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Typologies of DevelopmentTypologies of Development

DycotomizedDycotomized into:1.Primitive or moderninto:1.Primitive or modern

Civilized or uncivilizedCivilized or uncivilized

Literate or nonLiterate or non--literateliterateSimple of TechnologicallySimple of Technologically

Advanced Advanced SocitiesSocities

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UnderdevelopedUnderdevelopedCharacteristicsCharacteristics Subsistence economicsSubsistence economics where people live awhere people live a

handhand--toto--mouth existencemouth existence Produce their own food, clothing &Produce their own food, clothing & sheltershelter Level of technology is low, low level of Level of technology is low, low level of

productivity & incomeproductivity & income Main occupation maybe hunting, food gathering,Main occupation maybe hunting, food gathering,

agriculture & fishing oragriculture & fishing or animal husbandryanimal husbandry Culture is homogenousCulture is homogenous

People are called nature's, primitives or savagesPeople are called nature's, primitives or savages Target of traders who needed exotic goods forTarget of traders who needed exotic goods for

maximum exploitation of indigenous natural &maximum exploitation of indigenous natural &human resources & of missionaries who worriedhuman resources & of missionaries who worriedabout their soulsabout their souls

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Typologies of DevelopmentTypologies of Development

Trichotomy:Trichotomy: 2. Under developing and2. Under developing anddeveloped societiesdeveloped societies

Dichotomy:Dichotomy: 3. Less developed countries3. Less developed countries

(LDC) & developed(LDC) & developedcountries (DC)countries (DC)

Trichotomy:Trichotomy: 4. 14. 1st st , 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd world societiesworld societies

Dichotomy:Dichotomy: 5. North and South5. North and South

6. Newly Industrialized6. Newly Industrialized

CountriesCountries

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UnderdevelopedUnderdevelopedCharacteristicsCharacteristics These people belongs to the bands, tribes orThese people belongs to the bands, tribes or

chiefdomschiefdoms Activities revolve around the family & bigger Activities revolve around the family & bigger

kinship groupkinship group

Social institutionsSocial institutions financial, economic, political,financial, economic, political,religious & educationalreligious & educational Cooperation, mutual sharing & assistance areCooperation, mutual sharing & assistance are

dominant modes of interactiondominant modes of interaction

Social change occurs very slowlySocial change occurs very slowly Low health & education standardLow health & education standard Low level of literacyLow level of literacy High birth and death rateHigh birth and death rate

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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies Are in transition & influx of change Are in transition & influx of change Politically independent, suffer relapses oa a result Politically independent, suffer relapses oa a result

of centuries of colonization & foreign dominationof centuries of colonization & foreign domination Search for identity & provide in their culturalSearch for identity & provide in their cultural

heritageheritage Africa, Asia & Latin America Africa, Asia & Latin America

Agricultural subsistence or commercial & are Agricultural subsistence or commercial & areengaged in manufacturing, transportation,engaged in manufacturing, transportation,communication, commerce & service industriescommunication, commerce & service industries

Main goal of economic planning is diversification &Main goal of economic planning is diversification &industrializationindustrialization

Common problemCommon problem widespread & chronicwidespread & chronicpoverty, rising levels of unemployment &poverty, rising levels of unemployment &underemployment widening gap in incomeunderemployment widening gap in incomedistribution, & invading disparity in economic,distribution, & invading disparity in economic,

social & cultural international relationssocial & cultural international relations

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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies

Large proportions of the labor force areLarge proportions of the labor force areemployed in the service or tertiary sectoremployed in the service or tertiary sector

Growth of industry is accompanied by an influxGrowth of industry is accompanied by an influxof foreign capital & on increasing dependenceof foreign capital & on increasing dependenceon foreign technologyon foreign technology

Foreign investment in agriculture results inForeign investment in agriculture results incapitalcapital--intensive rural enterprise which absorbintensive rural enterprise which absorbrelatively little labor. Peasant cultivators arerelatively little labor. Peasant cultivators aredisplaced & forced to migrate to urban areas.displaced & forced to migrate to urban areas.

Social stratificationSocial stratification a very small upper classa very small upper class-- a small middle classa small middle class-- a large lower classa large lower class

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Developing SocietiesDeveloping Societies

Industrialization, modernization, automation,Industrialization, modernization, automation,cultural pluralism, rapid social change & highcultural pluralism, rapid social change & highstandard of living characterize the developedstandard of living characterize the developedsocietiessocieties

Societies are progressive, powerful &Societies are progressive, powerful &

technologically advanced because of capitaltechnologically advanced because of capitalformation, savings & technological processformation, savings & technological process Sharp division among family influence,Sharp division among family influence,

economic activities, religious rites & unityeconomic activities, religious rites & unity

controlcontrol Social institutions make definite contributionsSocial institutions make definite contributions

to the welfare of the countryto the welfare of the country-- US, Canada, Western European countries,US, Canada, Western European countries,

