one book has all what you need! surveying · surveying for california civil pe license© dr....

www.passpe.com Surveying for California Civil PE License© Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE

Surveying for

California Civil Engineering License

A Concise and Comprehensive Summary of Surveying

Equations, Tables, and Figures is Included for a Quick

Access During the Exam

Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE

First Edition

Well Organized, Based on the Current California Board Test Plan and References, Detailed Table of Contents, Computer Generated Index (8 pages), Simplified Concepts, 66 Sample Problems with Detailed Solutions, and 181 Supplemental Practice Problems with Detailed Solutions.

The only book has A comprehensive summary of surveying equations,

tables, figures, and charts you need for the exam. All what you need at one location and at your fingertips.

ONE BOOK HAS ALL WHAT YOU NEED!

http://www.passpe.com/


ISBN: 978-0-9823726-3-0

© 2014 Professional Engineering Services (PES)

All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, without a

written permission from the author.

The author can be reached by email [email protected]

Current printing of this edition 3

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Control Number



iii

Preface

ur next generation of Civil PE books were carefully developed by Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D.,

P.E., a nationally recognized expert in PE Exam Preparation courses and founder of Professional

Engineering Services, Inc., (PES). This generation is quickly becoming the Best in Class

solution for engineering professionals working to pass upcoming California Board and NCEES

exams. Each and every book in this comprehensive collection has been prepared with your readiness in

mind and will serve as a powerful guide throughout your PE Exam Preparation studies in Civil PE,

Seismic, and Surveying concentrations.

Dr. Mansour has taught and spoken to thousands of engineers and has been teaching PE, Seismic,

Surveying, and EIT/FE classes for the past 22 years enabling his products, classes, and seminars to

continuously evolve and adapt to the changing demands of this challenging field. His real-world

experience and intercommunication with so many engineers throughout America has greatly improved his

ability to craft concise and knowledgeable resources that work for professionals striving to pass their

Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam and other California special exams.

One of the primary advantages of PES’ preparation books is their compact and succinct format. The

experiences and feedback of engineering students and professionals that have worked with these materials

affirms our effective use of good, factual diagrams and illustrations to more fully explain concepts

throughout each text. In fact, Dr. Mansour makes great use of this style of teaching through figures,

comparative tables, charts, and illustrations to concisely convey important information to engineers

preparing for the exam. The primary focus of each book in our collection is targeted on subjects that are

directly relevant to the PE exam. This method provides substantial time savings to students that simply

don’t have the wherewithal to digest leading competitive volumes, which typically exceed 1,000 pages.

Another strong asset of these next generation books is the separation of Breadth (a.m.) and Depth (p.m.)

topics. Each Civil PE, Seismic, and Surveying book is organized in accordance with the most current

exam specifications and has matured since their inception through the inputs, complaints, wishes, and

other feedback given from course participants and colleagues for over 22 years. Recent changes in the

format of the Civil PE exam have made it necessary to address the change from essay to multiple choice

problems, separation of a.m. and p.m. sections, and the introduction of the construction module. The

books’ improved organization is completed with a very detailed Table of Contents, which addresses both

the a.m. and p.m. subjects and more, making them a favored resource for preparation as well as exam

time.

The best part in all this growth and continuous improvement is the ability to apply this knowledge and

experience to our supplemental products developed to give you the best head start for passing your

Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. Every book, DVD, seminar, and accompanying

Problems & Solutions workbooks are designed with all relevant codes, topics, board test plans, and

NCEES exam specifications. And, these study materials and seminars, also manage to cover these fields

of study in the same order as listed in the latest exam specifications for easy reference at-a-glance.

Not only are our next generation books written to be current and well-organized to save you time during

exam preparation and test taking; they are also affordable and authored by a highly qualified and

nationally recognized Civil Engineering Professor. Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D., P.E has helped

thousands of students to pass their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. His easy, step-by-

step approach to solving problems has gained him popularity and a great reputation among students and

professionals of all ages. We hope that you’ll find the many resources at Professional Engineering

Services, Inc. to be exceptional textbooks, DVDs, and seminars – and as valuable a resource as we believe

them to be.

O



Table of Contents iv

Disclaimer

This publication is to help the candidates for the Special Surveying Exam for California PE Civil. This publication

expresses the opinion of the author. Every effort and care has been taken to ensure that all data, information,

solutions, concept and suggestions are as accurate as possible. The author cannot assume or accept the

responsibility or liability for errors in the data, information, solutions, concept and suggestions and the use of this

material in preparation for the exam or using it during the exam.

Also, Professional Engineering Services (PES) and the author are in no way responsible for the failure of registrants

in the exam, or liable for errors or omission in the solutions, or in the way they are interpreted by the registrants or

others.

