Organic ChemistryChapter 22

Organic ChemistryAll organic compounds contain carbon

atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic.

examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are considered inorganic.

Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

Common Elements in Organic Compounds

Organic PrefixesNumber of Carbons Prefix

1 Meth-

2 Eth-

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-

6 Hex-

7 Hept-

8 Oct-

9 Non-

10 Dec-

Diversity Due to CarbonThe diversity of organic compounds

results from the uniqueness of carbon’s structure and bonding.

Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form long chains and rings of covalently bonded atoms.

Alkanes All single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because they

contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule

The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are solids. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the boiling point.

General Formula = CnH2n+2

CH4C2H6 C3H8

methane ethane propane

Cycloalkanes Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings

Alkenes Have at least one carbon-to-carbon

double bond Are known as unsaturated

hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one double bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.

General Formula = CnH2n

C2H4 C3H6

ethene propene

Alkynes Have at least one carbon-to-carbon

triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbons because

they contain the at least one triple bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.

General Formula = CnH2n-2

C2H2 C3H4

ethyne propyne

Structural isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS EXAMPLE:Both molecules below have the formula of C4H10

How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12, have?

C C C C C

H H H H H

H

HHHHH

H

C C C C

H CH3 H H

H

HHHH

H

C C C

H CH3 H

H

HH

H

CH3

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific chemical formulas that are bonded to a hydrocarbon.

Each group exhibits specific chemical characteristics.

The hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter “R”.

Alcohols Molecule with an –OH group

attached to a carbon atom General formula is R-OH

Common products that contain alcohols

Rubbing Alcohol

Hair Gel

Cough Medicine

Contains 1 oxygen atom One oxygen atom is bonded to two

carbon chains, one on each end Name ends in “ether” General formula: Example:

ETHER

Dimethyl Ether

Common products that contain ethers

Starter Fluid

Anise Seed used for bread and cookies

Some Cosmetics

Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon

atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom

Name ends in “ic acid” General formula: Example:

O

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Ethanoic acid

R C OH

Carboxylic Acids General Formula = R-COOH

Common products that contain carboxylic acids

Some Fruits

Vinegar

Coconut

Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon

atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom

Name ends in “oate” General formula: Example:

O

ESTER

Methyl ethanoate

R C OR’

Common products that contain esters

Bananas

Flowers

Oranges