#tre1 are e%identlyot'ro&th" of the h!an intelle#t &hi#h ha%e no i!!ediatein>en#e on the "r%i%al of indi%idal" or of tri(e"1 or on the"##e"" of nation" in their "tr''le" for ")re!a#y or for e*i"ten#e.The 'lorio" art of Gree#e did not )re%ent the nation fro! fallin'

nder the "&ay of the le"" ad%an#ed Ro!an0 &hile &e or"el%e"1a!on' &ho! art &a" the late"t to ari"e1 ha%e ta-en the lead in the#oloni"ation of the &orld1 th" )ro%in' or !i*ed ra#e to (e the/tte"t to "r%i%e.

Independent #roof that the Mathematical- Musical- and !rtistic ,aculties have not been Developed under the La of +atural'election.The la& of Natral Sele#tion or the "r%i%al of the /tte"t i"1 a" it"na!e i!)lie"1 a ri'id la&1 &hi#h a#t" (y the life or death of theindi%idal" "(!itted to it" a#tion. ?ro! it" %ery natre it #an a#tonly on "efl or hrtfl #hara#teri"ti#"1 eli!inatin' the latter and-ee)in' ) the for!er to a fairly 'eneral le%el of e+i#ien#y. Hen#eit ne#e""arily follo&" that the #hara#ter" de%elo)ed (y it" !ean"&ill (e )re"ent in all the indi%idal" of a ")e#ie"1 and1 tho'h %aryin'1 &ill not %ary %ery &idely fro! a #o!!on "tandard. Thea!ont of %ariation &e fond1 in or third #ha)ter1 to (e a(ot one5/fth or one5"i*th of the !ean %ale$that i"1 if the !ean %ale &ereta-en at <JJ1 the %ariation" &old rea#h fro! 8J to <@J1 or"o!e&hat !ore1 if %ery lar'e n!(er" &ere #o!)ared. Ina##ordan#e &ith thi" la& &e /nd1 that all tho"e #hara#ter" in !an&hi#h &ere #ertainly e""ential to hi! drin' hi" early "ta'e" of

de%elo)!ent1 e*i"t in all "a%a'e" &ith "o!e a))roa#h to e,ality. Inthe ")eed of rnnin'1 in (odily "tren'th1 in "-ill &ith &ea)on"1 ina#tene"" of %i"ion1 or in )o&er of follo&in' a trail1 all are fairly)ro/#ient1 and the di+eren#e" of endo&!ent do not )ro(a(lye*#eed the li!it" of %ariation in ani!al" a(o%e referred to. So1 inani!al in"tin#t or intelli'en#e1 &e /nd the "a!e 'eneral le%el of de%elo)!ent. E%ery &ren !a-e" a fairly 'ood ne"t li-e it" fello&"0e%ery fo* ha" an a%era'e a!ont of the "a'a#ity of it" ra#e0 &hileall the hi'her (ird" and !a!!al" ha%e the ne#e""ary a+e#tion"and in"tin#t" needfl for the )rote#tion and (rin'in'5) of theiro+")rin'.

Bt in tho"e ")e#ially de%elo)ed fa#ltie" of #i%ili"ed !an &hi#h &eha%e (een #on"iderin'1 the #a"e i" %ery di+erent. They e*i"t only ina "!all )ro)ortion of indi%idal"1 &hile the di+eren#e of #a)a#ity(et&een the"e fa%ored indi%idal" and the a%era'e of !an-ind i"enor!o". Ta-in' /r"t the !athe!ati#al fa#lty1 )ro(a(ly fe&erthan one in a hndred really )o""e"" it1 the 'reat (l- of the)o)lation ha%in' no natral a(ility for the "tdy1 or feelin' the"li'hte"t intere"t in it.;<= And if &e atte!)t to !ea"re the a!ontof %ariation in the fa#lty it"elf (et&een a /r"t5#la"" !athe!ati#ianand the ordinary rn of )eo)le &ho /nd any -ind of #al#lation