Australia, New Zealand, Japan & Russia Australia, New Zealand, Japan & Russia

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The Three WorldsThe Three Worlds

1. First World1. First World The United States including itsThe United States including its

allies in Western Europe & its satellites in Latinallies in Western Europe & its satellites in Latin America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand & America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand &JapanJapan-- rich & highly developed countriesrich & highly developed countries

2. Second World2. Second World The Soviet Union including itsThe Soviet Union including itsallies & satellites in Eastern Europe & parts of allies & satellites in Eastern Europe & parts of

Asia. High pace of industrial growth & highly Asia. High pace of industrial growth & highlyurbanized. Their economy is socialist systemurbanized. Their economy is socialist system

based on state ownership of the factors of based on state ownership of the factors of production. The state dominates the savingproduction. The state dominates the savingpolicies. The economy is centrally planned .policies. The economy is centrally planned .Their policies is democratic centralism.Their policies is democratic centralism.

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3. The Third World3. The Third World The developing countriesThe developing countries

are nonare non--aligned found in Africa, Asia, Latinaligned found in Africa, Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean. Considered socially America & the Caribbean. Considered socially& continually developed & economically && continually developed & economically &technically underdeveloped. Receive foreigntechnically underdeveloped. Receive foreign

aid from the 1aid from the 1st st

& 2& 2ndnd

world. Supply worldworld. Supply worldmarket with primary commodities.market with primary commodities.

In 1964In 1964 77 countries met in Rome77 countries met in Rome

19761976 106 nation met in Manila106 nation met in Manila

Group of 77 asless developing

countries another thirdWorld

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North and SouthNorth and SouthDivision into Northern & Southern Hemispheres.Division into Northern & Southern Hemispheres.

North is made up of all the developed, advanced,North is made up of all the developed, advanced,industrial countries. Includes US, Canada,industrial countries. Includes US, Canada,Western Europe, Soviet Union & some EasternWestern Europe, Soviet Union & some Eastern

Europe countries.Europe countries.

South refers to the developing countries with itsSouth refers to the developing countries with itsvariants of the middle developing countries & thevariants of the middle developing countries & the

least developed. It includes all the state south of least developed. It includes all the state south of he UShe US Africa, Asia with the exception of Japan, Africa, Asia with the exception of Japan,the socialist countries of China & Yugoslavia.the socialist countries of China & Yugoslavia.

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NIC in Asia with industrialized economics havingNIC in Asia with industrialized economics havingachieved an economic miracle of transportationachieved an economic miracle of transportationfrom a farm land economy to full industrialization.from a farm land economy to full industrialization.-- they are enjoying high standards of living whichthey are enjoying high standards of living whichcan be equated with the developed societies.can be equated with the developed societies.These countries are Taiwan, Hongkong, SouthThese countries are Taiwan, Hongkong, SouthKorea & Singapore. Labeled as Dragons of AsiaKorea & Singapore. Labeled as Dragons of Asia

Economic Tigers of Asia Economic Tigers of Asia

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Information AgeInformation Age& Knowledge& KnowledgeRevolutionRevolution

Future ShockFuture Shock

Third WaveThird WavePower shift Power shift

Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler

Education in the Information AgeEducation in the Information Age

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33rdrd

Information AgeInformation Age Based onBased on

Computers & theComputers & thenetworks that networks that interconnect interconnect

themthem Wealth creation & Wealth creation &

knowledgeknowledge

22ndnd

IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolution

Power was inPower was inthe machinethe machine& fuels that & fuels that

feed themfeed them Machines & Machines &

materialsmaterials

11st st

Agricultural AgriculturalRevolutionRevolution

Based onBased onthe plows &the plows &animals that animals that

pulled it pulled it Land Land

Civilization in Three WavesCivilization in Three Waves

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33rdrd

Post Post industrial or highindustrial or hightechnologiestechnologies

--Science intensiveScience intensive

because these arebecause these arebased on modernbased on modernscientific knowledge.scientific knowledge.

--Most important Most important technologies aretechnologies are

microelectronics,microelectronics,robotics, computers,robotics, computers,optoelectronics, fiberoptoelectronics, fiberoptics, geneticoptics, geneticengineering, & otherengineering, & othersynthetic materialssynthetic materials

22ndnd

IndustrialIndustrialtechnologiestechnologies

--Based on theBased on theprinciples of principles of classical physics,classical physics,classicalclassicalchemistry &chemistry &classical biologyclassical biology

11st st

PrePre--industrialindustrialtechnologiestechnologies

--Labor intensiveLabor intensive--SmallSmall--scalescale

--DecentralizedDecentralized

--Based onBased on

empirical ratherempirical ratherthan scientificthan scientificknowledgeknowledge

Major Changes in SocietyMajor Changes in Society

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Top Per Capita SaversTop Per Capita Savers