Errata Notification

PES and the author have made a substantial effort to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate. In

the event that corrections or clarifications are needed, these will be posted on PES web site at http://

www.passpe.com. PES and the author at their discretion, may or may not issue written errata. PES and the author

welcome comments or corrections which can be emailed to [email protected]

How to Use This Book

This book was written to help you in preparing for the Special Surveying Examination. A comprehensive summary

of surveying equations and topics is provided to help you in answering the questions. The following is a suggested

strategy for the exam:

1- Have all references organized before you start. Also, familiarize yourself with the comprehensive summary

provided in this book.

2- Read the questions and ALL answers carefully and look for KEYWORDS in the question and the 4

possible answers.

3- Solve the easy questions first (need no or minimum calculations) and record your answers on the answer

sheet.

4- Work on questions that require lengthy calculations and record your answers on the answer sheet.

5- Questions that seem difficult or not familiar to you and may need considerable time in searching in your

references should be left to the end.

6- Never leave an answer blank.

7- Remember the D3 rule:

DO NOT EXPECT THE EXAM TO BE EASY

DO NOT PANIC

DO NOT WASTE TOO MUCH TIME ON A SIGNLE EASY, DIFFICULT OR

UNFAMILAR PROBLEM

About the Author

Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE, has been teaching PE, Seismic, Surveying and EIT courses for the last 22 years. Dr.

Mansour taught Civil Engineering Courses for 8 years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM,

USA. Also, he has been teaching Civil and Construction Engineering Courses (graduate & undergraduate) at CSU,

Fresno, CA, for the last 22 years.

Dr. Mansour has helped thousands of engineers to pass their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exams

(Civil PE, Special Seismic and Surveying Exams). His easy, step-by-step approach to solving problems has gained

him popularity and a great reputation among students and professionals of all ages.

Dr. Mansour is a registered Civil Engineer in California. His educational background includes a BS degree in Civil

Engineering, a Master, and Ph.D. degrees in Structural Engineering from New Mexico State University (NMSU),

Las Cruces, NM, USA. Also, Dr. Mansour has two engineering degrees (B.S. & M.S.) from Faculty of

Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.



mailto:[email protected]


v

Acknowledgements

No one walks alone on the journey of life. Just where do you start to thank those that joined you, walked

beside you, and helped you along the way continuously urged me to write a book.

Much of what I have learned over the years came as the result of being a father to 3 wonderful and

delightful children, Aroob, Munierah, and Abdallah all of whom, in their own ways inspired me and,

subconsciously contributed a tremendous amount to the content of this book. Without their nice work and

sincere commitments, this book would never have seen the road to the printing machine. A little bit of

each of them will be found here weaving in and out of the pages - Thanks kids!

I want to thank all Civil Engineers who attended my review classes for the last 23 years for their valuable

comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this book. They shared their knowledge, their ideas,

and numerous tips all of which culminated in the improvement of this book. Thanks guys!

Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Rufida whose patience, and love enabled me to

complete this work. With her unlimited support and encouragement most of my dreams came true.

Thank you my minster of interior!