#onf"in' and alto'ether de%oid of intere"t1 it i" )ro(a(le that thefor!er #old not (e e"ti!ated at le"" than a hndred ti!e" the



latter1 and )erha)" a tho"and ti!e" &old !ore nearly !ea"rethe di+eren#e (et&een the!.The arti"ti# fa#lty a))ear" to a'ree )retty #lo"ely &ith the!athe!ati#al in it" fre,en#y. The (oy" and 'irl" &ho1 'oin'(eyond the !ere #on%entional de"i'n" of #hildren1 dra& &hat they

see1 not &hat they no to (e the "ha)e of thin'"0 &ho natrally"-et#h in )er")e#ti%e1 (e#a"e it i" th" they "ee o(4e#t"0 &ho "ee1and re)re"ent in their "-et#he"1 the li'ht and "hade a" &ell a" the!ere otline" of o(4e#t"0 and &ho #an dra& re#o'ni"a(le "-et#he"of e%ery one they -no&1 are #ertainly %ery fe& #o!)ared &ith tho"e&ho are totally in#a)a(le of anythin' of the -ind. ?ro! "o!ein,irie" I ha%e !ade in "#hool"1 and fro! !y o&n o("er%ation1 I(elie%e that tho"e &ho are endo&ed &ith thi" natral arti"ti# talentdo not e*#eed1 e%en if they #o!e ) to1 one )er #ent of the &hole)o)lation.The %ariation" in the a!ont of arti"ti# fa#lty are #ertainly %ery'reat1 e%en if &e do not ta-e the e*tre!e". The 'radation" of )o&er(et&een the ordinary !an or &o!an :&ho doe" not dra&1: and&ho"e atte!)t" at re)re"entin' any o(4e#t1 ani!ate or inani!ate1&old (e la'ha(le1 and the a%era'e 'ood arti"t &ho1 &ith a fe&(old "tro-e"1 #an )rod#e a re#o'ni"a(le and e%en e+e#ti%e "-et#hof a land"#a)e1 a "treet1 or an ani!al1 are %ery n!ero"0 and &e#an hardly !ea"re the di+eren#e (et&een the! at le"" than /ftyor a hndred fold.The !"i#al fa#lty i" ndo(tedly1 in it" lo&er for!"1 le""n#o!!on than either of the )re#edin'1 (t it "till di+er"

e""entially fro! the ne#e""ary or "efl fa#ltie" in that it i" al!o"tentirely &antin' in one5half e%en of #i%ili"ed !en. ?or e%ery )er"on&ho dra&"1 a" it &ere in"tin#ti%ely1 there are )ro(a(ly /%e or ten&ho "in' or )lay &ithot ha%in' (een ta'ht and fro! !ere innatelo%e and )er#e)tion of !elody and har!ony. ;<8= On the other hand1there are )ro(a(ly a(ot a" !any &ho "ee! a("oltely de/#ient in!"i#al )er#e)tion1 &ho ta-e little )lea"re in it1 &ho #annot)er#ei%e di"#ord" or re!e!(er tne"1 and &ho #old not learn to"in' or )lay &ith any a!ont of "tdy. The 'radation"1 too1 are here,ite a" 'reat a" in !athe!ati#" or )i#torial art1 and the ")e#ialfa#lty of the 'reat !"i#al #o!)o"er !"t (e re#-oned !any

hndred" or )erha)" tho"and" of ti!e" 'reater than that of theordinary :n!"i#al: )er"on a(o%e referred to.It a))ear" then1 that1 (oth on a##ont of the li!ited n!(er of )er"on" 'ifted &ith the !athe!ati#al1 the arti"ti#1 or the !"i#alfa#lty1 a" &ell a" fro! the enor!o" %ariation" in it" de%elo)!ent1the"e !ental )o&er" di+er &idely fro! tho"e &hi#h are e""ential to!an1 and are1 for the !o"t )art1 #o!!on to hi! and the lo&erani!al"0 and that they #old not1 therefore1 )o""i(ly ha%e (eende%elo)ed in hi! (y !ean" of the la& of natral "ele#tion.We ha%e th" "ho&n1 (y t&o di"tin#t line" of ar'!ent1 that

fa#ltie" are de%elo)ed in #i%ili"ed !an &hi#h1 (oth in their !odeof ori'in1 their fn#tion1 and their %ariation"1 are alto'ether di"tin#t