1.1. JapanJapan -- 45,11245,112

2.2. SwitzerlandSwitzerland -- 19,97119,971

3.3. DenmarkDenmark 19,40519,405

4.4. FranceFrance 17,65017,6505.5. West GermanyWest Germany 17,04217,042

6.6. Austria Austria 16,36916,369

7.7. NorwayNorway 15,19615,196

8.8. BelgiumBelgium 15,91115,911

9.9. SingaporeSingapore 14,49214,492

10.10. NetherlandsNetherlands 14,28214,282

Top Wage EarnersTop Wage Earners

1.1. SwitzerlandSwitzerland

2.2. LuxemburgLuxemburg

3.3. JapanJapan

4.4. SwedenSweden5.5. FinlandFinland

6.6. NorwayNorway

7.7. DenmarkDenmark

8.8. West GermanyWest Germany

9.9. IrelandIreland

10.10. USAUSA

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Objectives of Development Objectives of Development

To increase the availability and widen the distributionTo increase the availability and widen the distributionof basic lifeof basic life--sustaining goods such as food, shelter,sustaining goods such as food, shelter,health and protection to all members of society;health and protection to all members of society;

To raise levels of living, including, in addition toTo raise levels of living, including, in addition tohigher incomes, the provision of more jobs, betterhigher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better

education and more attention to cultural andeducation and more attention to cultural andhumanistic values. These all serve not only tohumanistic values. These all serve not only toenhance material wellenhance material well--being but also to generatebeing but also to generategreater individual and national self greater individual and national self--esteem; andesteem; and

To expand the range of economic and social choiceTo expand the range of economic and social choiceto individuals and nations by freeing them fromto individuals and nations by freeing them fromservitude and dependence not only in relation toservitude and dependence not only in relation toother people and nationother people and nation--states but also to the forcesstates but also to the forcesof ignorance and human misery.of ignorance and human misery.

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Factors influencing the development of Factors influencing the development of the countrythe country

1. Environment 1. Environment consists of the things around,consists of the things around,beneath and above us.beneath and above us.

Physical environment. The various elements of thePhysical environment. The various elements of thephysical environment such as geographical condition andphysical environment such as geographical condition and

location, topography of the soil, climate, landforms andlocation, topography of the soil, climate, landforms andbodies of water have a strong influence on thebodies of water have a strong influence on thedevelopment of a nation.development of a nation.

SocioSocio--cultural environment. Most environmental influencescultural environment. Most environmental influenceson development result from an interaction between social,on development result from an interaction between social,physical and cultural forces.physical and cultural forces.

Social environment. Refers to the various groups andSocial environment. Refers to the various groups andsocial interaction going on within a given population. It social interaction going on within a given population. It refers to the learned ways of living and norms of behaviorrefers to the learned ways of living and norms of behaviorwhich are transmitted to the child through social groupswhich are transmitted to the child through social groupswithin a given population.within a given population.

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Factors influencing the development of Factors influencing the development of the countrythe country

2. Population. Refers to the number of people living in a2. Population. Refers to the number of people living in agiven area.given area.

3. Ideas. Ideas embody mans conceptions of his3. Ideas. Ideas embody mans conceptions of hisphysical, social and cultural world. Ideologies arephysical, social and cultural world. Ideologies are

derived from social conditions. An ideological positionderived from social conditions. An ideological positioncan be a dominant force in guiding nationalcan be a dominant force in guiding nationaldevelopment. The position touches the attitudes,development. The position touches the attitudes,motivations and behavioral patterns of the people.motivations and behavioral patterns of the people.

4. Technology. Consists of material things as well as the4. Technology. Consists of material things as well as the

form of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary toform of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary toconvert available resources to men need and want.convert available resources to men need and want.5. Events. Refers to random, unpredictable happenings5. Events. Refers to random, unpredictable happenings

that affect the cause of social change.that affect the cause of social change.6. Collective Action. The role of collective action in social6. Collective Action. The role of collective action in social

change is another element influencing development.change is another element influencing development.

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U.S. EXPERIENCE LAYERING OF ECONOMIES/REFORMATION OF SOCIETIES

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY

- Led to THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

This dominated until the first global

Applications of industrialization (18

th

century)THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

- Led to THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

This lasted for about 170 years,

From c. 1800 to 1970.

THE EMOTILE ECONOMY - Is Leading to THE EMOTILE SOCIETY

Began in earnest about 1992 and rises todominance about 2005.

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THE FOUR AGES: A SAMPLING OF DISTINGUSHINGCHARACTERISTICS

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ± INDUSTRIAL EMOTILE

1. Time

Seasonal Calendar

time structured

people¶s lives

People begin to

structure time clocks,

workweeks, shifts

Partial triumph over

nature (crop growth, 24 ±

hour society), computers

and digital timepieces

measure in thousandths of

second, time becomesdesired commodity,

speeds up.

Instant,

programmable

(VCRs, microwaves,

genetic engineering,

24- hours global

immediacy), timeirrelevant to access,

too fast for humans.

22.. HouseholdHousehold

ExtendedExtended familyfamily tiedtiedtoto thethe land,land, rural,rural,

self self employedemployed ininfamilyfamily enterpriseenterprise ororinin serviceservice toto aa singlesinglelandland ownerowner..

