the renaissance the re-birth. the renaissance what caused the renaissance? –the crusades –the...
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The Renaissance
The Re-Birth
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The Renaissance
• What caused the Renaissance?– The Crusades– The Black Death– New trade in Italy
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The Renaissance
• The Crusades– Interaction
between Muslims and Christians during the four Crusades for the 12th to 14th C.
– Cultural Diffusion between both groups due to warfare and trade
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The Renaissance
• Crusades– Muslims had held
onto Ancient Greek and Roman texts
– Practiced Greek and Roman ideas
– Muslims improved upon these ideas and then passed them back onto the Europeans
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Renaissance
• Crusades– Europeans will also bring back new
ideas in manufacturing techniques• Now they could create goods they normally
had to buy
– New ideas in creating a world wide trade economy• Credit, banking which will lead to the
Commercial Revolution
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Renaissance
• The Black Death– The plague will
account for the destruction of almost 1/3 of Europe’s population
– Disease is an equal opportunity killer so it killed off not only the serfs but also the nobles
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Renaissance
• Black Death– Will last in Europe
from 1347-1351– While the plague
caused a demographic shift it also caused a political and economic shift
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Renaissance
• The Black Death– The plague will cause
the end of the Manor System
• A shortage of serfs to work the land caused lords and nobles to have to pay serfs for production
• With the loss of lords there was now free land for serfs to claim and work for their own profit
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Renaissance
• Black Death– End of the Feudal
System• With the Manor
System gone serfs were no longer tied to the land and could move to urban centers
• More free men and the growth of urban centers caused a rapid growth in trade.
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Renaissance
• New Trade– Growth of cities coupled
with new manufacturing techniques allowed for an increase of trade.
– Italy was centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea which allowed for easy trade access
– The banking and business classes will grow and there will be more money and wealth in society
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Renaissance
• New Trade– Allowed for opportunities of social
mobility– Increase of wealth in cities– Growth of educational centers
• These universities would start to question traditional ideas such as the church and the way in which people were ruled
• Scholasticism
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The Renaissance
• Classicism– With the new influx of money into Europe,
Europeans were able to spend more time on leisure activities instead of fighting for survival
– Europeans began to study the literature of the Greeks and the Romans
– Europeans wanted to understand their cultural heritage and started to explore more deeply the legacy of the Greeks and Romans
• Remember the Europeans were only able to study Greek and Roman culture because the writing had been saved by the Muslims and the Jews
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The Renaissance
• Secularism– As you remember most works of art during the
Middle Ages centered around the church because the church was seen as the center of the world
– During the Renaissance art , literature and philosophy began to center around the natural world and not the world of the church
– The Renaissance artist did not however turn their back on the church, this would have been very dangerous seeing the church still had a firm hold on the culture of Europe
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The Renaissance• Works of art
– Writings– Paintings– Sculpture – All turned to natural ideas
• Renaissance scientist turned to Greek and Roman texts to solve the problems of the day– However Christianity still
needed to be incorporated into the solution otherwise it might lead to hearsay and excommunication or even death at the hands of the church
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The Renaissance
• Humanism– In the Middle Ages the idea of salvation
and the afterlife is what kept most Europeans going through the hard times
– Personal life on earth was to be suffering while the afterlife was to be in glorious Heaven
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The Renaissance
• With the re-discovery of the Greek and Roman texts many Europeans discovered that they could attain happiness in the worldly lifetime
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The Renaissance
• The literature and the philosophy of ancient writers spoke about personal accomplishments
• European began to focus on the here and now not on the life after
• Hedonistic– Focused on worldly pleasures– Europeans did not become hedonistic-
focus was still on the church
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The Renaissance Part II
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Why Italy
• Italy had powerful city states such as – Florence, Venice, Milan
• Many of these city states had become rich off trade and their commercial economics– They generated a excess of wealth to support
a cultural revival
• There was a new rich class of citizens who were also educated– To show off their wealth and education they
sponsored artist and writers
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Why Italy
• The Medici Family of Florence– Became the patrons
of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi
– Many family members became Pope
– Made their money in trade and banking
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Major Figures and Trends• Key figures
– Writers• Petrarch 1304-1374• Giovanni Boccaccio 1313-
1375– Painters
• Giotto 1267-1337• Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-
1446• Raphael 1483-1520• Titan 1477-1576• Michelangelo 1472-1564
– Political philosophers• Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-
1527– Scientist
• Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
• Raphael’s Transfiguration
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Trends
• Writing– Addressed;
• Worldly concerns• Political issues• Human emotions
– Love– Lust– Sex
• Earthly subjects– Many times writers
would be in direct conflict with the church
– Many of their works were banned by the church
• Painting– Depicted the human figure
as realistic as possible– Careful use of light and
shadow made figures appear full and real
– Many artist in an attempt to understand the human form participated in autopsies
– Artist used linear perspective
• Nearby objects were drawn big while objects farther away were drawn smaller
• Gave the painting a 3D feel
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Middle Ages Artv.
Renaissance
• Middle Ages– Entirely religious– Existed only in
cathedrals– Flat, and stiff
• 1 or 2 D
– Was not worldly
• Renaissance– Was religious and
secular– Commissioned by
both religious and secular leaders
– Was shown in public buildings and private homes
– Realistic, softer and more human
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Spread of the Artist Movement
• The Catholic Church understood the new importance in art and commissioned artist like Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel and architects to build churches in the style of Greek and Roman architecture
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Spread of the Artist Movement
• The movement spread north and west– Artist centers
developed in the Dutch areas of Flanders
• Van Eyck• Albrecht Durer
– The styles were very realistic but remained religiously centered
• Jan van Eyck’s The Arnolfini Marriage
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Gutenberg’s Moveable Type• While China had developed
moveable type in about 800, it wasn’t until the mid 1400’s when Europeans developed the skill
• Gutenberg’s printing press allowed books to be created at a faster pace
• More books also meant that more people could afford to buy them
• Books could now be written in the country’s native language and not Latin-more people understood what they were reading
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Gutenberg’s Moveable Type
• Papermaking which had been one of the crafts learned from the Muslims during the Crusades became a growing industry– By the way the Muslims learned
papermaking from the Chinese– More books meant that society as whole
was becoming literate– More education increased the desire for
more books
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Political Thought
• One of the biggest books to come out of the Renaissance period was The Prince
• The how to book for want a be rulers
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Political Thought
• The book stated that rulers needed to be separated from the church
• Rulers should act on their own self interest• The ruler was the state not the people• Qualifications for rulers were
– Ruthless– Selfish– Scheming– Manipulative
• Machiavellian
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Political Thought
• Just remember Machiavelli gets a bad name because people always associate him with the bad side of rulers
• Machiavelli did state that once a ruler was established that they needed to care for and protect their citizens and that citizens would learn to love the ruler and that this love needed to be returned to the people
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Political Thought• Erasmus
– Wrote In the Praise of Folly– Wrote about foolish
political moves • Sir Thomas More
– Wrote Utopia• The ideal society in which
all people shared the wealth
• Unlike Machiavelli Erasmus and More were Christian Humanist-believed that leaders needed to ascribe to moral guidelines in the pursuit of their personal goals
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Shakespeare
• The most famous writer of his time
• The writing primarily focused on humanism– Character strengths and
flaws– Comedy and tragedy– Illustrated the ideals of
the time, politics, mythology and classical civilizations
– Julius Caesar– The Merchant of Venice– Othello