Carbon ChemistryCarbon ChemistryChapter 8Chapter 8

I. Organic CompoundsI. Organic Compounds

Organic compounds Organic compounds = = are compounds that contain Carbon.(Some exceptions)

Organic means living things.

Many Organic compounds have similar properties such as boiling and melting point as well as odor and solubility.

examples: sugar, starch, examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials fuels, synthetic materials like plasticlike plastic

Some Examples of Organic Some Examples of Organic CompoundsCompounds

examples: sugar, starch, examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials like fuels, synthetic materials like plasticplastic

I. Organic Compounds I. Organic Compounds

B. The backbone of organic B. The backbone of organic compounds is compounds is carbon carbon because it because it has has 44 valence electrons and each valence electrons and each atom can form atom can form 4 separate bonds 4 separate bonds

I. Organic Compounds I. Organic Compounds C. Carbon compounds can form in 3 C. Carbon compounds can form in 3

different different ArrangementsArrangements

1) Straight Chain1) Straight Chain2) Branched chain2) Branched chain3) Ring3) Ring

Formulas for Carbon Formulas for Carbon CompoundsCompounds

1) 1) Chemical formulasChemical formulas a a shorthand way to write the name shorthand way to write the name of the compoundof the compound

2)2) Structural Structural formulasformulas shows the shows the number and arrangement of number and arrangement of atoms.atoms.

Example: AcetoneExample: Acetone

Chemical Formula: Chemical Formula:

CC33HH66OO

Structural formula:Structural formula:

I. Organic CompoundsI. Organic Compounds

IsomersIsomers are carbon compounds are carbon compounds with the same chemical formula with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.but different structural formulas.

There can be so many different There can be so many different isomers of carbon because carbon isomers of carbon because carbon can form can form single, double single, double and and triple triple bonds.bonds.

Examples of IsomersExamples of Isomers

Butane: C4H10

Chains of MoleculesChains of Molecules

Monomer is one molecule that makes Monomer is one molecule that makes up the links in a polymer chain.up the links in a polymer chain.

Polymers are very large molecules Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules made up of many smaller molecules bonded together.bonded together.

I. Organic CompoundsI. Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are formed mostly Organic compounds are formed mostly from the elements from the elements carbon, and carbon, and hydrogenhydrogen

but can also include elements like but can also include elements like oxygen, nitrogenoxygen, nitrogen , phosphorus, , phosphorus, sulfur, and otherssulfur, and others

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are organic compounds are organic compounds formed from only hydrogen and formed from only hydrogen and carboncarbon

Chemical Compounds in Chemical Compounds in Cells and in Our FoodCells and in Our Food

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

1 gram carbohydrates provides 4 1 gram carbohydrates provides 4 Calories of energyCalories of energy

Provide raw materials to make cell Provide raw materials to make cell partsparts

Two groups:Two groups: Simple carbohydratesSimple carbohydrates Complex carbohydratesComplex carbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Energy richEnergy rich C, H, and OC, H, and O Simple sugars - glucose,Simple sugars - glucose, fructose, fructose,

maltosemaltose Complex carbohydratesComplex carbohydrates – made up – made up

of many simple sugars attached to of many simple sugars attached to each othereach other Starch- Starch- storage of glucose in plantsstorage of glucose in plants CelluloseCellulose – make up plant cell walls – make up plant cell walls

Found in cell membranes, other cell Found in cell membranes, other cell parts, and store energyparts, and store energy

Simple Carbohydrates = Simple Carbohydrates = SugarsSugars

Found in fruits, vegetables, milkFound in fruits, vegetables, milk GlucoseGlucose (C (C66HH1212OO66) – major source ) – major source

of energy for your cells. of energy for your cells. Another simple sugar = fructose in Another simple sugar = fructose in

fruits fruits

Complex CarbohydratesComplex Carbohydrates Made of many simple sugars Made of many simple sugars

connectedconnected Starch – found in potatoes, wheat, Starch – found in potatoes, wheat,

rice, cornrice, corn Fiber (Cellulose) – found in plants, but Fiber (Cellulose) – found in plants, but

cannot be digested and passes cannot be digested and passes through your digestive system - helps through your digestive system - helps keep things moving along. (fiber)keep things moving along. (fiber)

Carbohydrates

ProteinsProteins

Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes SulfurSulfur

Found in many foodsFound in many foods Body uses proteins to build and Body uses proteins to build and

repair body partsrepair body parts

Proteins in the dietProteins in the diet For tissue growth and repairFor tissue growth and repair Enzymes speed up chemical Enzymes speed up chemical

reactionsreactions Can be used for energy, but not Can be used for energy, but not

usuallyusually About 12% of your daily Calorie About 12% of your daily Calorie

intake should be proteinintake should be protein

Structure of ProteinsStructure of Proteins Made of Made of amino acidsamino acids

There are There are 20 different amino acids20 different amino acids in in living thingsliving things

These aa’s link together to form a large These aa’s link together to form a large molecule of 50-3000 aa’s in one protein. molecule of 50-3000 aa’s in one protein.

