patient decision aids: why, what, how, where? dawn stacey rn, phd research chair in knowledge...
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Patient decision aids: why, what, how, where?
Dawn Stacey RN, PhD
Research Chair in Knowledge Translation to Patients
Full Professor, School of Nursing
Director of the Patient Decision Aids Research Group
Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOctober, 2014
Think about a health
decision that you or
someone you know
will make over the
next year
SURE Test ©2008 O’Connor & Legare
Thinking about that health decision…
Evolution of health information• < 1990:
– healthcare professionals were gate keepers to information
• 1990: www– passive viewing of information
• 2004: Web 2.0– allows users to interact with each other and
contribute to website's content (e.g. social networking, wikis, video-sharing, blogs)
• 2010: open access to publications of studies receiving public funds
USA: R. 3590 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (March 2010)
Outline
• Shared decision making (SDM)
• Patient decision aids
– What are they?
– How do they work?
– What is a high quality one?
• Examples of patient decision aids
Shared decision making
A process by which a
healthcare choice is
made between the
patient and one or more
health professionals
(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006; Stacey et al. 2011)
The crux of patient centred care
The crux of patient centred care
Shared decision making
A process by which a
healthcare choice is
made between the
patient and one or
more health
professionals
(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006)
Shared decision making
A process by which
a healthcare choice
is made between
the patient and one
or more health
professionals
(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006; Politi et al., 2013)
Deliberation
Determination
Improve o quality of lifeo sense of control over illnesso symptom relief
Decreaseo fatigueo depressiono illness concerns
However, most patients would prefer more active involvement
Patients involved in decision making…
(Kiesler & Auerbach 2006; Hibbard & Greene 2013)
Shared decision making
A process by which
a healthcare choice
is made between the
patient and one or
more health
professionals
(Couet et al 2014)
SDM is NOT happening in
clinical practice
33 Studies mean score
23 ± 14 (range 0 to 100)
Outline
• Shared decision making (SDM)
• Patient decision aids
– What are they?
– How do they work?
– What is a high quality one?
• Examples of patient decision aids
Inform• Provide facts
Condition, options, benefits, harms• Communicate probabilities
Clarify values• Ask which benefits/harms matters most• Share patient experiences• Facilitate communication
Support• Guide in steps in deliberation/communication• Worksheets, list of questions
Patient Decision Aids adjuncts to counseling
(Stacey et al., Cochrane Library, 2014)
Formats for patient decision aids(used prior to or within consultations)
1. Print
2. DVD/Video
3. Online/computer-based
(Stacey et al., 2014)
15
Topics of Decision Aids (N=115)• Medication (n=36)
– 10 hormone replacement therapy– 3 atrial fibrillation anti-coagulants– 3 cardiovascular– 3 diabetes – 2 osteoporosis– 2 chemotherapy– 2 breast cancer prevention– 2 osteoarthritis knee – hypertension– multiple sclerosis– schizophrenia– depression– natural health products– ovarian risk management– acute respiratory infection – contraceptives– coronary angiogram access site
• Screening (n=46)– 15 Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)– 7 BRCA1/2 genetic– 11 colon cancer– 6 prenatal– 2 mammography – 2 diabetes– Colon cancer genetic– Cervix cancer– Stress testing for chest pain
• Surgery (n=23)– 4 mastectomy +1 reconstruction – 4 prostatectomy – 4 hysterectomy – 2 prophylactic BRCA1/2– 2 coronary revascularization– dental– orchiectomy for advanced prostate ca– back– bariatric– vasectomy – long term feeding tube placement
• Obstetrics (n=6)– 2 vaginal birth after cesarean– termination– breech– labour analgesia– embryo transplant
• Other (n=4)– Hepatitis B vaccine– influenza vaccine– Autologous blood donation– Cystic Fibrosis Transplant Referral
(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)
16
Patient education vs. decision supportPatient education vs. decision support
(RNAO Best Practice Guideline: Decision Support for CKD, 2009)
Outline
• Shared decision making (SDM)
• Patient decision aids
– What are they?
– How do they work?
– What is a high quality one?
• Examples of patient decision aids
18
Cochrane Review of Patient Decision Aids: updates
17
35
55
86
115
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1999 2003 2009 2011 2014
(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)
Compared to usual care, PtDAs…Improve decision quality with… 13% higher knowledge
82% more accurate risk perception
51% better match between values & choices
6% reduced decisional conflict
Helps undecided to decide (41%)
Patients 34% less passive in decisions
Improved patient-practitioner communication (8/9 trials)
Potential to reduce over-use -20% surgery -14% PSA – prostate screening -27% Hormone replacement tx
(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)
Outline
• Shared decision making (SDM)
• Patient decision aids
– What are they?
– How do they work?
– What is a high quality one?
• Examples of patient decision aids
International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration since 2003
IPDAS Steering Committee: Glyn Elwyn & Dawn Stacey (Co-Leads),
M Barry, N Col, A Coulter, K Eden, M Härter, M Holmes-Rovner, H Llewellyn-Thomas, V Montori, N Moumjid, M Pignone,
R Thomson, L Trevena, R Volk, T van der Weijden
To enhance the quality and effectiveness of patient decision
aids by establishing a shared evidence-informed framework
for improving their content, development, implementation,
and evaluation.
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2013, 13 (Suppl 2). http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedinformdecismak/supplements/13/S2
Outline
• Shared decision making (SDM)
• Patient decision aids
– What are they?
– How do they work?
– What is a high quality one?
• Examples of patient decision aids
http://www.med-decs.org/nl
To find decision aids go to…
To find decision aids
Google: ‘decision aid’
Prostate CancerKnowing Your Options: A Decision Aid for Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Localised prostate cancer - low riskOption Grid Collaborative
Compared to controls (n=59),those exposed to the decision aid (n=48) had:
-higher confidence in their immunization decision-higher intent to be immunized
Key Messages
• Shared decision making is important for patient centred care
• Patient decision aids prepare patients by:
– Making explicit the decision
– Providing balanced evidence on options
– Asking patients what matters most
• Evidence supports their effectiveness & quality
http://decisionaid.ohri.ca