Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Increased output of machine-made Increased output of machine-made goods which began in England in the goods which began in England in the

1700s-1800s1700s-1800s

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Industrialization is the process of developing Industrialization is the process of developing

machine production of goods machine production of goods By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution

had spread throughout western Europe and had spread throughout western Europe and northeastern United Statesnortheastern United States

Life Before the Industrial Life Before the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Only 10% of the population Only 10% of the population lived in citieslived in cities

Majority of people lived an Majority of people lived an agricultural lifestyle in the agricultural lifestyle in the countrysidecountryside– Farmed their own food, Farmed their own food,

but not much surplusbut not much surplus– Made their own clothing, Made their own clothing,

built their own furniture, built their own furniture, made their own toolsmade their own tools

Very little manufacturing and Very little manufacturing and few opportunities for few opportunities for investmentinvestment

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Enclosure system Enclosure system

– Small farmers forced to move Small farmers forced to move to citiesto cities

Better farming methodsBetter farming methods– Jethro Tull’s seed drill (1701)Jethro Tull’s seed drill (1701)– Crop rotationCrop rotation

Improved methods of livestock Improved methods of livestock breedingbreeding

How did Agricultural Revolution How did Agricultural Revolution lead to I.R.?lead to I.R.?

The increase in population led to a greater The increase in population led to a greater demand for food and goodsdemand for food and goods

Increased food supplies ++ Improved

living conditions== POPULATION BOOM!!

Why did the I.R. begin in Why did the I.R. begin in England?England?

GeographyGeography– Access to waterAccess to water– Natural resourcesNatural resources

Waterpower & coalWaterpower & coal Iron oreIron ore RiversRivers Harbors/portsHarbors/ports

Expanding economyExpanding economy– Banking systemBanking system– Overseas tradeOverseas trade– Inc. demand for goodsInc. demand for goods– Wealth = INVESTMENT!!!Wealth = INVESTMENT!!!

Why did I.R. Begin in Why did I.R. Begin in England?England? Political stabilityPolitical stability

– No wars on British soilNo wars on British soil– Military successes = positive outlook/progressMilitary successes = positive outlook/progress– Laws passed by Parliament protected Laws passed by Parliament protected

investments, tradeinvestments, trade Britain had the….Britain had the….

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Land, Labor, Capital (wealth)

Industrialization Begins in the Industrialization Begins in the Textile Industry - CottonTextile Industry - Cotton

John Kay’s “flying shuttle” (1733)John Kay’s “flying shuttle” (1733)

James Hargreaves’ James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny” “spinning jenny”

(1764)(1764) Richard Arkwright’s Richard Arkwright’s “water frame” (1769) “water frame” (1769)

Samuel Crompton’s Samuel Crompton’s “spinning mule” (1779)“spinning mule” (1779)

Edmund Cartwright’s “Power Edmund Cartwright’s “Power Loom” (1787)Loom” (1787)

Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin, 17931793

Domestic SystemDomestic System Manufacturing was done in the home & Manufacturing was done in the home &

entrepreneurs (business owners) dropped entrepreneurs (business owners) dropped off/picked up productsoff/picked up products– Whole families worked together to make Whole families worked together to make

clothing, food products, textiles, and wood clothing, food products, textiles, and wood productsproducts

Time-consuming, smaller outputTime-consuming, smaller output

Emergence of FactoriesEmergence of Factories Concentrate production Concentrate production

in one locationin one location

Needed waterpower & $Needed waterpower & $$$$$

ImprovementsImprovements in in TransportationTransportation

Search for a cheap, convenient source of Search for a cheap, convenient source of powerpower

James Watt’s steam engine (1765)James Watt’s steam engine (1765)

Water TransportationWater Transportation American inventor Robert Fulton used Watt’s American inventor Robert Fulton used Watt’s

steam engine to build steamboat, the steam engine to build steamboat, the ClermontClermont

Creation of a network of canals

made transporting goods easier

Road TransportationRoad Transportation John McAdam, Scottish engineerJohn McAdam, Scottish engineer Wagons would not get stuck in the mud on Wagons would not get stuck in the mud on

“macadam roads”“macadam roads” Private investors formed companies to charge Private investors formed companies to charge

people to use roads (called turnpikes)people to use roads (called turnpikes)

The Railway AgeThe Railway Age Steam-driven locomotiveSteam-driven locomotive George Stephenson – railroad engineerGeorge Stephenson – railroad engineer

– The The RocketRocket – up to 24 miles per hour! – up to 24 miles per hour! Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

opened in 1830opened in 1830

Effects of the RailroadEffects of the Railroad Cheap transport of Cheap transport of

materials & products materials & products spurred industrial spurred industrial growthgrowth

Created jobs for railroad Created jobs for railroad workers and minersworkers and miners