fro! tho"e other #hara#ter" and fa#ltie" &hi#h are e""ential tohi!1 and &hi#h ha%e (een (ro'ht to their a#tal "tate of e+i#ien#y(y the ne#e""itie" of hi" e*i"ten#e. And (e"ide" the three &hi#hha%e (een ")e#ially referred to1 there are other" &hi#h e%idently(elon' to the "a!e #la"". S#h i" the !eta)hy"i#al fa#lty1 &hi#h

ena(le" " to for! a("tra#t #on#e)tion" of a -ind the !o"t re!otefro! all )ra#ti#al a))li#ation"1 to di"#"" the lti!ate #a"e" of thin'"1 the natre and ,alitie" of !atter1 !otion1 and for#e1 of ")a#e and ti!e1 of #a"e and e+e#t1 of &ill and #on"#ien#e.S)e#lation" on the"e a("tra#t and di+i#lt ,e"tion" arei!)o""i(le to "a%a'e"1 &ho "ee! to ha%e no !ental fa#ltyena(lin' the! to 'ra") the e""ential idea" or #on#e)tion"0 yet&hene%er any ra#e attain" to #i%ili"ation1 and #o!)ri"e" a (ody of )eo)le &ho1 &hether a" )rie"t" or )hilo"o)her"1 are relie%ed fro!the ne#e""ity of la(or or of ta-in' an a#ti%e )art in &ar or'o%ern!ent1 the !eta)hy"i#al fa#lty a))ear" to ")rin' "ddenlyinto e*i"ten#e1 altho'h1 li-e the other fa#ltie" &e ha%e referredto1 it i" al&ay" #on/ned to a %ery li!ited )ro)ortion of the)o)lation.In the "a!e #la"" &e !ay )la#e the )e#liar fa#lty of &it andh!or1 an alto'ether natral 'ift &ho"e de%elo)!ent a))ear" to(e )arallel &ith that of the other e*#e)tional fa#ltie". Li-e the!1 iti" al!o"t n-no&n a!on' "a%a'e"1 (t a))ear" !ore or le""fre,ently a" #i%ili"ation ad%an#e" and the intere"t" of life (e#o!e!ore n!ero" and !ore #o!)le*. Li-e the!1 too1 it i" alto'etherre!o%ed fro! tility in the "tr''le for life1 and a))ear"

")oradi#ally in a %ery "!all )er#enta'e of the )o)lation0 the!a4ority (ein'1 a" i" &ell -no&n1 totally na(le to "ay a &itty thin'or !a-e a )n e%en to "a%e their li%e".;<K=

The Interpretation of the ,acts.The fa#t" no& "et forth )ro%e the e*i"ten#e of a n!(er of !entalfa#ltie" &hi#h either do not e*i"t at all or e*i"t in a %eryrdi!entary #ondition in "a%a'e"1 (t a))ear al!o"t "ddenly andin )erfe#t de%elo)!ent in the hi'her #i%ili"ed ra#e". The"e "a!efa#ltie" are frther di"tin'i"hed (y their ")oradi# #hara#ter1(ein' &ell de%elo)ed only in a %ery "!all )ro)ortion of the#o!!nity0 and (y the enor!o" a!ont of %ariation in their

de%elo)!ent1 the hi'her !anife"tation" of the! (ein' !any ti!e"$)erha)" a hndred or a tho"and ti!e"$"tron'er than the lo&er.Ea#h of the"e #hara#teri"ti#" i" totally in#on"i"tent &ith any a#tionof the la& of natral "ele#tion in the )rod#tion of the fa#ltie"referred to0 and the fa#t"1 ta-en in their entirety1 #o!)el " tore#o'ni"e "o!e ori'in for the! &holly di"tin#t fro! that &hi#h ha""er%ed to a##ont for the ani!al #hara#teri"ti#"$&hether (odily or!ental$of !an.The ")e#ial fa#ltie" &e ha%e (een di"#""in' #learly )oint to thee*i"ten#e in !an of "o!ethin' &hi#h he ha" not deri%ed fro! hi"

ani!al )ro'enitor"$"o!ethin' &hi#h &e !ay (e"t refer to a"(ein' of a ")irital e""en#e or natre1 #a)a(le of )ro're""i%e



