Social & Economic Change

1800-1860

Westward Migration People moving to find greater opportunity Land ownership Hard lifestyle—especially women “Rugged Individualism”

Independent Self Sufficient Yet, relied on neighbors and government

The Early West Mountain Men Rendezvous Exploiting the natural resouces

Yellowstone 1872 American wilderness makes a truly American

identity

Immigration & Migration

“They may soon so outnumber us, that all the advantages we have will in

my opinion, be not able to preserve our language and even our

government will become precarious.”

Stated by Ben Franklin about the Germans

Who do you think the following quote is about?

Immigration Population Increase in the U.S.:

High birthrate (greatest increase) 1840s & 1850s, 3 million German & Irish 60 million abandoned Europe between 1840 &

1940; 35 million to the U.S. Why did immigrants come to the U.S.?

Irish? Germans?

Effects of Irish Immigration Roman Catholicism Competition for jobs NINA Molly Maguires Cultivation of Irish vote

Political machines– New York (Tammany Hall) Spoils system

Why mostly in cities? Improved standard of living over time

Effects of German Immigration Settled in Midwest, particularly Wisconsin

More money than Irish immigrants Less political influence– spread out Contributions:

Conestoga wagon Christmas trees Public schools– Kindergarten

Beer drinkers & casual churchgoers

Source: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 2008. Figures include only immigrants who obtained legal permanent resident status.

Immigration from Germany, 1820-2008

Reactions to Immigrants

Fear of Roman Catholicism & its influence

Wage competition 1849, Know-Nothing/American Party Violence Economic expansion– prevented this

from getting worse

FRQ

Compare the Experiences of the following groups of immigrants during the period 1830-1860.

IrishGerman

Industrialization Transformations in agriculture, communication,

and transportation U.S. lacks resources necessary to industrialize (at

first): Labor– scarce; land was plentiful Capital– scarce Raw materials– undiscovered & undeveloped

Difficult to compete w/ British products U.S. did have consumers

Your FRQ (2008)

Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815-1860) on the economies of thefollowing regions The Northeast The Midwest The South

Market Revolution

Inventions Samuel Slater & Moses Brown

Spinning machine Eli Whitney

Cotton gin Interchangeable parts– mass production

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer Sewing machine

Samuel Morse Telegraph

Concept of limited liability– encouraged investing

Why the North? New England, NJ, NY, Pennsylvania Rocky soil– little farming;

manufacturing attractive Rapid rivers– water power More capital More labor (immigrants, etc.) Protective tariffs

Effects of Industrialization Horrible working conditions Child labor Universal male suffrage– workers

made demands Labor unions– 300,000 trade

unionists by 1830Commonwealth v. Hunt

Women & Industrialization Lowell System Unskilled labor Workingwomen were single Cult of Domesticity for married

womenSeparate sphere for womenDomestic feminism

Agricultural Improvements John Deere

Steel Plow Cyrus McCormick

Mower-Reaper (mechanized) Production increased; need for more

markets Need for better transportation

More machinery = more debt

Effects of Improvements Economic specialization by region.

Sectionalism Separate spheres for men and women Increased standard of living Increased gap between rich and poor Social mobility existed (not as prevalent

though) Wages increased

Transportation Improvements Turnpikes (Lancaster Turnpike– PA) Stagecoach Conestoga Wagon Cumberland (National) Road (1811) Robert Fulton– steamboat Canals

Erie Canal (1825)-- Clinton’s Big Ditch Railroad (1828) Clipper ships Pony Express (for mail delivery)

Religious Change

Deism Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason Reason over revelation Rejected original sin Rejected Christ’s divinity God doesn’t intervene except according to natural

law; clockmaker theory Human beings– moral creatures Events happen– natural law– scientific

explanations

Unitarianism Doesn’t accept the Trinity Denies divinity of Christ Humans– naturally good Free will Salvation by good works Loving God Appeals to intellectuals Rational & optimistic– based on ideals of

Enlightenment

Second Great Awakening Religious revivalism Camp meetings Increased church membership Methodists & Baptists

