The Renaissance

Rise of Europe 1450-1750

• Late Middle Ages – institutions arise the lay groundwork for Renaissance

1) Crusades around 1100-1300 – increased contact with Islam, though minimal territorial gain

2) Towns and Guilds grow – for example in the Holy Roman Empire the Hanseatic League

3) Large Kings arise and are gaining power in Europe – examples: France (Valois), England (Tudors), Spain (Hapsburgs)

4) Early Portuguese exploration towards the Indian Ocean

Rise of Europe 1450-1750

• Renaissance (1300s-mid 1600s)-Humanism

-Italian Renaissance vs Northern (European) Renaissance

• Reformation (early 1500s-mid 1600s)-Rise of Protestantism

-Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.

-30 Years War and its results

• Absolutism or Rise of Kings (1300s-1700s)-Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE), Tudors (England), Bourbons (France)

-Charles V (I), Elizabeth I, Louis XIV

Rise of Europe 1450-1750

• Age of Exploration (1400s-1800s)-Portugal and Spain (New World exploration) – Christopher Columbus

-Colonialism and Mercantilism

-Encomienda System

-Annihilation of Native American population

-Triangular Trade (Slave trade from mostly West Africa)

• Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment (1300s–1700s)

-Unit 2 (done this year)

Aim: How can we situate the European Renaissance in World

History?

Compare and contrast the Recovery of Europe and the Recovery of Ming China after

the crises of the 13th and 14th century

Military

Political

Cultural

Educational

Economic

Exploration

Gender

Europe Ming China

Which power(s) dominated trade routes between Europe

and China?

The Timurid Empire

Timur (Tamerlane)

• Christopher Marlowe, contemporary of Shakespeare

MIDDLEAGES

RENAISSANCE1300-1600 A.D.

MODERNTIMES

AIM: HOW DID THE RENAISSANCE SERVE AS A

BRIDGE BETWEEN MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

TIMES?

MEDIEVAL vs. RENAISSANCE ART

Can you identify whichpicture belongsto which Age?

RENAISSANCE ITALY

What were the causes of the Renaissance?1) Revival of Learning (12th Century Renaissance)

2) The Crusades – Increased Contact of Europeans with Middle Eastern Trade Routes, Goods and Ideas

3) Expansion of Cities and Growth of Trade – Development of City Government –Republics of Venice and Florence

4) Rise of Bourgeoisie – Middle Class of Merchants, Traders and Artisans

- Importance of Guilds

6) Rise of Capitalism - led to

7) The Commercial Revolution – New Ways of Doing Business – Rise of the Corporation – Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies

8) Rise of Banking – Bills of Exchange (easier and safer than carrying gold)

9) The Black Death – Decline of Serfdom – Rise of Urban Population

10) Fall of Constantinople – More Byzantine/Greek Scholars came to Italy with Classical and Ecclesiastical Greek Manuscripts

11) Invention of Printing – Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, William Caxton in England, Aldus Manutius in Italy

• What were the Characteristics of the Renaissance?

1) Humanism

2) Individualism

3) Technique – Perspective – New Way of

Objects and World being

Viewed (P.O.V. – Get It?)and

4) Secularism

(The Burckhardt Thesis - Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy)

PATRONS OF THE ARTS

• The Medici family gained their wealth from banking. Their business expanded to include wool manufacturing and mining.

• Four Popes came from the Medici Family: Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI

Lorenzo de Medici

Image wikipedia

Walters Art Gallery Exhibit

Africa and Africans in the European Renaissance

• Alessandro de Medici, 1510-1537, ruled Florence

Giulia de Medici, his daughter

http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/africans-in-the-renaissance.html• Adoration of the Magi, workshop of Gerard David

African Dressmaker, 1580s

• St. Benedict of Palermo, 1524-1589

Albrecht Durer, Portrait of Catharina, 1521

http://afroeurope.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-man-and-woman-in-16th-century.html “The short film Peripeteia (2012), which is part of the exhibition, also takes as its

starting point two drawings by the sixteenth century artist Albrecht Dürer. The portraits - one of a bearded black male, the other of a black woman wearing a close fitting bonnet - are among the earliest Western representations of black people, their

existence now "lost to the winds of history".

