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Chapter 12 Renaissanc e Reformation

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Chapter 12

Renaissance

Reformation

• Ancient World

Paleolithic, Neolithic, early civilizations, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome

• Middle Ages

feudalism, Crusades, Black Death

• Modern World

Early Modern World: Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, Revolution

• Roman Empire

• Middle Ages• Renaissance,

Reformation

• 509 B.C. –

A.D. 476• A.D. 476-1500• 1350-1550,

1517-1650

500 B.C. 0 A.D. 500 1000 1500

Renaissance 1350-1550

Renaissance • “rebirth”• Began in Italy, spread through

Europe• Began to reexamine the

culture of the Greeks and Romans

Renaissance • Urban society

secular, increased wealth• Age of recovery

plague, political instability, decline of church power

• Emphasis on human ability

Renaissance • Wealth of trade and stability of

powerful rulers supported artists, architects, and philosophers.

• Strongest city-states:

Milan, Venice, Florence

MilanMilan

VeniceVenice

FlorenceFlorence

Renaissance Florence, in the region of Tuscany, ruled by the Medici family, supported the largest number of artists.

Political Renaissance • Niccolo Machiavelli,

The Prince understanding human nature, that man is basically self-centered, a prince should act for the state, not based on ethics and morality

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince

Political Renaissance • “You must know there are two methods of fighting,

the one by law, the other by force; the first method is of men, the second of beasts; but because the first is frequently not sufficient, one must have recourse to the second. Therefore it is necessary for a prince to understand how to use the methods of the beast and the man . . . A prince . . . ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against traps and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the traps and a lion to terrify the wolves. Those who rely simply on the lion do not understand this.”

-- Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (1513)

Political Renaissance • The Prince advised rulers to be kind only if it

suited their purposes. Otherwise, he warned, it is better to be feared than loved.

• “Machiavellianism” is the term some social and personality psychologists use to describe a person's tendency to deceive and manipulate the others for personal gain. It is used to describe later works by other authors who stress the view that “The ends justify the means.”

Urban Renaissance*3 estates or social

classes•Clergy: 7-13%•Nobility: 2-3% warrior with classical education

Urban Renaissance• Peasants and townspeople:

85-90% Patricians – trade, industry,

bankingBurghers – shopkeepers,

artisans, guild mastersFree workers and

unemployed

Renaissance Family• Family bond = security

• Maintained by arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties

• Dowry given by wife’s family• Father/husband – center of

Italian family

Renaissance Humanism• Classical education:

grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history - “humanities”

• Active in civic life, to be of service to the state

Renaissance Literature• Classical Latin (Roman Empire)

• Vernacular: >Dante – Italian – Divine Comedy >Geoffrey Chaucer – English

The Canterbury Tales >Christine de Pizan – French

The Book of the City of Ladies

Geoffery Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

Renaissance Education• Liberal arts : history, moral philosophy,

eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music = virtue and wisdom

• Physical education: javelin, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting, swimming – from the Greeks

• Complete citizen, prepared for life• Model for European ruling classes

Renaissance Philosophy• Written in Latin, Sir Thomas More's political

romance Utopia was published in 1516, under the title De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia, the first English edition appearing in 1551. The work is typical of the Renaissance spirit of adventure and discovery, being inspired in part by More's study of Plato's Republic, Vespucci's Voyages, and Augustine's City of God. Although the theme of an ideal commonwealth was not original, More's romance gave a generic name to visionary schemes of social reform.

Sir Thomas More

Utopia

Renaissance Art• Imitate nature, reality

• Focus on humans• Fresco – on wet plaster - 3D• perspective, space, light,

movement• Anatomy - especially nudes

High Renaissance

*Masters of the High Renaissance 1490-1520

•Leonardo da Vinci•Michelangelo•Raphael

Donatello

Leonardo

Michelangelo

Raphael

Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519

Mona LisaBy

Leonardo da Vinci1503-05

20.87 inch wide x 30.32 inch high

The Last SupperBy Leonardo da Vinci

1498 (fresco)Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy

Vetruvian ManBy

Leonardo da Vinci1490

Michelangelo Buonarrati1475-1564

Sistine Chapel, The Vatican, Vatican City (inside Rome, Italy)

By Michelangelo

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

1508-1512

131” x 43”

(over 5000 sq. ft.)