Personal conversion & EmotionDemocratic control of church

Second Great Awakening Peter Cartwright

Methodist circuit rider Masculine Christianity

Charles Finney Religious revivals Anxious benches Role of women– praying in public Denounced alcohol & slavery

Second Great Awakening Role of women

Church membership & beliefs Bring families to God Reformers Charitable organizations—salvation by good

works Burned-out district Itinerant preachers Emotional & participatory

Mormons Joseph Smith

Personal revelation The Book of Mormon– gold plates

Persecuted because: Communal & sometimes isolated Voting block Viewed as a threat to U.S. values

Mormons Brigham Young

Trek to Utah Theocracy & Commonwealth Immigration– missionary movement

Prophet– receives revelation Conflicts w/ federal govt. Polygamy Delayed statehood

Effects of Second Great Awakening

New denominations: Mormons (Joseph Smith) Adventists (William Miller)

Doesn’t effect traditional religions Influences less wealthy, less educated segments Participation in reform movements

Led to some church divisions

Reform Movements

Reform Movements Education Reform

Free public education—promote patriotism Horace Mann, Noah Webster, & William McGuffey Higher education

State-sponsored universities Females admitted or colleges for women est.

Catherine Beecher Prison Reform

Abolition of debtors’ prisons Capital offenses limited Reformatories

Reform Movements Dorothea Dix

Improved conditions for mentally ill Temperance

Role of alcoholism American Temperance Society (1826) Maine Law of 1851

Neal S. Dow Father of Prohibition

Connected to Second Great Awakening

Feminist Movement Cult of domesticity & separate spheres Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Grimke Sisters (Sarah & Angelina) Lucy Stone Amelia Bloomer Seneca Falls Conference (1848)

All men and women are created equal Declaration of Sentiments

National Woman Suffrage Association formed

Utopian Communities Robert Owen– New Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm in Massachusetts Oneida Community in New York

(1848) Shakers– Mother Ann Lee Mormons

Some historians claim the reform movements in the mid-1800s upheld the ideals of the “common man” of Jacksonian Democracy. Assess the validity

of this statement.

American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society.” Assess the validity of this statement in reference to reform movements in THREE of the following areas.

Education Temperance Woman’s rights Utopians experiments Penal institutions

Art, Literature, & Science

Art & Literature Monticello & University of Virginia Charles Wilson Peale & John Trumbull Hudson River School Daguerreotypes Distinctly American literature

James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving

Literature Transcendentalism:

Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman

Herman Melville Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe

Science Practical science versus

theoretical science Inventions John James Audobon

John Tyler (1841-1845) Democrat in Whig’s clothing Vetoed “Fiscal Bank” Vetoed Whig Tariff Scheme

Rates finally dropped to 32% Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Cold War w/ Britain Panic of 1837– defaulting on bonds Caroline Incident (1837) Asylum to slaves (1840) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Oregon Dispute (1846)

Columbia River or 54°40’ 49th parallel

James K. Polk (1845-1849) Polk (Democrat) vs. Clay (Whig) Manifest Destiny 4-point program:

Lowered tariff (25%)– Walker Tariff of 1846 Restore Independent Treasury (1846) Gain Oregon at 49th parallel

British offered a compromise & Senate accepted (1846)

54°40’ or Fight died out quickly Gain California and Texas (1848)

Mexican War-- Causes Manifest Destiny Tyler signed joint resolution to annex Texas Polk’s election Prior acquisition of territory Westward expansion Mexico refuses to recognize Texan

independence Rio Grande vs. Nueces River

Fears of Britain seizing California

Mexican War-- Events General Zachary Taylor marched from Nueces to Rio

Grande Mexicans attacked Taylor’s forces U.S. declared war (1846)– American blood on

American soil ?? Lincoln’s spot resolutions

Blockade of Mexico Santa Anna’s betrayals Stephen Kearny & John Fremont– California General Winfield Scott– Mexico City

Difficulties but won

Mexican War-- Effects Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– 1848

Texas California Paid over $18 million

Condemned– those who didn’t want Mexico and those who wanted all of it.

More territory added than LA Purchase Training ground for and precursor to Civil War Colossus of the North Wilmot Proviso