DeclineDecline of of extendedextendedfamilyfamily (beginning(beginning of of

nuclearnuclear family),family), tiedtiedtoto urbanurbanemployer(s),employer(s), womenwomenwhowho didnt didnt havehave totowork,work, riserise of of concept concept of of malemale breadwinnerbreadwinner..

NuclearNuclear family,family,suburbia,suburbia, twotwo incomeincome

households,households, serialserialfamilyfamily formulationformulation(divorce,(divorce, stepchildren)stepchildren)..CommuterCommuter marriagesmarriages

FamilyFamily constantlyconstantlyredefined,redefined, nonnon

fixedfixed household,household,multimulti residence,residence,multimulti-- nationalnational..MergerMerger of of homehomeandand officeoffice..

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3. Education

One ± room, up

until teen years,

apprenticeships

Neighborhood schools,

age cohorts, vocational

training, attendance

and age mandates,

strengthened uniform

public education

Higher education, pre ±

school, democratization

of all public education

processes, weakened

public school system

Electronic, life ± long,

knowledge haves and

have ± note.

44.. HealthHealth

RuleRule of of naturenature overover

humankind,humankind, handshands onon deliverydelivery

Application Application of of sciencescience

toto tempertemper nature,nature,professionalprofessional deliverydelivery

LargeLarge income,income, accessaccess toto

credit,credit, manymany materialmaterialpossessionspossessions

ControlControl of of andand

creationcreation of of naturenatureitself,itself, geneticgeneticengineering,engineering, brainbrainmapping,mapping, cybernetics,cybernetics,remoteremote monitoringmonitoring..

55.. WealthWealthFarmlandFarmland (real(realassets),assets), manymany sonssons

LargeLarge home,home, capitalcapitalassets,assets, communitycommunityrespect,respect, savingsaving andandpensionspensions (Protestant (Protestant Ethics)Ethics)..

LargeLarge income,income, accessaccess totocredit,credit, manymany materialmaterialpossessionspossessions

FinancialFinancial securitysecurityindividuallyindividuallydetermined,determined, emotionalemotionalandand physicalphysical wellwell being,being, accessaccess toto andandknowledgeknowledge of of howhow toto

manipulatemanipulate

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6. Success

To own one¶s own

property, to have

more than it takes

to feed one¶s own

family

To own one¶s own

business, to build

wealth

To master the skills of a

profession or career

and spend wealth

To be self ± sustaining

and safe, to amass a

wealth of experiences,

to have frequently

reinvented oneself.

77.. EnergyEnergy

Manual,Manual, windwind Steam,Steam, gasgas electricelectric ElectricElectric fromfrom numerousnumeroussources,sources, nuclearnuclear

ElectricElectric viavia conversionconversiontechnologies,technologies, nuclear,nuclear,

superconducting,superconducting,nanotechnology,nanotechnology,(molecular(molecular robots)robots)..NewNew materialsmaterials

88.. TheThe BossBoss

TheThe Father,Father, thethe

ownerowner -- farmerfarmer

TheThe entrepreneur,entrepreneur, thethe

capitalist capitalist

TheThe CEO,CEO, professionalprofessional

managermanager

TheThe executiveexecutive team,team,

thethe institutionalinstitutionalinvestor,investor, thethe self self employedemployed (ones(ones self)self)

99.. RetirementRetirement

Not Not aa factorfactor Set Set at at 6565,, thought thought totoprecedeprecede deathdeath byby onlyonly

aa fewfew yearsyears

A A thirdthird andand longlong stagestageof of lifelife

NonNon fixedfixed highlyhighlyindividualizedindividualized

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AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST ±

INDUSTRIAL

EMOTILE

10. Assets of Enterprise

Livestock, farmable real

state, equipment, water

Machinery,

buildable real

state, monetary

capital, access to

markets

Speculative real

state, information,

monetary leverage

Knowledge, delivery

channels,

³employees´

customers, reputation

1111.. WeaponsWeapons ofof WarfareWarfare

Axes, Axes, guns,guns, arrows,arrows, fire,fire,

handhand--toto--handhand combat,combat,boatsboats

Tanks,Tanks, mines,mines,

planes,planes, bombs,bombs,moremoresophisticatedsophisticatedguns,guns, warships,warships,chemicalschemicals

Drugs,Drugs, nuclear,nuclear,

computerizedcomputerized andandelectronicelectronic missiles,missiles,propagandapropaganda

Biologicals,Biologicals, terrorism,terrorism,

satellites,satellites, disablingdisabling of of communicationscommunicationsinfrastructuresinfrastructures mindmind --manipulationmanipulation

1212.. ScienceScience

Flat Flat earth,earth, humanshumans at at centercenter of of universe,universe,deterministicdeterministic

Copernican,Copernican,Jungian/Jungian/Freudian,Freudian,NewtonianNewtonian(Mechanistic),(Mechanistic),heuristicsheuristics

Einsteinian,Einsteinian, relative,relative,molecular,molecular, expandingexpandinguniverseuniverse

Quantum,Quantum, nonnon linear,linear, chaos, chaos,biologicalbiological..