de%elo)!ent nder fa%ora(le #ondition". On the hy)othe"i" of thi"")irital natre1 ")eradded to the ani!al natre of !an1 &e area(le to nder"tand !#h that i" other&i"e !y"terio" ornintelli'i(le in re'ard to hi!1 e")e#ially the enor!o" in>en#e of idea"1 )rin#i)le"1 and (elief" o%er hi" &hole life and a#tion". Th"

alone &e #an nder"tand the #on"tan#y of the !artyr1 then"el/"hne"" of the )hilanthro)i"t1 the de%otion of the )atriot1 theenth"ia"! of the arti"t1 and the re"olte and )er"e%erin' "ear#h of the "#ienti/# &or-er after natre2" "e#ret". Th" &e !ay )er#ei%ethat the lo%e of trth1 the deli'ht in (eaty1 the )a""ion for 4"ti#e1and the thrill of e*ltation &ith &hi#h &e hear of any a#t of #ora'eo" "elf5"a#ri/#e1 are the &or-in'" &ithin " of a hi'hernatre &hi#h ha" not (een de%elo)ed (y !ean" of the "tr''le for!aterial e*i"ten#e.It &ill1 no do(t1 (e r'ed that the ad!itted #ontinity of !an2")ro're"" fro! the (rte doe" not ad!it of the introd#tion of ne&#a"e"1 and that &e ha%e no e%iden#e of the "dden #han'e of natre &hi#h "#h introd#tion &old (rin' a(ot. The falla#y a" tone& #a"e" in%ol%in' any (rea#h of #ontinity1 or any "dden ora(r)t #han'e1 in the e+e#t"1 ha" already (een "ho&n0 (t &e &illfrther )oint ot that there are at lea"t three "ta'e" in thede%elo)!ent of the or'ani# &orld &hen "o!e ne& #a"e or )o&er!"t ne#e""arily ha%e #o!e into a#tion.The /r"t "ta'e i" the #han'e fro! inor'ani# to or'ani#1 &hen theearlie"t %e'eta(le #ell1 or the li%in' )roto)la"! ot of &hi#h itaro"e1 /r"t a))eared. Thi" i" often i!)ted to a !ere in#rea"e of

#o!)le*ity of #he!i#al #o!)ond"0 (t in#rea"e of #o!)le*ity1 &ith#on"e,ent in"ta(ility1 e%en if &e ad!it that it !ay ha%e )rod#ed)roto)la"! a" a #he!i#al #o!)ond1 #old #ertainly not ha%e)rod#ed living )roto)la"!$)roto)la"! &hi#h ha" the )o&er of 'ro&th and of re)rod#tion1 and of that #ontino" )ro#e"" of de%elo)!ent &hi#h ha" re"lted in the !ar%ello" %ariety and#o!)le* or'ani"ation of the &hole %e'eta(le -in'do!. There i" inall thi" "o!ethin' ,ite (eyond and a)art fro! #he!i#al #han'e"1ho&e%er #o!)le*0 and it ha" (een &ell "aid that the /r"t %e'eta(le#ell &a" a ne& thin' in the &orld1 )o""e""in' alto'ether ne&)o&er"$that of e*tra#tin' and /*in' #ar(on fro! the #ar(on5

dio*ide of the at!o")here1 that of inde/nite re)rod#tion1 and1 "till!ore !ar%ello"1 the )o&er of %ariation and of re)rod#in' tho"e %ariation" till endle"" #o!)li#ation" of "tr#tre and %arietie" of for! ha%e (een the re"lt. Here1 then1 &e ha%e indi#ation" of a ne&)o&er at &or-1 &hi#h &e !ay ter! vitality 1 "in#e it 'i%e" to #ertainfor!" of !atter all tho"e #hara#ter" and )ro)ertie" &hi#h#on"titte Life.The ne*t "ta'e i" "till !ore !ar%ello"1 "till !ore #o!)letely(eyond all )o""i(ility of e*)lanation (y !atter1 it" la&" and for#e".It i" the introd#tion of "en"ation or #on"#io"ne""1 #on"tittin' the

fnda!ental di"tin#tion (et&een the ani!al and %e'eta(le-in'do!". Here all idea of !ere #o!)li#ation of "tr#tre



