BiochemistryOrganic Compounds

What are organic compounds?

Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things

Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN CARBON.

Organic CompoundsCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Sulfur are found in all living things

“CHONPS”

Monomers and PolymersMonomers= building blocks (units)Polymers= a larger molecule made of

monomersAnalogy Example-If a brick house is the “polymer”, what is the “monomer”? _________________

Monomers link together to form polymers.MONO means “one”. POLY means “many”.

Four types of Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds fall into four categories:

1.Carbohydrates2.Lipids3.Protein4.Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds are also known as MACROMOLECULES (macro means BIG)

1. Carbohydrates

monosaccharides – monomers of simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose

disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose

polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage)

CarbohydratesPolysaccharides as Structural Molecules:Cellulose - glucose bonded to form "fibers",

composes cell walls in plants (cotton is almost pure cellulose); not easily digested

Chitin - polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as scorpions and crabs.

CarbohydratesFind the monosaccharide, disaccharide, and

polysaccharide:

Carbohydrates

CARBO-(carbon)-HYDR-(hydrogen)-ATE (oxygen)

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Example- glucose

C6H12O6

2. Lipids

Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) (Oil and water don’t mix)

• Used for insulation and long term energy storage (Fat)

• Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection• Phospholipids - Important structural component of

the cell membrane • Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones

 (estrogen & testosterone)

Lipids

Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids

Lipids REPEL water.

Plants have a waxy layer made of lipids on their leaves (helps keep water in).

Many aquatic birds have a waxy lipid layer on their feathers (repel water to keep feathers dry).

Fat is a lipid- we use it to store excess energy.

Lipids

Phospholipids found in cell membrane.

They make sure the cell can’t disintegrate in water (maintain the cell’s

integrity).

LipidsFats can be saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule

Saturated fats solidify at room temperature; unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

Lipids- Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature (the “S” rule!)

Unsaturated fats have double bonds, which create kinks (makes them loose and bendy). They are liquid at room temperature.

Saturated or Unsaturated?

________________________ _________________________

(contains single bonds) (contains double bonds)

3. Proteins

Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides

Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue

Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

Amino Acids are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins!

Proteins

There are thousands of proteins- but only 20 different amino acids.

Think of it as if you had to make one thousand different sweaters with only 20 different colors of yarn. How would you do that?

Proteins

The function of the protein has everything to do with the SHAPE of the protein. There are many different ways that proteins can fold in order to make different shapes- protein folding is very complex!

4. Nucleic Acids

• Polymers made of individual nucleotides

• Contain genetic Information

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)

(Nucleotides are the monomers).

Nucleic Acids   Each nucleotide consists of:

1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen base            - adenine            - thymine            - guanine            - cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)

Nucleic AcidsATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that

contains three phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

ATP is an RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphates- does not contain genetic information. ATP STORES ENERGY.

1. Polymers are large molecules made up of smaller units called _____________.

2. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, __________ and _____________ are the six elements found in all living things.

3. Material that is organic contains ___________.4. The four organic compounds are carbohydrates,

____________, proteins, and ________________.5. Carbohydrates are divided into three classes:

monosaccharides, ______________, and _______-_______________.

6. If a molecule known to be a carbohydrate has 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, how many oxygen atoms must it have? ________

7. Fats, steroids, and waxes are which type of organic compound? _____________

8. _____________ fats are fats that contain double bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (C=H)

9. _____________ fats contain single bonds (C-H) and are solid at room temperature.

10. Another word for protein is ________________.

11. Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called __________ ________.

12. Nucleic acids are made up of 3 main parts: sugar, phosphate, and ________________.

13. ATP is a type of nucleic acid that stores _________.