Portrait of an African Man by Jan Mostaert (ca. 1520-1530) Source:

Rijksmuseum

Amsterdam.

“The Three Mulattoes of Esmereldas” (1599)

Chafariz d’el Rey in the Alfama District, The Berardo Collection, Lisbon

HUMANISM

• This intellectual movement stressed the abilities of the individual man. Humanists studied classical Greek and Roman poetry and history.

Guess where ournames came from?

LEONARDO DA VINCI

• Leonardo da Vinci was known as a Renaissance Man because he was multi-talented.

• Leonardo’s interests included painting, botany, anatomy, music, architecture and engineering.

https://metropolitanmuseum.org/toah/hd/leon/hd_leon.htm

• “My stomach is thrust toward my chin. My beard curls up toward the sky. My head leans right over onto my back. The brush endlessly dripping onto my face.”

MICHAELANGELO

DAVID

David was sculpted by Michaelangelo between1501 and 1504.

How do you see evidenceof classical Greece and Romein this work of art?

RAPHAEL

Raphael painted the School of Athens forPope Julius II. WhenRaphael died in Romeon his 37th birthday, the whole city mourned. His funeral mass was celebrated at the Vatican.

SCHOOL OF ATHENS

http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/4stanze/1segnatu/1/athens.html

Google images

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

Is it better to be loved or feared?

• Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.

Fordham.edu

“He must endeavour only to avoid hated” –N.Machiavelli

• Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women. But when it is necessary for him to proceed against the life of someone, he must do it on proper justification and for manifest cause, but above all things he must keep his hands off the property of others, because men more quickly forget the death of their father than the loss of their patrimony. Besides, pretexts for taking away the property are never wanting; for he who has once begun to live by robbery will always find pretexts for seizing what belongs to others; but reasons for taking life, on the contrary, are more difficult to find and sooner lapse. But when a prince is with his army, and has under control a multitude of soldiers, then it is quite necessary for him to disregard the reputation of cruelty, for without it he would never hold his army united or disposed to its duties.

Fordham.edu

Aim: How did the Renaissance Spread to Northern Europe?

Italian Renaissance vs Northern Renaissance

• Italian• (early 1300s-1600s)• Trade routes bring about• Secular Humanism• Writers: Petrarch, Machiavelli,

etc.• Art and Architecture:

Brunilleschi, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc.

• Northern (European)• (early 1400s-1700s)• Trade routes bring about• Christian Humanism• Writers: Erasmus,

Shakespeare, Cervantes, etc.• Art and Architecture: El Greco,

Rembrandt, Vermeer, etc.

THE ELIZABETHAN AGE(1558-1603)

“To the most high,mighty, and magnificentEmpress, renowned forpiety, virtue, and allgracious government,Elizabeth.”

-Edmund Spenser (Poet)

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

“What a piece of work is a man, how noble inreason…how like a god!”

-William Shakespeare

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/merchant/shakespeare.html

JOHANN GUTENBERG1400-1468 CE

The Gutenberg Bible

• http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/4.html

A copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress

Image wikipedia

Effects of printing

• Vast increase in literacy. • Rapid dissemination of ideas. • Standardization of spelling. • Stimulus toward accuracy, since works were now more likely to

be read by others as knowledgeable in a subject as the author. • Change in our concept of "fact"

– Before printing, documents were suspect as too easily forged. Eyewitnesses and personal testimony were considered more reliable.

– Printing made documents more authoritative than personal testimony. Hard to fake printed documents.

– Before printing, people relied on memory to store facts. – Printing changed the concept of "fact" to "printed fact"; "show me in

black and white."

http://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/WestTech/inforevs.htm

The Use of New Technology in Renaissance Scholarship and Christian Piety - Alcala de Henares, Spain

• Alcala Polyglot Bible-

In Hebrew, Aramaic,

Greek and Latin