Change one aa, changes whole protein Change one aa, changes whole protein

EnzymesEnzymes Special kinds of proteinsSpecial kinds of proteins Chemicals that Chemicals that speed up chemical reactionsspeed up chemical reactions in in

the body the body without being used upwithout being used up themselves. themselves. Here the enzyme helps break a large molecule Here the enzyme helps break a large molecule

into 2 smaller ones. Some enzymes join two into 2 smaller ones. Some enzymes join two small molecules to make one larger one. small molecules to make one larger one.

Film on proteins

Lipids (fats, oils, Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)and waxes)

Contain more than 2x Contain more than 2x

the energy of carbohydratesthe energy of carbohydrates Store energyStore energy Parts of cells Parts of cells Protect internal organsProtect internal organs Insulate the bodyInsulate the body

LipidsLipids

Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxes Store energy Store energy Made of C, H, and OMade of C, H, and O Contain Contain moremore energy energy

than carbsthan carbs

Types of FatsTypes of Fats

Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Liquid at room temperatureLiquid at room temperature OilsOils Considered good for youConsidered good for you

Saturated FatsSaturated Fats Solid at room temperature Solid at room temperature From animals; a few plants – From animals; a few plants – coconut palmcoconut palm Bad for youBad for you

Film on Lipids (fats)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

DNADNA = deoxyribonucleic acid = deoxyribonucleic acid RNARNA – ribonucleic acid – ribonucleic acid Made of C, H, O, N, and PhosphorusMade of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus Contain instructions for cells to carry Contain instructions for cells to carry out all their functions. out all their functions. MonomerMonomer is the 4 different nucleotides is the 4 different nucleotidesDNA is a spiral shapeDNA is a spiral shapeRNA is single strand with one differentRNA is single strand with one different nucleotide and different sugar.nucleotide and different sugar.

Film on Nucleic Acids

WaterWater

Essential for all life. Essential for all life. Most chemical reactions occur in water.Most chemical reactions occur in water. Helps in building up molecules and Helps in building up molecules and

breaking them down at the functional breaking them down at the functional groups.groups.

WaterWater People die within days of not having waterPeople die within days of not having water Makes up most of the body’s fluidsMakes up most of the body’s fluids Makes up about 65% of your body weightMakes up about 65% of your body weight The body’s most important functions take The body’s most important functions take

place in water.place in water. Nutrients are dissolved in water in blood Nutrients are dissolved in water in blood

and transported around the body and transported around the body Need about 2 liters of water per dayNeed about 2 liters of water per day

Need more if weather is hot or you are Need more if weather is hot or you are exercisingexercising

Vitamins (Vitamins (OrganicOrganic) )

Act as helper moleculesAct as helper molecules for a variety of for a variety of chemical reactions in the body. chemical reactions in the body.

The The body makes some – Kbody makes some – K is made by is made by bacteria bacteria in intestinein intestine

The The rest come from foodsrest come from foods – eating a wide – eating a wide variety of foods provides all the vitamins variety of foods provides all the vitamins needed. needed.

Types of Types of VitaminsVitamins

Fat soluble VitaminsFat soluble Vitamins Dissolve in fatty tissue and are stored there.Dissolve in fatty tissue and are stored there. Includes Includes vitamins A, D, E and Kvitamins A, D, E and K

Water soluble VitaminsWater soluble Vitamins Dissolve in water and not stored in bodyDissolve in water and not stored in body Needed in diet every day. Needed in diet every day. Includes Includes vitamins B and Cvitamins B and C

SaltsSalts Ionic compoundsIonic compounds

found in your body as found in your body as dissolved ions. dissolved ions.

NaClNaCl dissolved in you dissolved in you blood helps in blood helps in contraction of contraction of muscles and muscles and transmission of transmission of messages through messages through your nerves.your nerves.

Other types of saltsOther types of salts help grow healthy help grow healthy bones and teeth.bones and teeth.

THE ENDTHE END