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Thru - Put IntendedBehavioral

Change

InstitutionalPerformance

General Variables

1. What do youwant to know in theadministration of development?

2. What kind of administrators do

we want todevelop?

3. What KASH dowe want to measure

4. What outcomeour products beable to produce

1. Introduction toDevelopment

2. Model of Development

3. Rural Development Strategies/ Approaches

4. Administration of Rural Development

5. CommunityOrganization andInstitutional frameworkof Rural Development

CurriculumProper

Student

Faculty

1. Change Agent

2. CreativeManager

3. Popularizerof Technology

4. SocialCommitted andConsciousManager

1. Efficiency

2.Effectiveness

3. Integration

4. Adaptation/Innovation

5. InstructionalHealth

HumanDevelopment - - - - - - - - -

ClienteleSatisfaction

Output

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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of Development

PeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of Development of

Action Action

Concept of Concept of

Development Development

1940s1940s --WW II has just endedWW II has just ended

-- World economy in ruinsWorld economy in ruins

-- Shortage of Goods and servicesShortage of Goods and services

(poverty is defined as shortage)(poverty is defined as shortage)

-- Charity and WelfareCharity and Welfare --Relief Relief

1950s1950s -- Low Gross National Product (GNP)Low Gross National Product (GNP)

-- Lack of education, capital andLack of education, capital and

management skillsmanagement skills

--IndustrializationIndustrialization

--Transfer of Transfer of capital/tech.capital/tech.

--Population controlPopulation control

--Community devt.Community devt.

--EconomicEconomicgrowthgrowth

1960s1960s -- Increase in GNP but inequitableIncrease in GNP but inequitable

-- Unjust distribution of wealthUnjust distribution of wealth

-- 2/3 of the worlds population2/3 of the worlds populationsubsist on less than 1/6 of thesubsist on less than 1/6 of theworlds incomeworlds income

--Integrated ruralIntegrated ruraldevt.devt.

--Rural development Rural development with peopleswith peoplesparticipationparticipation

--Liberation/PoliLiberation/Politics of Powertics of Power

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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of DevelopmentPeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of ActionDevelopment of Action Concept of Concept of


1970s1970s -- Growth continued but Growth continued but

inequalities remainedinequalities remained

-- Poverty was understoodPoverty was understoodas a function of as a function of exploitation & oppressiveexploitation & oppressivestructurestructure

--Participatory strategiesParticipatory strategies

--CommunityCommunity--based prog.based prog.

--Peoples empowerment Peoples empowerment

--Community organizingCommunity organizing

--Transformation of socialTransformation of socialstructurestructure

--SocialSocialtransformationtransformation

--PeoplesPeoplesempowerment empowerment

1980s1980s -- Lost Decade Lost Decade

-- Widespread recessionWidespread recession

-- Widespread nationalWidespread nationaldisaster (e.g., drought indisaster (e.g., drought in

Africa, flooding in Asia) Africa, flooding in Asia)

-- Widespread ethnicWidespread ethniccommunal conflictscommunal conflicts

--Same as in the 70sSame as in the 70s

--Greater effort at Greater effort at broadening,broadening,consolidation andconsolidation and

institutionalizinginstitutionalizingpeoples empowerment peoples empowerment

--Peoples PowerPeoples Power

--There is confusionThere is confusionas models of as models of development aredevelopment are

debunkeddebunked

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Concepts of DevelopmentConcepts of DevelopmentPeriodPeriod Context/SituationContext/Situation Development of ActionDevelopment of Action Concept of Concept of


1990s1990s -- Critical DecadeCritical Decade

-- Dehumanizing povertyDehumanizing poverty

-- Collapsing ecologyCollapsing ecology

-- Stressed structureStressed structure

--Combination of political,Combination of political,economic, cultural andeconomic, cultural andenvironmental actionenvironmental action

--Participatory,Participatory,gendergender--sensitive,sensitive,integrated areintegrated are--based, communitybased, community--based & sustainablebased & sustainable

development development --PeoplesPeoplesEmpowerment Empowerment

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With the framework of rural development,With the framework of rural development,the following operational goals can bethe following operational goals can bededuced:deduced:

Productivity goalsProductivity goals increased productivityincreased productivitythrough the generation or employment of through the generation or employment of

technology developed and appropriate to thetechnology developed and appropriate to therural milieu (this includes the proper utilizationrural milieu (this includes the proper utilizationand conservation of available resources);and conservation of available resources);

Equity goalsEquity goals greater control of the results of greater control of the results of

increased production to ensure a more equitableincreased production to ensure a more equitabledistribution of benefits there from (also includesdistribution of benefits there from (also includesequal participation of community organization,equal participation of community organization,farmers organization);farmers organization);

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Employment generation goalsEmployment generation goals development ordevelopment orpopularization of technology that is laborpopularization of technology that is labor

intensive, including introduction or promotion of intensive, including introduction or promotion of cottage or smallcottage or small--scale industries primarilyscale industries primarilydesigned to maximize utilization of ruraldesigned to maximize utilization of ruralresources;resources;

Access goals Access goals demonstration of basic socialdemonstration of basic socialservices to reach those who can least affordservices to reach those who can least affordthem and the development of effective deliverythem and the development of effective deliverysystems for these services; andsystems for these services; and

Control goalsControl goals increased capacity of ruralincreased capacity of ruraldwellers to creatively control their environment dwellers to creatively control their environment and make themselves the principal actors in theand make themselves the principal actors in thedevelopment process.development process.