Table of Contents vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

California Special Surveying Principles Exam (Test Plan November 2011) ….. 1

Summary of Surveying Equations ……………………………………………... 9

Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms……………………………….. 29

Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………… 37

Chapter 1- Introduction and CA Special Engineering Surveying Exam

1-1 Definition of Surveying…………………………………………………… 42

1-2 Types of Surveys …………………………………………………………. 43

1-3 Types of Maps…………………………………………………………….. 47

1-4 Professional Land Surveys Act…………………………………………… 48

1-5 Professional Engineers Act ………………………………………………. 48

1-6 Subdivision Map Act……………………………………………………… 48

1-7 California Special Surveying Exam………………………………………. 48

Supplemental Practice Problems………………………………………...... 49

Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 52

Chapter 2- Theory of Measurements

2-1 Types of Measurements in Surveying …………………………………… 54

2-2 Units of Measurements ………………………………………………….. 54

2-3 Significant Figures ………………………………………………………. 55

2-4 Rounding off Numbers…………………………………………………… 56

2-5 Errors, Types and Magnitude of Errors in Measurements ……………...... 56

2-6 Probability and Measures of Precision …………………………………… 58

Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 62


Chapter 3- Surveying Equipment & Field Notes

3-1 Introduction & Reasons for Field Notes………………………………….. 68

3-2 Requirements for Good Notes …………………………………………… 68

3-3 Kinds of Notes …………………………………………………………… 69

3-4 Arrangement of Fields Notes ……………..……………………………… 69

3-5 Suggestions on Recording Notes ………………………………………… 70

3-6 Surveying Methods and Equipment………………………………………. 71

3-7 Left Thumb Rule ………………………………………………………..... 73

Practice Problems………………………………………………………..... 74




Table of Contents vii

Chapter 4- Horizontal Distance Measurements

4-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 76

4-2 Method of Measuring Horizontal Distances ……………………………... 76

4-3 Slope Computations & Approximate Formula …………………………... 87

4-4 Precision of Various Measuring Methods… …………………………….. 90

4-5 Sources of Error in Taping……………………………………………….. 91

4-6 Types of Error in Taping………………………………………………..... 91

4-7 Summary of Corrections of Errors in Taping ……………………………. 97

4-8 Types, Sources, and Classifications of Taping Errors …………………… 98

4-9 Combined Correction…………………………………………………….. 99

4-10 Stationing (STA), Post Mile (PM), and Kilo Post (KP)………………….. 99

4-11 Review of Sources of Errors in Taping…………………………………… 101

4-12 Common Mistakes………………………………………………………... 101



Chapter 5- Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements

5-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 110

5-2 Leveling Definitions & Terms …………………………………………… 110

5-3 Types of Leveling………………………………………………………… 113

5-4 Leveling Equipment………………………………………………………. 114

5-5 Curvature and Refraction…………………………………………………. 118

5-6 Theory of Differential Leveling ………………………………………..... 119

5-7 Two-Peg Test …………………………………………………………….. 120

5-8 Three-Wire Leveling……………………..……………………………...... 121

5-9 Reciprocal Leveling ……………………………………………………… 121

5-10 Sources and Types of Errors in Leveling ………………………………… 123

Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 124


Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths, & Compass

6-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 134

6-2 Interior, Exterior, and Deflection Angles…………………………………. 134

6-3 Bearings (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………….. 138

6-4 Azimuths (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………… 139

6-5 Comparison of Bearings and Azimuths…………………………………... 142

6-6 Magnetic Declination …………………………………………………….. 143

6-7 True, Grid & Magnetic Meridians ……………………………………….. 145

6-8 Methods of Determining Angles and Directions………………………..... 146

6-9 Vertical and Zenith Angles ………………………………………………. 147

Practice Problems………………………………………………………… 148

Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 150



Table of Contents viii

Chapter 7- Traverse Computations

7-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 154

7-2 Measurements and Directions of Traverses ……………………………… 155

7-3 Latitudes and Departures ………………………………………………….156

7-4 Traverse Computations ……………………………………………………157

7-5 Balancing Angles ………………………………………………………… 158

7-6 Traverse Balancing (Adjustment)………………………………………… 159

7-7 Rectangular Coordinates …………………………………………………. 161



Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram

8-1 Length Computation ……………………………………………………… 174

8-2 Methods of Measuring Area ………………………………………………174

Area by division into triangles and other shapes…………………….. 175

Area by offsets from straight lines…………………………………... 177

Area by double-meridian-distance method (DMD)…………………. 178

Area by coordinates (criss-cross)……………………………………. 179

Measurement of area by planimeter…………………………………. 181

8-3 Methods of Volume Measurement ……………………………………….. 182

The cross-section method……………………………………………. 183

Average-end –area formula………………………………………….. 183

8-4 Mass Diagram ……………………………………………………………. 187



Chapter 9- Topography

9-1 Introduction to Topography ……………………………………………… 204

9-2 Control for Topographic Surveys………………………………………….204

9-3 Methods for Obtaining Topography……………………………………….205

9-4 Topographic Maps…………………………………………………………206

9-5 Scales for Topographic Maps……………………………………………...206

9-6 Contours: Definitions and Properties……………………………………...207

9-7 Spot Elevations and Contour Index………………………………………..209

9-8 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours…….………………….209

9-9 Rules for Drawing (Plotting) Contours…………………………………… 213

9-10 Key Points for Contours…………………………………………………...214

9-11 Methods for Locating Contours……………………………………………216

Practice problems ………………………………………………………….217

Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………222



Table of Contents ix

Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves

10-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..226

10-2 Types of Horizontal Curves ……………………………………………….226

10-3 Terminology of Horizontal Curves………………………………………...227

10-4 Geometry of Circular Curves………………………………………………229

10-5 Deflection Angles, Chord, and Offset Calculations………………………..232

10-6 Moving up on the Curve……………………………………………………235

10-7 Compound Circular Curves………………………………………………...239

10-8 Reverse Curves……………………………………………………………..240

10-9 Spiral Curves……………………………………………………………….241

10-10 Vertical Curves……………………………………………………………..244

10-11 Vertical Terminology………………………………………………………244

10-12 Types of Vertical Curves…………………………………………………...245

10-13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola………………………………………246

10-14 High and Low Points on Vertical Curves…………………………………..248

10-15 Vertical Curves Under or Over an Obstruction…………………………….250

10-16 Asymmetrical (Unsymmetrical) Vertical Curves…………………………..253

Practice Problems…………………………………………………………..255


Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System

11-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 262

11-2 Shape of the Earth ………………………………………………………...262

11-3 Advantages of the Rectangular Coordinate System .…………..………… 263

11-4 California Coordinate System of 1927&1983 (CCS 27& CCS 83 …….... 263

11-5 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection……………………………………. 265

