1800-1860

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL FORCES

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONIN THE MID-1700s, A HUGEECONOMIC CHANGE KNOWNAS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN INBRITAIN.

MANUFACTURING SHIFTEDFROM SKILLED WORKERSUSING HAND TOOLS TOUNSKILLED LABORERSTENDING LARGE, COMPLEXMACHINES.

MANUFACTURERS SOLDTHEIR GOODS NATIONWIDEOR ABROAD INSTEAD OFJUST LOCALLY.

THE INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION SOON SPREADTO THE UNITED STATES, CREATING TREMENDOUSECONOMIC GROWTH ANDTRANSFORMED AMERICAN SOCIETY.

A SERIES OF MILLS, OPENEDBY FRANCIS C. LOWELL INMASSACHUSETTS,EMPLOYED THOUSANDS OFPEOPLE WHO WORKED FORLOWER WAGES INDANGEROUS CONDITIONS.

TWO NEW INVENTIONSREVOLUTIONIZEDTRANSPORTATION:THE STEAMBOATTHE RAILROAD

SECTIONAL STRIFETHE INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION DIVIDEDAMERICANS INTO TWONATIONS: THE NORTH ANDTHE SOUTH.

NORTHERN STATES HAD LARGECITIES AND AN ECONOMY BASEDON MANUFACTURING.

SOUTHERN STATES HAD FEWLARGE CITIES, AND THEIRFARMING ECONOMY WASDOMINATED BY A SINGLECROPCOTTON.

IN TIME, THESE DIVISIONSWOULD BRING THE CIVILWAR!

THE AGE OF REFORMIN THE 1820s, IDEALISTIC AMERICANS BEGAN ANEAGER RUSH TO IMPROVEAMERICAN SOCIETY WHICHGAVE WAY TO REFORMERS.

REFORMERS WERE INSPIREDBY THE SECOND GREATAWAKENING, A MAJORRELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THAT REACHED ITS PEAK INTHE 1820s AND 1830s.

DURING THIS AGE,AMERICANS BANDED TOGETHER IN DOZENS OFORGANIZATIONS TO DO THEFOLLOWING:

END SLAVERYSTOP DRUNKENESSSECURE WOMENS RIGHTSPROVIDE BETTER CARE FOR THE MENTALLY ILLIMPROVE PRISONS

ROOTS OF ROMANTICISM

OPTIMISM AND INDIVIDUALISMNEW IDEAS BEGAN TOTRANSFORM EUROPEANCIVILIZATION.

ROMANTICISM: A MOVEMENT IN ART AND THOUGHT THAT DOMINATED EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES THROUGHOUT MUCH OF 1800s.

ROMANTIC WRITERS SHARED IMPORTANTATTITUDES:

THEY VALUED IMAGINATION AND FEELING OVER INTELLECT AND REASON.

SOME CELEBRATED INDIVIDUALISM AND FREEDOM.

THEY BELIEVED IN THE BASIC GOODNESS AND EQUALITY OF HUMAN BEINGS AND IN THEIR RIGHT TO GOVERN THEMSELVES.

OTHERS TOOK A MORE PESSIMISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN LIFE.

ROMANTICISM REFLECTED ADIVISION BETWEEN ABRIGHT AND A DARKVISION OF THE WORLD.

KINSHIP WITH NATUREANOTHER ATTITUDE THAT THE ROMANTICS SHAREDWAS A BELIEF IN THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURE.

EUROPEAN THINKERS BELIEVED THAT NATURE WASMERELY A WILDERNESS TOBE TAMED.

ROMANTICS CELEBRATED THE BEAUTY, POWER, ANDWONDER OF THE NATURAL WORLD.

ROMANTICS ALSO STRESSEDTHE VALUE OF NATURE AS ASPIRITUAL AND MORALGUIDE FOR HUMANITY.

THE POWER OF DARKNESSTHE DARK SIDE OFROMANTICISM INCLUDEDTHE FOLLOWING:

FASCINATION WITH DISEASEMADNESSDEATHEVILTHE SUPERNATURALDESTRUCTIVE ASPECTS OF NATURE

ROMANTICS WERE ALSOFASCINATED BY REMOTEPERIODS OF HISTORY ANDEXOTIC PLACES.

THE FIRST ROMANTICAPPROACH CAN BE SEEN INTHE DEVELOPMENT OF THEGOTHIC NOVEL THATCONTAINED THEFOLLOWING ELEMENTS:

WILD, HAUNTEDLANDSCAPES,SUPERNATURAL EVENTS,AND MYSTERIOUS CASTLES.

THE GOTHIC HAD ITS ROOTS IN FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH LITERATURE.

IN THE WORKS OF POE, THEGOTHIC TOOK A TURNTOWARD THEPSYCHOLOGICALEXPLORATION OF THEHUMAN MIND.

EXAMPLES OF GOTHIC NOVELSFRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLEYNORTHANGER ABBEY BY JANE AUSTEN

MODERN GOTHIC WRITERSDAPHNE du MAURIERCATHERINE COOKSONVICTORIA HOLTMARY STEWARTSTEPHEN KING

VALUES OF THE ROMANTIC WRITERIMAGINATIONFEELINGINDIVIDUALISMFREEDOM

HUMAN GOODNESSEQUALITYSELF-GOVERNMENTIMPORTANCE OF NATURE

THE DARK SIDE OF ROMANTICISMSUPERNATURALDESTRUCTIVE ASPECTS OF NATUREEVIL

INSANITYREMOTE PERIODS IN HISTORYEXOTIC PLACES

FIVE IS OF ROMANTICISMINTUITIONIMAGINATIONINNOCENCEINSPIRATION FROM NATUREINNER EXPERIENCE