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Rural DevelopmentRural Development

-- is a process which leads to a rise in theis a process which leads to a rise in thecapacity of rural people to control theircapacity of rural people to control theirenvironment, accompanied by widerenvironment, accompanied by wider

distribution of benefits resulting fromdistribution of benefits resulting fromsuch control. An increase in thesuch control. An increase in thecapacity to control environments ascapacity to control environments aswell as increase in access to benefitswell as increase in access to benefits

could be reflected in the following sixcould be reflected in the following sixindicators:indicators:

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Rural Development IndicatorsRural Development Indicators

-- Changes in rural productivity, reflectedChanges in rural productivity, reflectedin per acre hectare yield;in per acre hectare yield;

-- Changes in the extent of employment,Changes in the extent of employment,under employment, etc.;under employment, etc.;

-- Changes in the power structureChanges in the power structurereflected in change in the extent of reflected in change in the extent of influence of rural people on the localinfluence of rural people on the local

and national decisionand national decision--making process;making process;

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Rural Development IndicatorsRural Development Indicators

-- Changes in the distribution of income andChanges in the distribution of income and

wealth;wealth;-- Changes in the degree of mobility in theChanges in the degree of mobility in the

local class structure reflected in allocation of local class structure reflected in allocation of

position of prestige, status and power onposition of prestige, status and power onthe basis of achievement or ascription;the basis of achievement or ascription;

-- Changes in the values, beliefs and attitudesChanges in the values, beliefs and attitudesfaunable to the control of largerfaunable to the control of larger

environments. Relevant environments. Relevant faunable/unfauanble value changes mayfaunable/unfauanble value changes mayinclude fatalism, self include fatalism, self--reliance,reliance,tradition/experimentalism,tradition/experimentalism,

optimism/pessimism, etc.optimism/pessimism, etc.

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-- is a deliberate, systematic analysis of is a deliberate, systematic analysis of the conditions and relationships inthe conditions and relationships inrural areas and the systematic,rural areas and the systematic,purposeful planning for progressivepurposeful planning for progressivechanges in them. Such changes occurchanges in them. Such changes occurin the psychologicalin the psychological--social structure of social structure of the communities concerned throughthe communities concerned through

implementation of programs designedimplementation of programs designedto achieve a just and equitable socialto achieve a just and equitable socialsystemsystem

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-- Is a process that leads to a continuousIs a process that leads to a continuousrise in the capacity of rural people torise in the capacity of rural people to

control their environment,control their environment,accompanied by a wider distribution of accompanied by a wider distribution of benefits resulting from such control.benefits resulting from such control.

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This definition reflects basicallyThis definition reflects basically

three concernsthree concerns1. That rural development should be1. That rural development should be

viewed as a process of raising theviewed as a process of raising the

capacity of rural people to control theircapacity of rural people to control theirenvironment which is more thanenvironment which is more thanagricultural development or economicagricultural development or economicdevelopment in rural areas. Such adevelopment in rural areas. Such a

conception encompasses simultaneousconception encompasses simultaneousdevelopment in all aspects of rural life:development in all aspects of rural life:social, economic, political and cultural.social, economic, political and cultural.

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2. Rural development as a process2. Rural development as a processshould continuously raise the capacityshould continuously raise the capacityof rural people affect their totalof rural people affect their total

environment enabling them to becomeenvironment enabling them to becomeinitiators and controllers of change ininitiators and controllers of change intheir environment rather than merelytheir environment rather than merelythe passive objects of externalthe passive objects of externalmanipulation and control.manipulation and control.

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3. The concept reflects the increasing3. The concept reflects the increasingconcern with the wider distribution of concern with the wider distribution of

benefits accruing from technicalbenefits accruing from technicaldevelopment and the participation of development and the participation of the under privileged and weakerthe under privileged and weaker

sections of the rural population in thesections of the rural population in theprocess of development.process of development.

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New administration is likely to become aNew administration is likely to become aplanner by being drawn into the processplanner by being drawn into the process

of national planning. He will spendof national planning. He will spendmuch of his time in adapting themuch of his time in adapting thenational plan to local conditions and willnational plan to local conditions and will

thus became the catalyst of socialthus became the catalyst of socialtransformation, particularly in the ruraltransformation, particularly in the ruralareas.areas.

