carbon compounds – organic chemistry carbon compounds – organic chemistry why is carbon the...
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Carbon Compounds – Carbon Compounds – Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Why is carbon the building blocks of life?Why is carbon the building blocks of life? 4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity Forms strong covalent bonds – stableForms strong covalent bonds – stable
What is organic chemistry?
•The study of compounds that contain carbon.
Types of Organic Types of Organic CompoundsCompounds
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids ProteinsProteins
Simple to ComplexSimple to Complex
Monomers – small Monomers – small moleculesmolecules
Polymers – made Polymers – made from monomers from monomers during during polymerizationpolymerization
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Consist of C, H, OConsist of C, H, O Ratio of 1:2:1 – CRatio of 1:2:1 – C66HH1212OO66
Main source of energy in all Main source of energy in all organismsorganisms
Used for structural purposesUsed for structural purposes
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides – – simple simple sugarssugars
Used for quick Used for quick energyenergy
MonomersMonomers
Examples:
Glucose – blood sugar
Fructose – fruit sugar
Galactose – a component of milk
DisaccharidesDisaccharides – 2 sugars – 2 sugars
Quick energyQuick energy
Examples
Sucrose – sugar cane
Lactose – milk sugar
Maltose – important for fermentation
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides – – many many sugarssugars
Long chains of Long chains of simple sugars simple sugars (polymers)(polymers)
Stored energy – Stored energy – released slowlyreleased slowly
How to make PolymersHow to make Polymers
20 Amino acids make up our 20 Amino acids make up our proteinsproteins
Monomers link together to form Monomers link together to form polymers polymers
The process is called dehydration The process is called dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
This removes a molecule of waterThis removes a molecule of water
How to break down How to break down polymerspolymers
By adding water, it will break (lyse) By adding water, it will break (lyse) the bond between the monomer.the bond between the monomer.
People that are lactose intolerant People that are lactose intolerant are unable to do this because they are unable to do this because they lack the enzyme lactase.lack the enzyme lactase.
What do enzymes do?What do enzymes do?
Examples:Examples: Starch – stored in Starch – stored in
plantsplants
ex. Grains, ex. Grains, pastaspastas
Glycogen – stored Glycogen – stored in animal musclein animal muscle
Cellulose – used Cellulose – used for structural for structural purposes (cell purposes (cell walls)walls)
Lipids - FatsLipids - Fats Consist mainly of C and HConsist mainly of C and H
Examples – fats, oils, waxesExamples – fats, oils, waxes
UsesUses Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water
proof coveringsproof coverings Energy StorageEnergy Storage Chemical Messengers – component of steroidsChemical Messengers – component of steroids
Saturated vs. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated
Saturated FatsSaturated Fats solids at room temperature solids at room temperature
butter, lard, animal fatbutter, lard, animal fat maximum number of C-H bondsmaximum number of C-H bonds Heart disease/Hardening of the arteriesHeart disease/Hardening of the arteries
Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Liquids at room temperatureLiquids at room temperature
Olive oil, corn oilOlive oil, corn oil Double bondsDouble bonds
Nucleic Acids – DNA/RNANucleic Acids – DNA/RNA
Consist of H, C, O, N and PConsist of H, C, O, N and P Store and transmit genetic (hereditary) Store and transmit genetic (hereditary)
informationinformation Made of nucleotides (monomers)Made of nucleotides (monomers) We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides.We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides.
ProteinsProteins Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20 Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20
different onesdifferent ones Consist of C, H, N, and OConsist of C, H, N, and O
Used for:Used for: Control and regulate chemical reactions Control and regulate chemical reactions
(enzymes)(enzymes) Structural purposes (muscle and bone)Structural purposes (muscle and bone) Transportation in and out of cells Transportation in and out of cells Fighting Disease Fighting Disease
What would happen to your cells if What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical ?they made a poisonous chemical ?
It happens all the time It happens all the time They don’t die because your cells They don’t die because your cells
use enzymes to break them down use enzymes to break them down into harmless substances.into harmless substances.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions.the rate of reactions.
Liver and other living tissues contain Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase.the enzyme catalase.
This enzyme breaks down hydrogen This enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide Hperoxide H22OO22
2H2H22OO22→2H→2H22O + OO + O22
Enzyme Structure and Enzyme Structure and FunctionFunction
Enzymes are catalytic moleculesEnzymes are catalytic molecules
They speed the rate at which reactions They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibriumapproach equilibrium
Enzyme Structure and Enzyme Structure and FunctionFunction
Enzymes are catalytic moleculesEnzymes are catalytic molecules
They speed the rate at which reactions They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibriumapproach equilibrium
Four Features of Four Features of EnzymesEnzymes
1) Enzymes do not make anything 1) Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen own. They just make it happen much fastermuch faster
2) Reactions do not alter or use up 2) Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme moleculesenzyme molecules
Four Features of Four Features of EnzymesEnzymes
3) The same enzyme usually works 3) The same enzyme usually works
for both the forward and reverse for both the forward and reverse reactionsreactions
4) Each type of enzyme recognizes 4) Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain and binds to only certain substrates Lock and Keysubstrates Lock and Key
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
Activation EnergyActivation Energy
For a reaction to For a reaction to occur, an energy occur, an energy barrier must be barrier must be surmountedsurmounted
Enzymes make Enzymes make the energy the energy barrier smallerbarrier smaller
activation energywithout enzyme
activation energywith enzyme
energyreleased
by thereaction
products
starting substance
Effect of TemperatureEffect of Temperature Small increase in Small increase in
temperature temperature increases molecular increases molecular collisions, reaction collisions, reaction ratesrates
High temperatures High temperatures disrupt bonds and disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of destroy the shape of active site active site