11-6 Transverse Mercator Projection………………………………………….. 267

11-7 Ground Distance Versus Grid Distance…………………………………... 267

11-8 Conversion Between SPCS 27 & SPCS 83………………………………. 269

Practice Problems………………………………………………………….270

Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...272

Chapter 12-Construction Surveys

12-1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….274

12-2 Cut and Fill Stakes ………………………………………………………..275

12-3 Header and Cluster Information …………………………………………..276

12-4 Slope Stake listing…………………………………………………………277

Practice Problems ………………………………………………………....283

Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...287

Caltrans Surveys Manual- Chapter 12 “ Construction Surveys” …………..289-312



Table of Contents x

Chapter 13- Photogrammetry

13-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 314

13-2 Ground Control for Photogrammetry …………………………………….. 315

13-3 Aerial Cameras for Photogrammetry……………………………………... 316

13-4 Photograph Forward and Side Overlap………………………………….... 317

13-5 Photo Scale ……………………………………………………………...... 318

13-6 Map Scale…………………………………………………………………. 321

13-7 National Map Accuracy……………………………………………………322

13-8 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry………………………………………322

13-9 Mistakes in Photogrammetry………………………………………………322

Practice Problems ………………………………………………………….323


Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands

14-1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….330

14-2 Initial point………………………………………………………………... 331

14-3 Principal Meridian ……………………………………………………….. 332

14-4 Baseline ………………………………………………………………….. 332

14-5 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines)…………………………………….. 334

14-6 Guide Meridians…………………………………………………………... 334

14-7 Township and Range……………………………………………………… 334

14-8 Designation of Townships………………………………………………… 334

14-9 Subdivision of Township into Sections…………………………………… 335

14-10 Subdivision of Sections…………………………………………………… 336

14-11 Fractional Sections………………………………………………………... 337

14-12 Witness Corners ………………………………………………………….. 338

14-13 Meander Corners………………………………………………………...... 338

14-14 Lost and Obliterated Corners …………………………………………….. 339

14-15 Description by Township, Sections, and Smaller Subdivision…………… 339


Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 345



Table of Contents xi

Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS) & Geographic

Information Systems (GIS)

15.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 348

15.2 Theory of GPS…………………………………………………………….. 348

15.3 Differential GPS…………………………………………………………... 348

15.4 Weather Conditions ………………………………………………………. 351

15-5 Specifications for GPS Surveys ………………………………………….. 351



Index (8 pages – Computer generated index)……………………………………. 355

Facts About

“Surveying for California Civil PE License” By

Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE

Based on the Special Civil Engineer Examination Test Plan of

November 2011 of California Board of Registration. Effective October

2012

Detailed table of contents (5 pages)

15 chapters, 362 pages

Well organized, simplified concepts, and concise approach of the

surveying topics and subjects

An excellent 8 pages of computer generated index for keywords

66 practice problems similar to the exam format with detailed solutions

181 supplemental practice problems similar to the exam format with

detailed solutions

A comprehensive summary of surveying equations, tables, charts &

and figures for an easy and quick access during the exam



Table of Contents xii

This page is left blank intentionally



List of Figures and Tables xiii

List of Figures

Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam

Figure 1.1 Types of Distances…………………………………………………………... 42

Figure 1.2 Differential Leveling Technique………………………………………......... 42

Figure 1.3 Horizontal & Vertical Angles………………………………………….......... 43

Figure 1.4 Leveling Equipment- Level and Rod……………………………………….. 46

Figure 1.5 True Horizontal Distance, Vertical Distance, Vertical and Zenith Angles…. 46

Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements

Figure 2.1 Kinds of Measurements in Surveying……………………………………..... 54

Figure 2.2 Examples of Precision and Accuracy……………………………………….. 57

Figure 2.3 Probability with High Precision (left) and Low Precision (Right) ……....... 58

Figure 2.4 Relation Between Error and Percentage of Area Under Probability Curve… 58

Figure 2.5 Error of area………........................................................................................ 60

Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment

Figure 3.1 Transit Essential Parts. Schematics diagram of an alidade ………………… 72

Figure 3.2 Using of Leveling Screw on a Three-Screw Instrument……………………. 73

Figure 3.3 Left Thumb Rule for Bubble Centering on a Three-Screw Instrument…….. 73

Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements

Figure 4.1 Stadia principle for horizontal sight (external-focusing telescope) ………… 77