)rod#in' the re"lt i" ot of the ,e"tion. We feel it to (ealto'ether )re)o"tero" to a""!e that at a #ertain "ta'e of #o!)le*ity of ato!i# #on"tittion1 and a" a ne#e""ary re"lt of that#o!)le*ity alone1 an ego "hold "tart into e*i"ten#e1 a thin' that

feels1 that i" conscious of it" o&n e*i"ten#e. Here &e ha%e the

#ertainty that "o!ethin' ne& ha" ari"en1 a (ein' &ho"e na"#ent#on"#io"ne"" ha" 'one on in#rea"in' in )o&er and de/nitene"" tillit ha" #l!inated in the hi'her ani!al". No %er(al e*)lanation oratte!)t at e*)lanation$"#h a" the "tate!ent that life i" the re"ltof the !ole#lar for#e" of the )roto)la"!1 or that the &holee*i"tin' or'ani# ni%er"e fro! the a!ae(a ) to !an &a" latent inthe /re5!i"t fro! &hi#h the "olar "y"te! &a" de%elo)ed$#ana+ord any !ental "ati"fa#tion1 or hel) " in any &ay to a "oltion of the !y"tery.The third "ta'e i"1 a" &e ha%e "een1 the e*i"ten#e in !an of an!(er of hi" !o"t #hara#teri"ti# and no(le"t fa#ltie"1 tho"e&hi#h rai"e hi! frthe"t a(o%e the (rte" and o)en ) )o""i(ilitie"of al!o"t inde/nite ad%an#e!ent. The"e fa#ltie" #old not)o""i(ly ha%e (een de%elo)ed (y !ean" of the "a!e la&" &hi#hha%e deter!ined the )ro're""i%e de%elo)!ent of the or'ani# &orldin 'eneral1 and al"o of !an2" )hy"i#al or'ani"!.;@J=

The"e three di"tin#t "ta'e" of )ro're"" fro! the inor'ani# &orld of !atter and !otion ) to !an1 )oint #learly to an n"een ni%er"e$to a &orld of ")irit1 to &hi#h the &orld of !atter i" alto'ether"(ordinate. To thi" ")irital &orld &e !ay refer the !ar%ello"ly#o!)le* for#e" &hi#h &e -no& a" 'ra%itation1 #ohe"ion1 #he!i#al

for#e1 radiant for#e1 and ele#tri#ity1 &ithot &hi#h the !aterialni%er"e #old not e*i"t for a !o!ent in it" )re"ent for!1 and)erha)" not at all1 "in#e &ithot the"e for#e"1 and )erha)" other"&hi#h !ay (e ter!ed ato!i#1 it i" do(tfl &hether !atter it"elf #old ha%e any e*i"ten#e. And "till !ore "rely #an &e refer to ittho"e )ro're""i%e !anife"tation" of Life in the %e'eta(le1 theani!al1 and !an$&hi#h &e !ay #la""ify a" n#on"#io"1#on"#io"1 and intelle#tal life1$and &hi#h )ro(a(ly de)end )ondi+erent de'ree" of ")irital in>*. I ha%e already "ho&n that thi"in%ol%e" no ne#e""ary infra#tion of the la& of #ontinity in )hy"i#alor !ental e%oltion0 &hen#e it follo&" that any di+i#lty &e !ay

/nd in di"#ri!inatin' the inor'ani# fro! the or'ani#1 the lo&er %e'eta(le fro! the lo&er ani!al or'ani"!"1 or the hi'her ani!al"fro! the lo&e"t ty)e" of !an1 ha" no (earin' at all )on the,e"tion. Thi" i" to (e de#ided (y "ho&in' that a #han'e ine""ential natre de1 )ro(a(ly1 to #a"e" of a hi'her order thantho"e of the !aterial ni%er"e too- )la#e at the "e%eral "ta'e" of )ro're"" &hi#h I ha%e indi#ated0 a #han'e &hi#h !ay (e none thele"" real (e#a"e a("oltely i!)er#e)ti(le at it" )oint of ori'in1 a"i" the #han'e that ta-e" )la#e in the #r%e in &hi#h a (ody i"!o%in' &hen the a))li#ation of "o!e ne& for#e #a"e" the #r%e to

(e "li'htly altered.Concluding Remars.