Boosted agricultural & Boosted agricultural & fishing industries fishing industries (transport)(transport)

Encouraged travel Encouraged travel between country & citybetween country & city

The Impact of the RailroadThe Impact of the Railroad

Railroads In EuropeRailroads In Europe

Industrial Spreads to U.S.Industrial Spreads to U.S. Britain forbade engineers, Britain forbade engineers,

mechanics, and mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving toolmakers from leaving the countrythe country

Why?Why?Mercantilism & competition!Mercantilism & competition! Samuel Slater smuggled Samuel Slater smuggled

ideas from GB to USideas from GB to US 1813 – Francis Cabot 1813 – Francis Cabot

Lowell –Massachusetts Lowell –Massachusetts became cloth became cloth manufacturing centermanufacturing center

Railroads, light bulb, Railroads, light bulb, telephonetelephone

The Lowell The Lowell MillsMills

The Rise of CorporationsThe Rise of Corporations

Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel CompanyStandard Oil, Carnegie Steel Company Big Business (giant corporations that Big Business (giant corporations that

controlled entire industries)controlled entire industries)– Workers = long hours, low wagesWorkers = long hours, low wages– Corporate leaders = high profits, fortunesCorporate leaders = high profits, fortunes

Businesses required $

Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (rights of ownership)

Stockholders became part-owners of these businesses, known as corporations

Belgium & Belgium & GermanyGermany

Iron ore, coal, Iron ore, coal, waterwayswaterways

Imported British Imported British workers, engineersworkers, engineers

Sent children to British Sent children to British schoolsschools

Germany IndustrializesGermany Industrializes

Dominated the coal & steel industriesDominated the coal & steel industries

Elsewhere in EuropeElsewhere in EuropeFrance’s industrialization France’s industrialization was more controlled was more controlled

- Napoleon’s wars & - Napoleon’s wars & economic economic

problemsproblems- More agricultural- More agricultural

BUT once industrialized, BUT once industrialized, was successfulwas successful

- Learned from others’ - Learned from others’ mistakes!mistakes!

Why did some countries not Why did some countries not industrialize? (Or take industrialize? (Or take

longer to industrialize?) longer to industrialize?) Social structure Social structure

delayed delayed adoption of new adoption of new methods methods (serfdom)(serfdom)

Poor geography Poor geography Transportation Transportation

difficultdifficult

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

1750-1900

Global InequalityGlobal Inequality Gap between industrial & non-industrial Gap between industrial & non-industrial

grewgrew Led to Led to

imperialismimperialism– Indust. countries Indust. countries

controlcontrolnon-indust. non-indust. countriescountries

Other ChangesOther Changes

Increased colonizationIncreased colonization

- needed for raw materials- needed for raw materials

- markets to sell manufactured goods- markets to sell manufactured goods Development of middle classDevelopment of middle class Opportunities for educationOpportunities for education Greater democratic participation = Greater democratic participation =

led to social reformsled to social reforms

UrbanizationUrbanization

The New Industrial

City

The New Industrial

City

The “Haves” The “Haves” Bourgeoisie class thrived Bourgeoisie class thrived on new wealth from I.R.on new wealth from I.R.

The “Have-The “Have-Nots” - Poor, Nots” - Poor, Overworked, Overworked, and Destituteand Destitute

v.v.

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Industrialization By 1850Industrialization By 1850

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Social classesSocial classes– Factory workers Factory workers

overworked, underpaidoverworked, underpaid– Growing middle classGrowing middle class– Tension between upper Tension between upper

and middle classesand middle classes– Long-termLong-term standard of standard of

living roseliving rose Cities increased in sizeCities increased in size

– Many cities specialized in Many cities specialized in certain industriescertain industries

– Long-termLong-term suburbs suburbs grew as people left citiesgrew as people left cities

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Living conditionsLiving conditions– Cities lacked Cities lacked

sanitary codes or sanitary codes or building codesbuilding codes

– Housing, water, and Housing, water, and social services were social services were scarcescarce

– Disease epidemics Disease epidemics spreadspread

– Long-term Long-term housing, diet, & housing, diet, & clothing improvedclothing improved

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution Working conditionsWorking conditions

– Created jobsCreated jobs– Factories were dangerous, dirty, harsh disciplineFactories were dangerous, dirty, harsh discipline– Long-termLong-term Higher wages, shorter hours, better Higher wages, shorter hours, better

conditionsconditions Political effects (Political effects (long-termlong-term))

– Social reform Social reform movementsmovements

– Child labor lawsChild labor laws

Impact of IndustrializationImpact of Industrialization Shifted world balance Shifted world balance

of powerof power Increased competition Increased competition

between industrialized between industrialized nationsnations

Rise of global inequalityRise of global inequality ImperialismImperialism Transformation of Transformation of

societysociety