Figure 4.2 Stadia principle for inclined sight………………........................................... 78

Figure 4.3 Subtense bar………………………………………………………………... 79

Figure 4.4 Effect of temperature and pressure on EDM readings………………………. 80

Figure 4.5 Principal of EDM……………………………………………………………. 81

Figure 4.6 Reduction of EDM slope distance to horizontal…………………................ 81

Figure 4.7 Effect of the prism offset……………………………………………………. 82

Figure 4.8 Method of determining the instrument-reflector constant……….................. 82

Figure 4.9 Gunter’s chain……………………………………………………………….. 83

Figure 4.10 (a) cut tape; (b) add tape; (c) fully graduated tape………………….............. 84

Figure 4.11 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 85

Figure 4.12 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 86

Figure 4.13 Error in 6-in misalignment………………………………………………….. 87

Figure 4.14 Slope measurement………………………………………………………… 87

Figure 4.15 Measuring horizontal distances by the "breaking tape" method…................ 88

Figure 4.16 Effect of sag…………………………………………………………………. 95

Figure 4.17 Stationing of a Project………………………………………………………. 100



List of Figures and Tables xiv

Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements

Figure 5.1 Leveling Terms……………………………………………………………… 111

Figure 5.2 Differential Leveling Concept……………………………………................ 111

Figure 5.3 Turning Point and Turning Plate……………………………………………. 112

Figure 5.4 (a) Philadelphia rod (Feet), (b) Philadelphia rod (Metric)

(c)Stadia Rod (Feet) (d) Stadia Rod (Metric)…………………………….. 116

Figure 5.5 Waving (Swinging) the Rod…………………………………………….. 117

Figure 5.6 Top and Bottom Hair Readings…………………………………………… 117

Figure 5.7 Curvature and refraction…………………………………………………….. 118

Figure 5.8 Differential leveling concept………………………………………………... 119

Figure 5.9 Differential Leveling Operation…………………………………………….. 119

Figure 5.10 Two-Peg Test……………………………………………………….……….. 120

Figure 5.11 Reciprocal Leveling………………………………….……….……….…….. 122

Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Compass

Figure 6.1 Direction by angles (left) & direction referred to the meridian (right)……… 134

Figure 6.2 Types of deflection angles…………………………………………………... 135

Figure 6.3 Types of horizontal angles………………………………………………….. 135

Figure 6.4 Internal angles…………………………………………………………......... 136

Figure 6-5 Bearings and angles…………………………………………………………. 138

Figure 6.6 Azimuths from the north (left) & from south (right) …………………......... 140

Figure 6.7 Concept of forward and back azimuths……………………………………... 140

Figure 6.8 Comparison of bearings and azimuths……………………………………… 142

Figure 6.9 Magnetic declination………………………………………………………... 143

Figure 6.10 Declination on a compass circle……………………………………………. 143

Figure 6.11 Vertical and Zenith Angles: above horizontal (left), below horizontal (right) 147


Figure 7.1 Open Traverse………………………………………………………….......... 154

Figure 7.2 Closed Traverses – Loop (top) and Connecting (bottom) …………......... 155

Figure 7.3 Latitude and Departure of a Line……………………………………………. 156

Figure 7.4 Closure of a Traverse………………………………………………………... 157


Figure 8.1 Areas of Portions of a Circle………………………………………………... 176

Figure 8.2 Area by offsets from a straight line with a linear boundary……………….. 177

Figure 8.3 Area by offsets from a straight line with a curved boundary………………. 177

Figure 8.4 Double Meridian Distance (DMD) …………………………………………. 178

Figure 8.5 Concept of Area by Coordinates………………………………………........ 179

Figure 8.6 Cross Sections for Sample problem 8.8…………………………………….. 185

Figure 8.7 Original Ground versus Proposed Profile…………………………………… 188

Figure 8.8 Mass Diagram…………………………………………………………......... 188



List of Figures and Tables xv

Figure 8.9 Properties of Mass Diagram…………………………………………............ 190

Figure 8.10 Free Haul Distance……..…………...………………………………………. 191

Figure 8.11 Calculation of Overhaul………………………………………….................. 191

Figure 8.12 Shrinkage and Swell of Soil During Earthmoving………………………….. 193

Figure 8.13 Shrinkage and Swell Factors of Soil and Rock………………………........... 193


Figure 9.1 Contours for a Creek (Stream of Water) …………………………………….. 208

Figure 9.2 Contours for a Ridge Line……………………………………….................... 208

Figure 9.3 Contour Map………………………………………...……………………….. 209

Figure 9.4 Locating Contours by Direct Method………………………………............... 210

Figure 9.5 Locating Contours by Indirect Method……………………………………..... 210

Figure 9.6 Drawing Contour line by Interpolation………………………………………. 214

Figure 9.7 Plan view of a Hill & Profile Views (I) and Saddle (II) …………………….. 215