The new role demand a set of new valuesThe new role demand a set of new valuesand skills, which do not fit tooand skills, which do not fit toocomfortably into the what an idealcomfortably into the what an ideal

public bureaucrat should be likepublic bureaucrat should be like

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The new administration must takenThe new administration must takencognizance of the changes that havecognizance of the changes that havetaken place in the nature of taken place in the nature of

bureaucratic tasks, particularly in thebureaucratic tasks, particularly in thecontext of national goals of developingcontext of national goals of developingcountries. He is more likely that of acountries. He is more likely that of amanagerial job which could be dealt managerial job which could be dealt

not with the unusual,not with the unusual, unprogrammedunprogrammedexperienceexperience

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The nature of new administrative tasks alsoThe nature of new administrative tasks also

suggests that he essential quality of thesuggests that he essential quality of themodern development modern development--orientedorientedorganization is the organizational ability toorganization is the organizational ability toinnovate.innovate.

The administration acting in a development The administration acting in a development setting is likely to assume the role of thesetting is likely to assume the role of thepolitician, in the sense that he shares to apolitician, in the sense that he shares to adegree in the process of decision makingdegree in the process of decision makingand that his actions are likely to be felt toand that his actions are likely to be felt tohave significant social and political effectshave significant social and political effects

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ECONOMIC INDICATORS

ProductionFinanceForeign TradeNatural ResourcesEnergy

Employment Household IncomeExpenditures & Price

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SOCIAL INDICATORSPopulation

Health & NutritionHousingEducation

Social WelfareCDPublic Order

Safety & JusticeEnvironment transportation & Communication

Human Resource & Education

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RUR AL DE VELOPMENT

STR ATEGIES/APPRO ACHES

Part of the success or failure of a

rural development program/project isbased on the strategies employed. Variousstrategies had been evolved, tested and

applied in order to successfully implement rural development programs and projects.

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ICKIS THREE BASIC CATEGORIES OF RUR ALDE VELOPMENT

Strategy here refers to the choice of objectives andthe essential policies and plans for achievingthose objectives.

1.The Welfare Strategy. Communities are regardedas more or less passive recipients of serviceswhich the government chooses to offer at a timeand means of the governments choosing.

2. The Responsive strategy. The entire emphasis ison organizing the community into a cohesive unit which will be the sole initiator of action towardcommunity improvements.

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3. The Integrated Strategy. Here thecommunity is considered to be anorganized partner of the government.

There is an integration of the welfareand responsive strategies, with theemphasis of joint decision-making andmutual support.

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FREDERICKS OPER ATION AL STR ATEGIES OF RUR ALDE VELOPMENTThere are strategies of rural development identified by

Frederick which were implemented in Asian countries withdemocratic leanings.

1. Infrastructure-oriented programs. Infrastructure-oriented ruraldevelopment programs reflect the main thrust of the World

Bank lending in the 50s.2. Community Development. A contemporaneous development

with the World Bank approach was the people-orientedcommunity development programs. CD is defined as amovement designed to promote better living for the wholecommunity with the active participation and, if possible on theinitiative of the community. If this is not forthcomingspontaneously, the use of techniques for arousing andstimulating it will secure the active and enthusiastic response

to the movement.

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3. Minimum Package Strategy. This is based on therationale that-one, a minimum quantum of inputs isnecessary to promote rural development; and two,that is more viable to spread this minimumrequirement over a broad spectrum of clientele that toconcentrate inputs in specific areas or regions.

4. Comprehensive Strategy. In this strategy, the target group is defined by region or sector, and a heavy,rather than a minimum concentration of inputs isdelivered.

5. Integrated Rural Development Strategy. This strategyunderscores the need for a multi-pronged and inter-related programs designed to give consideration tothe socio-economic characteristics of the resources

available in the area.

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SECTOR AL APPRO ACH

Sectoral is grouping or lumping together

projects or investments that are complementaryto one another so that smoother administrationis attained.

Example: NEDA/RDC Region I1. Economic Sector includes- agriculture, agrarian reform

- science & technology industry

- tourism- environmental & natural resources

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2. Social Services- health

- population & nutrition- education & manpower

- social welfare & housing

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3. Infrastructure Sector- transportation

- communication- water services

- energy

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4. Development Administration- greater decentralization- delivery of government

services- capability building of

communities- volunteer services in

development

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APPRO ACHES TO RUR AL DE VELOPMENTGeneral Approaches to Development (Valera,

1991)1.Increase in income generation approach. This is

the traditional World Bank approach whichemphasizes productivity to eradicate poverty.

2. Social and political transformation or mobilizationprocess. This approach promotes true democraticpower at the community level through genuine

participation and needs a process likeempowerment.