Tho"e &ho ad!it !y inter)retation of the e%iden#e no& add#ed$"tri#tly "#ienti/# e%iden#e in it" a))eal to fa#t" &hi#h are #learly&hat o'ht not to (e on the !ateriali"ti# theory$&ill (e a(le toa##e)t the ")irital natre of !an1 a" not in any &ay in#on"i"tent&ith the theory of e%oltion1 (t a" de)endent on tho"e

fnda!ental la&" and #a"e" &hi#h frni"h the %ery !aterial" fore%oltion to &or- &ith. They &ill al"o (e relie%ed fro! the #r"hin'!ental (rthen i!)o"ed )on tho"e &ho$!aintainin' that &e1 in#o!!on &ith the re"t of natre1 are (t )rod#t" of the (lindeternal for#e" of the ni%er"e1 and (elie%in' al"o that the ti!e !"t#o!e &hen the "n &ill lo"e hi" heat and all life on the earthne#e""arily #ea"e$ha%e to #onte!)late a not %ery di"tant ftre in&hi#h all thi" 'lorio" earth$&hi#h for ntold !illion" of year" ha"(een "lo&ly de%elo)in' for!" of life and (eaty to #l!inate at la"tin !an$"hall (e a" if it had ne%er e*i"ted0 &ho are #o!)elled to"))o"e that all the "lo& 'ro&th" of or ra#e "tr''lin' to&ard" ahi'her life1 all the a'ony of !artyr"1 all the 'roan" of %i#ti!"1 allthe e%il and !i"ery and nde"er%ed "+erin' of the a'e"1 all the"tr''le" for freedo!1 all the e+ort" to&ard" 4"ti#e1 all thea")iration" for %irte and the &ell(ein' of h!anity1 "halla("oltely %ani"h1 and1 :li-e the (a"ele"" fa(ri# of a %i"ion1 lea%enot a &ra#- (ehind.: A" #ontra"ted &ith thi" ho)ele"" and "ol5deadenin' (elief1 &e1&ho a##e)t the e*i"ten#e of a ")irital &orld1 #an loo- )on theni%er"e a" a 'rand #on"i"tent &hole ada)ted in all it" )art" to thede%elo)!ent of ")irital (ein'" #a)a(le of inde/nite life and

)erfe#ti(ility. To "1 the &hole )r)o"e1 the only raison d/0tre of the&orld$&ith all it" #o!)le*itie" of )hy"i#al "tr#tre1 &ith it" 'rand'eolo'i#al )ro're""1 the "lo& e%oltion of the %e'eta(le and ani!al-in'do!"1 and the lti!ate a))earan#e of !an$&a" thede%elo)!ent of the h!an ")irit in a""o#iation &ith the h!an(ody. ?ro! the fa#t that the ")irit of !an$the !an hi!"elf$is "ode%elo)ed1 &e !ay &ell (elie%e that thi" i" the only1 or at lea"t the(e"t1 &ay for it" de%elo)!ent0 and &e !ay e%en "ee in &hat i""ally ter!ed :e%il: on the earth1 one of the !o"t e+i#ient !ean"of it" 'ro&th. ?or &e -no& that the no(le"t fa#ltie" of !an are"tren'thened and )erfe#ted (y "tr''le and e+ort0 it i" (y

n#ea"in' &arfare a'ain"t )hy"i#al e%il" and in the !id"t of di+i#lty and dan'er that ener'y1 #ora'e1 "elf5relian#e1 andind"try ha%e (e#o!e the #o!!on ,alitie" of the northern ra#e"0it i" (y the (attle &ith !oral e%il in all it" hydra5headed for!"1 thatthe "till no(ler ,alitie" of 4"ti#e and !er#y and h!anity and "elf5"a#ri/#e ha%e (een "teadily in#rea"in' in the &orld. Bein'" th"trained and "tren'thened (y their "rrondin'"1 and )o""e""in'latent fa#ltie" #a)a(le of "#h no(le de%elo)!ent1 are "relyde"tined for a hi'her and !ore )er!anent e*i"ten#e0 and &e !ay#on/dently (elie%e &ith or 'reate"t li%in' )oet$

That life i" not a" idle ore1



Bt iron d' fro! #entral 'loo!1 And heated hot &ith (rnin' fear"1 And di)t in (ath" of hi""in' tear"1 And (atter2d &ith the "ho#-" of doo!