Figure 10.1 Types of Horizontal Curves…………………………………………........... 226

Figure 10.2 Terminology of Horizontal Curve……………………………………........... 227

Figure 10.3 Deflection and Central Angles Relationship………………………………... 232

Figure 10.4 Layout by Deflection Angle Method……………………………………….. 233

Figure 10.5 Layout by Deflection Angle Method………………………………………... 234

Figure 10.6 Tangent Offset………………………………………………………………. 235

Figure 10.7 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve………………………………………….. 236

Figure 10.8 Compound Circular Curve…………………………………………............. 239

Figure 10.9 Reverse Curves: Parallel Tangents (top) and Non-Parallel Tangent (bottom) 241

Figure 10.10 Spiral Curve………………………………………………………………... 242

Figure 10.11 Curve with and without spiral transition………………………………….. 243

Figure 10.12 Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………………………... 244

Figure 10.13 Sag (a) and Crest (b) Vertical Curves……………………………………... 246

Figure 10.14 Geometric of a Parabola…………………………………………................ 246

Figure 10.15 Crest and Sag Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………… 247

Figure 10.16 Low Point on a Sag Vertical Curve…………………………………........... 248

Figure 10.17 Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve…………………………………………. 253


Figure 11.1 Shape of the Earth.....………………………………………………………. 263

Figure 11.2 Surfaces of Lambert and Mercator Projections Uses in State Plane

Coordinate Systems……………………...……….………………………… 265

Figure 11.3 Lambert conformal conic projection used for SPCS83………………........... 266

Figure 11.4 The Transverse Mercator projection…………………………………............ 267

Figure 11.5 Reduction of lengths from surface observation of ellipsoid…………............ 268



List of Figures and Tables xvi

Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual

Figure 12.1 Control Points…………...……...…………………………………………… 274

Figure 12.2 Slope Stake in Cut Section…………………………………………............. 275

Figure 12.3 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case I: HI Above Subgrade…………………… 275

Figure 12.4 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case II: HI Below Subgrade……………........... 276


Figure 13.1 Steps of Photogrammetry…………………………………………................. 315

Figure 13.2 Aerial Target for Pre-marking………………………………………………... 315

Figure 13.4 Forward and Side Overlap…………………………………………................ 317

Figure 13.5 Scale of a Vertical Photograph……………………...………………………... 318


Figure 14.1 Gunter’s Chain…………………………………………...…………………. 331

Figure 14.2 Meridians and Initial Points in California……………………………….. 332

Figure 14.3 Ranges, Townships and Correction Line……………………………….. 333

Figure 14.4 Initial Point and Base Line……………………………………………… 333

Figure 14.5 Order of Running Lines for Subdivision of a Township into Section… 335

Figure 14.6 Numbering Sections in a Township……………………………………….. 337

Figure 14.7 Fractional Sections…………………………………………........................ 338

Figure 14.8 Townships and Sections Relationship………………………….…………. 340

Figure 14.9 Ranges, Townships and Sections Relationships………………………….. 341

Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS)

Figure 15.1 GPS Satellites in Orbit around the Earth………………………….………… 348

Figure 15.2 GPS Measurement…………………………………………...……………… 349



List of Figures and Tables xvii

List of Tables

Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam

Table 1-1 Plane And Geodetic Surveys………………………………………………... 45

Table 1-2 Ground, Aerial And Satellite Surveys…………………………………......... 46

Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements

Table 2-1 Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 56

Table 2-2 Traverse Specifications- United States……………………………………… 61

Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment

Table 3-1 Surveying Methods Equipment……………………………………………... 71

Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements

Table 4-1 Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 90

Table 4-2 Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 91

Table 4-3 Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 91

Table 4-4 Sign Of The Correction To Be Applied…………………………………….. 93

Table 4-5 Corrections of Errors In Taping……………………………………………. 97

Table 4-6 Types, Source And Classification Of Errors In Taping……………………. 98

Table 4-7 Sources of Errors In Taping……………………………………………….. 101

Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements

Table 5-1 1984 FGCS Vertical Control Survey Accuracy Standards………………….. 112

Table 5-2 Types of Leveling…………………………………………………………... 113

Table 5-3 Types of Levels……………………………………………………………... 114

Table 5-4 Types of Rods………………………………………………………………. 115

Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Compass

Table 6-1 Types of Angles…………………………………………………………….. 137

Table 6-2 Comparison Between Bearings And Azimuths……………………………... 142

Table 6-3 Comparison Between True, Grid And Magnetic Merdians……………....... 145

Table 6-4 Methods of Determining Angles And Directions…………………………… 146


Table-7-1 Types of Traverses………………………………………………………... 154

Table 7.2 Traverse Specifications- United States…………………………………........ 158

Table 7-3 Methods of Traverse Adjustment………………………………………........ 159



List of Figures and Tables xviii


Table 8-1 Methods of Measuring Areas…………………………………………………... 174

Table 8-2 English and Metric Units for Areas…………………………………….............. 175

Table 8-3 Formulas for Areas of a Circle…………………………………………............ 176

Table 8-4 Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………………………... 182

Table 8-5 Cross-Section Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………… 183

