The Rebirth of Exploration The Rebirth of Exploration and Settlement:and Settlement:

1754 - 18341754 - 1834

The Frontier Institutions

Mission (21) Pueblo (7) Presidio (4)

Spanish Colonial OrganizationSpanish Colonial Organization

MissionsMissions• A Christian church or

outpost established in a remote area for the purpose of spreading Christianity to non-Christians.

• Jesuits and Franciscans

• Provided: Spiritual Guidance

• 1st Mission: San Diego (1769)

San Juan Capistrano

Santa Barbara San Juan Capistrano

San Juan Bautista

Great Stone Church

PueblosPueblos

• A community of farmers and other civilians (village or town)

• Landowning Spaniards• Provided: Food for missions and presidios• 1st Pueblo: San Jose (1776)

Los Angeles

PresidiosPresidios

• Military fort under the command of a Spanish officer

• Provided: protection for pueblos and missions within military districts

• 1st Presidio: San Diego (1769)

San Francisco

Defending the Spanish EmpireDefending the Spanish Empire

• The Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763):– The first world war

• The French and Indian War (1754 – 1763): The last war for colonial power– Surrender of French

Quebec and Spanish Cuba

– Spanish loss of Florida (to regain Cuba)

Last of the Mohicans

The Intercolonial WarsThe Intercolonial Wars

Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)

• Charles III of Spain and his distrust of the Jesuits

• Father Serra and the Franciscans

• Jose de Galvez– Revitalization of New Spain’s government– Mission: Organize expeditions to establish

permanent settlements in Alta California

The Sacred ExpeditionThe Sacred Expedition

• Three by Sea– San Carlos (110 days to reach San Diego)– San Antonio (54 days to reach San Diego)– San Jose (Shipwrecked – no survivors)– 30 men survived (over 2/3 died on expedition)

• Two by Land– Captain Rivera– Captain Portola & Father Serra

• 1st mission & presidio in San Diego (1769)

• Establish settlements in San Diego and Monterey from Baja California

Father Serra’s JourneyFather Serra’s Journey

The Baja California Mission Trail (1769)

The Struggle for SettlementThe Struggle for Settlement

• Religious and Military Problems

– Disorderly behavior of soldiers

– Issue between soldiers and missionaries over mission locations

• Disputes With the Governor

– Lack of support for mission maintenance and protection

The Black Legend

The Black LegendThe Black Legend

• Term coined by Julian Juderias in 1914 (La Leyenda Negra) to depict the Spanish as cruel, intolerant, and fanatical.

• Anti-Spanish protestant propaganda

• Elements of the Legend:– The Conquest of

America (Conquista)– The Spanish Inquisition

The Spanish InquisitionThe Spanish Inquisition

• The Reconquista – The 800-year war of Christians retaking Iberia (Spain & Portugal) from the Muslims

• Established by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain (1478)

• Growing suspicion of recently converted Jews, Protestants, and Muslims.

• Estimated 150,000 prosecuted and 5,000 killed

• Hollywood’s Rendition

Cruelty of the Inquisition:Cruelty of the Inquisition:The ForkThe Fork

The Judas Cradle & Garrote The Judas Cradle & Garrote

The Spike & Head CrusherThe Spike & Head Crusher

The Spanish TicklerThe Spanish Tickler

The Lead Sprinkler & PearThe Lead Sprinkler & Pear

The Saw & Thumb ScrewThe Saw & Thumb Screw

Support From the ViceroySupport From the Viceroy

• Replacement of governor

• Creation of overland route from Sonora to Alta California

• Improvement of Supply System

• DeAnza’s 2nd Expedition– Establishment of permanent settlement in San

Francisco– Women and children

El Camino Real (1821)El Camino Real (1821)