The Story of Creation, Sistine ChapelBy Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

The Creation of the Sun and the Moon

ByMichelangeloSistine Chapel

DavidBy

MichelangeloFlorence, Italy

1501-150416’ tallmarble

MosesBy

MichelangeloTomb of Julius ii

Church of San Pietro in Vincoli,

Rome, Italy1513-1516

marble

PietaBy

Michelangelo

St. Peter’s Basilica,The Vatican, Vatican City

(inside Rome)1498-1500

marble

Swiss Guards at the Vatican

Uniforms Designed by Michelangelo

RaphaelRaffaelo Sanzio

1483-1520

Sistine MadonnaBy Raphael

1513-14

Sistine MadonnaBy Raphael

Madonna of the ChairBy Raphael 1518

The Virgin of the Rocks

By Raphael

The School of Athens By Raphael1508

The School of Athens

By Raphael

Printing Press• 1400s Europe• Movable metal type• Johannes Gutenberg, German• Gutenberg Bible, 1455, first

European book produced from movable type

Johannes Gutenberg

Gutenberg’s printing press

with movable type

From the book of

RomansFrom the

Gutenberg Bible1455

Printing Press

• Encouraged scholarly research• Increased desire for knowledge• Spread new ideas more rapidly• European civilization could now

compete with Chinese

1517-1650

Reformation• The Protestant Reformation

is the name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups.

Protestant Reformation• Christian humanism: ability of

humans to use reason and improve themselves

Erasmus: The Praise of Follycalled for church reform

• Corruption in the church: selling indulgences

• Modern Devotion: downplayed religious dogma, stressed teachings

Indulgence certificate

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther – Germanfaith alone, not works

Bible – only source of truth

Protestant Reformation

• Ninety-five Theses, 1517attack on sale of indulgences

Protestant Reformation

• Copies sent all over Germany (printing press helped)

• Beginning of Protestant Reformation

Lutheranism

• Called for break with Catholic church

• Attacked system of sacramentskept only 2: baptism, Eucharist

• Luther excommunicated 1521

Lutheranism •German rulers took over churches, formed state churches run by government

•Luther’s doctrine became Lutheranism

Calvinism• Ulrich Zwingli –

Swiss – began reform banning relics and images

• Leadership passed to

John Calvin –

predestination, “the elect”, with church government to oversee moral life: dancing, drunkenness, swearing, cards prohibited

• John Knox – missionary to Scotland

English Reformation

Henry VIII created a new state church bringing England into the Protestant group. Catholic lands were confiscated and became part of the Church of England with the monarch as the head of the church.

Henry Tudor1491-1547

Henry VIII,King of England

1509-1547Separated from

the Catholic Churchand formed the

Church of England

Henry Tudor1491-1547

Henry VIII,King of England

1509-1547Separated from

the Catholic Churchand formed the

Church of England

Catherine of AragonDaughter - Mary I

Anne BoleynDaughter - Elizabeth I

Jane SeymourSon - Edward VI

Anne of Cleves

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

Edward Tudor,Son of

Henry VIII andJane Seymour

1537-1553

Edward VI,King of England

1547-1553

Mary Tudor,Daughter of

Henry VIII andCatherine of Aragon

1516-1558

Mary I,Queen of England

1553-1558tried to return to Catholicism;

persecuted, executed Protestants“Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth Tudor,Daughter of

Henry VIII andAnne Boleyn1533-1603

Elizabeth I,Queen ofEngland

1558-1603return to Church of England;

long reign stabilized Protestantism

Protestant Reformation

• Anabaptists> adult baptism

> all believers equal

> Separation of church and state, refused

to hold public office or bear arms

• Mennonites, Amish

Amish Country

Ohio

Catholic Reformation

• Jesuits became missionaries around the world

• Reform of the papacy• Council of Trent: set Catholic

doctrine, selling of indulgences forbidden