To "ha)e and "e.We th" /nd that the Dar&inian theory1 e%en &hen #arried ot to it"e*tre!e lo'i#al #on#l"ion1 not only doe" not o))o"e1 (t lend" ade#ided "))ort to1 a (elief in the ")irital natre of !an. It "ho&"" ho& !an2" (ody !ay ha%e (een de%elo)ed fro! that of a lo&erani!al for! nder the la& of natral "ele#tion0 (t it al"o tea#he"" that &e )o""e"" intelle#tal and !oral fa#ltie" &hi#h #old notha%e (een "o de%elo)ed1 (t !"t ha%e had another ori'in0 and forthi" ori'in &e #an only /nd an ade,ate #a"e in the n"eenni%er"e of S)irit.

< 6!) ) Descent of Man1 )). F<5F0 al"o )). <5<7.@ 6!) ) Man/s #lace in +ature1 ). F. 6!) ) Man/s #lace in +ature1 ). . See ?i'". of E!(ryo" of

Man and Do' in Dar&in2" Descent of Man1 ). <J.F 6!) ) The Descent of Man1 )). 1 8.7 6!) ) Man and !pes. By St. Geor'e Mi%art1 ?.R.S.1 <8. It i"

an intere"tin' fa#t for &hi#h I a! inde(ted to Mr. E. B. Poltonthat the h!an e!(ryo )o""e""e" the e*tra ri( and &ri"t5(onereferred to a(o%e in @ and F a" o##rrin' in "o!e of the a)e".

6!) ) Man and !pes1 )).<81 <FF 6!) ) ?or a "-et#h of the e%iden#e of Man2" Anti,ity in

A!eri#a1 "ee The +ineteenth Century for No%e!(er <88.8 6!) ) Thi" "(4e#t &a" /r"t di"#""ed in an arti#le in the

!nthropological Revie1 May <8F1 and re)(li"hed in !yContributions to +atural 'election1 #ha)1 i*1 in <8J.

K 6!) ) Man/s #lace in +ature1 ). <J@.<J 6!) ) ?or a fll di"#""ion of thi" ,e"tion1 "ee the athor2"

(eographical Distribution of !nimals1 %ol. i. ). @87.<< 6!) ) ?or a fll di"#""ion of all the"e )oint"1 "ee Descent of

Man1 #ha). iii.<@ 6!) ) Descent of Man1 #ha). i%.< 6!) ) L((o#-2" *rigin of Civilisation1 forth edition1 )). FF5

FFJ0 Tylor2" #rimitive Culture1 #ha). %ii.<F 6!) ) It ha" (een re#ently "tated that "o!e of the"e fa#t" are

erroneo"1 and that "o!e A"tralian" #an -ee) a##rate re#-onin') to <JJ1 or !ore1 &hen re,ired. Bt thi" doe" not alter the'eneral fa#t that !any lo& ra#e"1 in#ldin' the A"tralian"1 ha%eno &ord" for hi'h n!(er" and ne%er re,ire to "e the!. If theyare no&1 &ith a little )ra#ti#e1 a(le to #ont !#h hi'her1 thi"indi#ate" the )o""e""ion of a fa#lty &hi#h #old not ha%e (eende%elo)ed nder the la& of tility only1 "in#e the a("en#e of &ord"for "#h hi'h n!(er" "ho&" that they &ere neither "ed nor

re,ired.<7 6!) ) Arti#le Arith!eti# in Eng. Cyc. of !rts and 'ciences.



< 6!) ) See :Hi"tory of M"i#1: in Eng. Cyc.1 S#ien#e and Art"Di%i"ion.

< 6!) ) Thi" i" the e"ti!ate frni"hed !e (y t&o !athe!ati#al!a"ter" in one of or 'reat )(li# "#hool" of the )ro)ortion of (oy"&ho ha%e any ")e#ial ta"te or #a)a#ity for !athe!ati#al "tdie".