Table 8-6 Wedge and Prism (Pyramid) Volume Computation…………………………… 184

Table 8-7 Swell and Shrinkage Factors, BCY, LCY & CCY Relationships……………… 193


Table 9-1 Methods of Obtaining Topography…………………………………………….. 205

Table 9-2 Planimetric versus Topography………………………………………………… 206

Table 9-3 Methods of Locating Contours…………………………………………............. 216


Table 10-1 Types of Horizontal Curves……………………………………………………226

Table 10-2 Chord and Arc Definitions for Horizontal Curves……………………............. 228


Table 11-1 CCS 27 and CCS 83 Comparison…………………………………………….. 264

Table 11-2 Clarke Spheriod and GRS 80 Comparison……………………………............. 264

Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual

Table 12-1 Moving and Fixed (Stationary) Control Point Comparison…………………... 277



Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS)



Board Surveying References (Per November 2011 Test Plan) 1

BOARD OF REGISTRATION LIST OF SURVEYING REFERNCES

Special Civil Engineering Examinations Reference List

General References The Professional Engineers Act (Business and Professions Code Sections 6700-6799)

The Board Rules (Title 16, California Code of Regulations sections 400-476)

1- Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 5th Edition, 2003

Edited by F.S. Merritt

McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York

2- Subdivision Map Act, 2010

Subdivision Map Act, Section 66410 - 66499.58 of the Government Code (GC 66469-66499.58)

Available online from the Legislative Counsel's web site (check the box next to Government Code

and enter 66469 as the search term). Available for purchase from:

CELSOC (Consulting Engineers and Land Surveyors of California)

1303 J Street, Suite 370

Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 441-7991

OR CLSA (California Land Surveyors Association)

P. O. Box 9098

Santa Rosa, CA 95405-9990

(707) 578-6016

3- Surveying, 10th Edition, 1997

F. H. Moffitt and J. Bossler

Prentice Hall

4- Surveying: Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, 1998

Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail


5- Surveying with Construction Applications, 6th Edition, 2006

Barry F. Kavanagh

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.

6- Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms, 2005

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping

7- Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations, 2nd Edition, 2007

Tyler Hicks (Author)


8- Civil Engineering Formulas, 2nd Edition, 2010

Tyler Hicks (Author)


9- The Civil Engineering Handbook, New Directions in Civil Engineering 2nd

Edition, 2003 W.F. Chen (Editor), J.Y. Richard Liew (Editor)

CRC Press, LLC


http://www.pels.ca.gov/licensees/pe_act.pdf

http://www.pels.ca.gov/licensees/boardrules.pdf

http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html


Board Test Plan – November 2011 (Effective October 2012) 2

Civil Engineer Examination

Engineering Surveying Test Plan Revised November 2011(Effective October 2012 Examination)

Definition of Engineering Surveying

Engineering Surveying is defined as those activities involved in the practice and application of surveying

principles for the location, design, construction and maintenance and operation of engineered projects.

This area of practice is structured into five primary content areas:

I. Standards of Practice (6%)

II. Equipment and Uses (8%)

III. Field Measurements (28%)

IV. Calculations (33%)

V. Data Application Procedures (25%)

Glossary of Engineering Surveying Terms

As used in the test plan task statements, the following abilities are defined as:

Determine To establish or define after consideration, investigation, or calculation for use in an

engineering surveying activity.

Interpret To conceive and explain the meaning of engineering surveying terms, symbols and

procedures.

Perform To execute and complete a task in accordance with the requirements of

engineering surveying practice.

Prepare To put together or make by combining various existing or newly created elements for use in

an engineering surveying activity.

Recognize To know or identify the engineering surveying elements of a project from past

experience or knowledge.




I. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE (6%)

Standards of Practice include knowledge of the laws regulating engineering surveying and the

standards of care required.

Tasks and Knowledge Required Problem #

T01. Practice in accordance to laws regulating engineering surveying and

limits of practice

K01. Characteristics and purposes of subdivision maps (Subdivision Map Act)

as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1…………….

K02. Professional Engineer's (PE) Act……………………………………….




II. EQUIPMENT AND USES (8%)

Engineering surveying equipment and uses include the types of equipment used and their application

for gathering and interpreting field data and for construction layout.


