next new machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early...
TRANSCRIPT
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New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
Section 1
Early Industry and Inventions
Free Enterprise and Factories
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• During Industrial Revolution factory machines replace hand tools
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• Manufacturing replaces farming as main form of work
• Factory system brings workers, machines together under one roof
Early Industry and Inventions
Power loom weaves cotton cloth in a textile mill (1834).
Free Enterprise and Factories
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• People leave farms, move to cities where factories are located
• British blockade causes U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported
• War of 1812 leads U.S. towards industrialization
• Work for wages, have set schedules, way of life changes
Factories Come to New England
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• New England good place to set up successful factories because:- fast-moving rivers- ships and access to the ocean- willing labor force
• Samuel Slater builds first spinning mill, hires entire families
• Influences others to start mills, hire families• Family system of employment spreads
throughout New England
The Lowell Mills Hire Women
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• Francis Cabot Lowell builds factory in Waltham, Massachusetts (1813)
• Lowell mills—textile mills in Lowell, employ farm girls, high wages
• Uses power looms, factory is successful, builds factory town—Lowell
• Girls follow strict rules, read books, publish literary magazine
• Later factories run by powerful steam engines instead of water power
• Allow factories to be built away from rivers and beyond New England
A New Way to Manufacture
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• U.S. government hires Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army
• Uses interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801)
• Guns are made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changes this method
• Speeds up production, makes repairs easy, uses less-skilled workers
• Requires close supervision, gives workers less independence
Eli Whitney, inventor of cotton gin, and developer of interchangeable parts in production of firearms.
Moving People, Goods, and Messages
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• Robert Fulton invents steamboat, puts Clermont on Hudson River (1807)
• Henry Miller Shreve designs a more powerful steam engine
• Clermont makes trip from New York to Albany and back in record time
• Enables steamboats to travel upriver, against current
Continued . . .The Clermont, first practical steamboat, invented by Robert Fulton in 1807.
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• Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrates the telegraph in 1837
Continued Moving People, Goods, and Messages
• Enables people to communicate in seconds between cities
• By 1861, telegraph lines span U.S., brings people closer as a nation
Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrating his telegraph (19th century).
Technology Improves Farming
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• John Deere invents steel plow (1836)- makes plowing Midwestern soil easier- more farmers move to Midwest
• Farmers feed factory workers, become market for factory goods
• Mechanical reaper, threshing machine improves agriculture
• Growth of Northeastern textile mills increases Southern cotton demand
Cyrus McCormick’s first reaping machine, patented in 1834. Art (19th century).
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The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South.
Section 2
Plantations and Slavery Spread
The Cotton Boom
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2SECTION
• Eli Whitney invents cotton gin—machine that cleans cotton (1793)
• Cotton plantations spread west, triggers a move westward
• Makes cotton cleaning more efficient, changes Southern life
Plantations and Slavery Spread
• Planters grow more cotton than other goods, cotton exports increase
• Slaves from the east are sold to work on new cotton plantations
• Native Americans driven off land taken over for cotton plantations
Interactive
Slavery Expands
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• From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increases greatly
• Expansion of slavery has major impact on South’s economy, people
• As cotton earnings rise so does price of slaves
Slavery Divides the South
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• Slavery divides white Southerners into: - those who have slaves- those who do not
• One-tenth of white families have plantations with 20 or more slaves
• Most white Southern farmers have few, no slaves, but support slavery
• Slavery has become necessary to increase profits
Slaves pick cotton on pre-Civil War plantation in American South, with cabins visible lower left (19th century).
African-Americans in the South
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• Slavery divides black Southerners into: - those who are enslaved- those who are free
• Enslaved African-Americans are one-third of South’s population (1840)
• Most work on plantations, some work as domestic servants, craftsmen
• 8 percent of African-Americans in South are free (1840)
• Some states make blacks leave after they gain their freedom
• Most states do not permit free blacks to vote, receive education
Finding Strength in Religion
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• Enslaved African-Americans rely on their culture to endure hardships
• Culture filled with religious convictions, close personal bonds, music
• Spirituals often contain coded messages about a planned escape
• Slaves express religious beliefs in folk songs—spirituals
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2SECTION
• Some slaveholders separate families of enslaved people
• If family of enslaved people stay together, children live with mother
• Marriages of enslaved people are not legally recognized
• Often slaves run away to escape separation, see family again
Families Under Slavery
Slave auction in American South before the Civil War (19th century).
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• Two planned slave revolts are betrayed, leaders hanged
• Turner’s men captured, 16 are killed, Turner caught, tried, hanged
• Turner, followers kill 55 white people
• Nat Turner leads famous slave rebellion, Virginia (1831)
• Rebellion spreads fear in South
Slave Rebellions
• Pass harsh laws to control enslaved, free blacks
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Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges.
Section 3
Nationalism and Sectionalism
Nationalism Unites the Country
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• President Madison presents plan, make U.S. economically self-sufficient
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• Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - establish a protective tariff- establish a national bank- improve U.S. transportation systems
Nationalism and Sectionalism
Roads and Canals Link Cities
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3SECTION
• U.S. builds National Road from Maryland to Illinois
• Opens Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region to settlers, stimulates trade
• Canals improve water transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825)
• U.S. uses steam-powered trains (1830s), improves transportation
• Increases nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country
• Creates water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York
The Era of Good Feelings
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• Democratic-Republican James Monroe wins U.S. presidency (1816)
• Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government, national unity
• Political differences give way to Era of Good Feelings
• Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce
• McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank
Settling National Boundaries
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• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817):- limits British, U.S. forces on Great Lakes
• Seminoles from East Florida raid Georgia to reclaim lands
• Convention of 1818 sets 49th parallel as U.S.-Canadian border
• General Andrew Jackson, troops enter Florida, capture Seminoles
• Jackson claims Floridas for U.S., Monroe tells Jackson to withdraw
• Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819: Spain hands Florida to U.S.
Sectional Tensions Increase
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• Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to nation
• In the West, settlers want cheap land, good transportation
• South relies on cotton, slaves; northeast on manufacturing, trade
• Interests in these sections often conflict
continued Sectional Tensions Increase
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• Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in state want slavery
• Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power, Congress
• U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 free states
The Missouri Compromise
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• Nation argues over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state
• Henry Clay suggests the Missouri Compromise (1820):- admits Missouri as slave state- admits Maine as free state- bans slavery in Louisiana Territory north of
parallel 36º 30’- keeps balance of power between slave
states, free states
The Monroe Doctrine
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• Some Latin American countries gain independence from Spain, Portugal
• U.S. fears their own government would be in danger
• Some European monarchs plan to help Spain, Portugal regain colonies
• President Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine (1823):- closes Americas to further colonization- warns against European efforts to
reestablish colonies - promises U.S. stay out of European affairs
• Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reach San Francisco