Many !ore1 of #or"e1 #an (e drilled into a fair -no&led'e of ele!entary !athe!ati#"1 (t only thi" "!all )ro)ortion )o""e"" thenatral fa#lty &hi#h render" it )o""i(le for the! e%er to ran- hi'ha" !athe!ati#ian"1 to ta-e any )lea"re in it1 or to do any ori'inal!athe!ati#al &or-.

<8 6!) ) I a! infor!ed1 ho&e%er1 (y a !"i# !a"ter in a lar'e"#hool that only a(ot one )er #ent ha%e real or de#ided !"i#altalent1 #orre")ondin' #rio"ly &ith the e"ti!ate of the!athe!ati#ian".

<K 6!) ) In the latter )art of hi" e""ay on Heredity )). K<5K of the %ol!e of E""ay"1 Dr. Wei"!ann refer" to thi" ,e"tion of theori'in of :talent": in !an1 and1 li-e !y"elf1 #o!e" to the #on#l"ionthat they #old not (e de%elo)ed nder the la& of natral "ele#tion.He "ay"9 :It !ay (e o(4e#ted that1 in !an1 in addition to thein"tin#t" inherent in e%ery indi%idal1 ")e#ial indi%idal)redi")o"ition" are al"o fond1 of "#h a natre that it i" i!)o""i(lethey #an ha%e ari"en (y indi%idal %ariation" of the 'er!5)la"!. Onthe other hand1 the"e )redi")o"ition"$&hi#h &e #all talent"$#annot ha%e ari"en thro'h natral "ele#tion1 (e#a"e life i" in no&ay de)endent on their )re"en#e1 and there "ee!" to (e no &ay of e*)lainin' their ori'in e*#e)t (y an a""!)tion of the "!!ation

of the "-ill attained (y e*er#i"e in the #or"e of ea#h "in'le life. Inthi" #a"e1 therefore1 &e "ee! at /r"t "i'ht to (e #o!)elled toa##e)t the tran"!i""ion of a#,ired #hara#ter".: Wei"!ann then'oe" on to "ho& that the fa#t" do not "))ort thi" %ie&0 that the!athe!ati#al1 !"i#al1 or arti"ti# fa#ltie" often a))ear "ddenlyin a fa!ily &ho"e other !e!(er" and an#e"tor" &ere in no &aydi"tin'i"hed0 and that e%en &hen hereditary in fa!ilie"1 the talentoften a))ear" at it" !a*i!! at the #o!!en#e!ent or in the!iddle of the "erie"1 not in#rea"in' to the end1 a" it "hold do if itde)ended in any &ay on the tran"!i""ion of a#,ired "-ill. Ga""&a" not the "on of a !athe!ati#ian1 nor Handel of a !"i#ian1 nor

Titian of a )ainter1 and there i" no )roof of any ")e#ial talent in thean#e"tor" of the"e !en of 'eni"1 &ho at on#e de%elo)ed the !o"t!ar%ello" )re5e!inen#e in their re")e#ti%e talent". And after"ho&in' that "#h 'reat !en only a))ear at #ertain "ta'e" of h!an de%elo)!ent1 and that t&o or !ore of the ")e#ial talent" arenot nfre,ently #o!(ined in one indi%idal1 he #on#lde" th"$:)on thi" "(4e#t I only &i"h to add that1 in !y o)inion1 talent" donot a))ear to de)end )on the i!)ro%e!ent of any ")e#ial !ental,ality (y #ontined )ra#ti#e1 (t they are the e*)re""ion1 and to a#ertain e*tent the (ye5)rod#t1 of the h!an !ind1 &hi#h i" "o

hi'hly de%elo)ed in all dire#tion".:It &ill1 I thin-1 (e ad!itted thatthi" %ie& hardly a##ont" for the e*i"ten#e of the hi'hly )e#liar



h!an fa#ltie" in ,e"tion. 6!) ) ?or an earlier di"#""ion of thi" "(4e#t1 &ith "o!e&ider a))li#ation"1 "ee the athor2" Contributions to the Theory of

+atural 'election1 #ha). *.

darwinism (chap xv)

Documents