T02. Distinguish the purposes and procedures of different survey types

K03 K03. Control surveys (purpose and procedures) …………………………….

K04. Construction surveys (purpose and procedures)……………………….

K05. Route surveys (purpose and procedures)………………………………

K06. Topographic surveys (purpose and procedures)……………………….

T03. Identify the capabilities and limitations of survey instruments and

equipment

K07. Total Station…………………………………………………………...

K08. Leveling equipment…………………………………………………….

K09. Global Positioning System (GPS)………………………………………

K10. Other surveying equipment (e.g., engineer's transit, survey prism, plumb

bob, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)……………………….




III. FIELD MEASUREMENTS (28%)

Engineering surveying field measurements include the methods and procedures for determining

distances, angles and elevations.


T04. Perform construction surveying (e.g., construction staking)

K11. Construction layout requirements……………………………………..

K12. Horizontal and vertical curve layout………………………………….

K13. Horizontal and vertical control layout………………………………...

K14. Line and grade layout…………………………………………………

K15. Offset distance computations…………………………………………

K16. Procedures for establishing points on a line…………………………..

K17. Procedures for locating a single point…………………………………

K27. Geometric properties and equations of a curve……………………….

K28. Curve deflections……………………………………………………..

K29. Procedures for calculating a horizontal curve (e.g., beginning

of a curve, end of a curve, intersection)……………………………….

K30. Properties of compound and reversing curves…………………………

K31. Procedures for calculating the intersection of a curve and

a straight line…………………………………………………………..

K32. Procedures for calculating a vertical curve (e.g., stationing,

highest/lowest point, rate of gradient)…………………………………

K33. Procedures for calculating profile grade (slope) and elevations

on the tangents…………………………………………………………

T05. Perform the measurement of horizontal distances

K18. Measuring horizontal distances……………………………………….

K19. Measuring slope distances…………………………………………….

T06. Perform the measurement of angles

K20. Measuring horizontal angles………………………………………….

K21. Measuring deflection angles………………………………………….

K23. Relationships between azimuths, bearings, back bearings and angles

T07. Perform the measurement of elevations

K22. Measuring vertical (profile) distances…………………………………

K24. Leveling methods (e.g., differential, profile, trigonometric, cross-section)




IV. CALCULATIONS (33%)

Engineering surveying calculations are the analytical methods for applying the mathematical

relationships between measured distances, angles and elevations.


T08. Perform leveling calculations from field data to determine elevations

K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes,

adjusting)…………………………………………………………….

T09. Perform traverse survey calculations

K25. General trigonometric and geometric formulas (triangles, angles and

lines)………………………………………………………………….

K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes,

adjusting)……………………………………………………………...

K26. Trigonometric relationships to determine the area of a polygon……..

K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates……………….

K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates…..

K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines)

K38. Procedures for calculating area……………………………………….

T10. Perform rectangular coordinate system calculations

K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates………………..

K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates……

K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines)………….

T11. Perform calculations to determine quantities of construction

materials

K39. Methods and procedures for calculating volumes of materials (e.g., mass

diagrams, average end, cross-sections)………………………………………..




V. DATA APPLICATION PROCEDURES (25%)

Engineering surveying data application procedures include the research and planning for field surveys

and the conversion of field data to an engineering format.


T12. Perform processing of field data

K40. Field notes formats………………………………………………….....

K41. Plotting profiles ……………………………………………………….

K42. Plotting cross-sections ………………………………………………..

K43. Plotting field points and data………………………………………….

K44. Applications of stationing……………………………………………..

K45. Relationship between grade lines and cross-sections………………….

T13. Obtain information from legal descriptions and easement data pertinent

to engineering surveying projects

K46. Formats and terminology of legal descriptions as it applies to the

Business and Professions Code 6731.1………………………………

K47. Different types of easement data ………………………………………

T14. Use of datums for horizontal and vertical control

K48. Different types of horizontal datums …………………………………

K49. Different types of vertical datums (e.g., bench marks)……………….

T15. Prepare topographic and planimetric maps

K50. Contour intervals……………………………………………………..

K51. Methods to plot contours from field information…………………….

K52. Methods for interpolating elevations…………………………………

K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)…………….

T16. Interpret maps

K53. Map scales …………………………………………………………..

K54. Units of conversion…………………………………………………..

K55. Exaggerated scales……………………………………………………

K56. Plan and profile as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1

K57. Characteristics and purposes of underground mapping……………….

K58. Characteristics and purposes of topographic mapping………………..

K59. Characteristics and purposes of grading plans……………………………

K60. Characteristics and purposes of improvement plans (e.g., street, traffic signal,

storm drain, water)………………………………………………………..

K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)…………………..




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