Accordingly Philippine rural development programs are

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Accordingly, Philippine rural development programs areclassified into:

a. Production-oriented which has two alternative

approaches:a.1 the community approach whose main objective isto increase production in specific commodities like rice,corn, vegetables, fruits, etc.

a.2 the farming system approach which aims toincrease farm profit through the efficient use of farm resources.

b. Human-oriented approach deals with programs, onhealth and nutrition, population and family

planning, development schools and non-formaleducation.

c. Integrated development approach is a unique andinnovative ideology that is multi-disciplinary in

approach and multi-sectoral in operation.

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IADP PROJECTS:1. Mindoro Integrated Rural Development Project

Components:- agricultural development - roads- ports- watershed protection- irrigation- schistosomiasis control- assistance to cultural minority settlements

Beneficiaries: 30,000 farmer (40% of the islandspopulation)

Project Cost: 345.9 PhP (foreign counterpart = 149.6 WB)

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2. Bicol River Basin Development Project Components:- intensified food production

- land reform program- cooperatives- infrastructure-irrigation, flood control,

feeder roads

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3. Cagayan Integrated Agricultural Development

Project Components:- irrigation, drainage system- rural electrification system for five towns

in lower Cagayan

- agricultural services highlighted by the- establishment of the Agricultural Pilot

Center at IguigTarget: 80,000 tons of palay; incremental income

of 88M for 8,000 farmersProject Cost: 345M foreign counterpart = 183.3M

(OECF & JICA)

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4. Samar Integrated Rural Development Projec

Components:- infrastructure roads, ports, irrigation,

flood control, drainage- agricultural extension- fisheries- coconut production/processing- schistosomiasis control

Project Cost: 373.47M (163.58 WB; 208.32 Australian Govt.)

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5. Palawan Integrated area Development Project Components:- environmental resource

conservation- fisheries- agriculture in fixed upland-lowland

terrains- production oriented agro-forestry

projects

Project Cost: 675M

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6. Bohol Integrated Area development Project Components:- irrigation facilities

- road network- hydroelectric plant

Target: increase in rice production from

7,000 to 42,000 tons Annual savings of 1.15M from

hydroelectric plant

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INTEGR ATED ARE A DE VELOPMENT

APPRO ACH

Defined as geographic unit/area baseimplemented within a subregional

delineation or is multi-provincial in scopefor the improvement of the countryside. It is envisioned to ensure the interlinking of

factors which are critical to thedevelopment of depressed areas in thecountry.

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Characteristics;1. Multi-Sectoral Operation -a total system

approach is adopted in area wherebysectoral programs and population areintegrated and packaged for greater impact.

2. Spatial Integration- IAD boundaries are drawnto link rural production areas effectively withmarket towns and urban centers.

3. Grassroots Participation designed to

generate active and meaningful participationat the grassroots level in the planning,decision making and implementation of

programs and projects.

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4. Political Commitment to ensure the effectiveimplementation of IAD as an administrative

framework within the existing localgovernment structure and function a firm andexplicit commitment at the highest politicallevel is required.

5. Organizational Integration seeks to integrateprograms and projects in area byconsidering functional linkages, resourceutilization, access to basic services and localparticipation in the planning andimplementation process in a mannerconsistent with national objectives re rural

development.

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Objectives:Increased productivityGreater employment opportunities

Equitable distribution of wealthEffective delivery system of social servicesImproved political and administrative capacity

SELECTED APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT

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SELECTED APPRO ACHES TO DE VELOPMENT1. Trickle Down Approach is often referred to as the

economic growth approach. It centers on the need

to increase the gross national product and the percapita income. It assumes that upon reaching ahigh level of economic growth (above six percent isattained and sustained), the benefits of such growth

inevitably trickle down to the greater mass of thepeople.

2. Welfare Approach according to Radwan & Alfthan(1979) basic needs are minimum requirements

essential for decent human existence, includesitems of private consumption (food, shelter andclothing) and socially provided services (safedrinking water, health & sanitation, public transport

and educational facilities .

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3. Ethical Approach it treats man as the end

of the development process, not to means tothe end. Also known as the humanismapproach. Centers on the ascent of all menand societies is their total humanity (Govlet,

1975).4. Revolutionary Approach this refers to the

state of being conscious of the problems

affecting ones self and society (reflection) andworking towards solving such problemscollectively with others (action) (Freire, 1972).

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5. Atomistic Approach - this assumes that development consists of elements that can be analyzed individually and

then developed singly. Elements such as poverty,population growth, illiteracy, unemployment andmalnutrition, the development agency, worker or agent of change tries to solve each of the elements independent of the others. A variant of this is the sectoral approach.

6. Cause and Effect Approach this assumes that each effect has a cause, thus to attain development, one has todetermine the causes/factors and try to eliminate these.

7. Holistic Approach the assumption here is that

development consists of several elements or componentsand that there are interactions among them. This meansthat anything that happens in a component affects theothers.

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TYPE OF PROGR AMSExternal ProgramsRegulatory ProgramsService ProgramsDevelopment Programs

Grant-in-aid Programs

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APPRO AC

HESConstitutional legal

Structure descriptive

Institutional ApproachBehavioral ApproachSystems Approach

Contingency Approach

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