minggu4 anthropometry

ANTHROPOMETRY AND DESIGN PRODUCT

ANTHROPOMETRY

• Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” whichmeans human and “metron” which means measurement (Bridger,1995).

• Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the measurement of human’s body dimension. Widely, Anthropometry can be used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or work system that needs human interaction. The ergonomics aspects in a facility build and design process are very important factors in support the development of production service.

• Every product design, whether simple or complex design, should be oriented to the users’ anthropometry. According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body dimension measurement or other physical body characteristics that relevant with the design of somethingthat used by people.

There are 3 basic philosophies of design

• Product design for individual with extreme dimension.Example: determining the minimum width and height of emergency door.

• Product design that can be operated in certain range measurement.Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or backward, and the angle of the back rest also can be changed.

• Product design for the average measurement.Example: public facility design, such as restroom, waiting chair, etc.

The antropometric data that we already get will be applicated widely,which are :

• Work station design (work station, car interior,etc) • Work equipments design (tools, mesins, dll).• Consumptive products design (clothes, chair, desk, etc).

• Physical work environment design.

Anthropometry is divided into 2 parts

• Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are taken to human bodyin static position. The measured dimension are taken linearly and in the body surface

• Anthropometry dynamics, where the measurements are taken in various body position while moving, so it will be more complex and difficult tomeasure

Factors the human body dimensiona) AgeHuman body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will decrease in age 60 years old.

b) GenderGenerally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and hip.

c) EthnicDimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic influence.

d) WorkDaily work activities also causing the differences in human bodydimension.

Body Position While Working• Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best type of workthat can be done in sitting position:

1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet;2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on hands;3. Do not need large force;4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height work base while holding the object;

5. Need high level of body stability;6. The work takes long time to be done.7. All the objects that being done or supplied are still within reach in sitting position.

the guidance to arrange the height of work base in sitting position as follow:

1. If it is possible, provide a table that can be adjusted upward and downward;

2. The work base should be possible for arm to hang in relax position from shoulder, with forearm approach to horizontal position or sloping down slightly; and

3. The height of work base does not need excessive flexion of backbone.

several considerations for the best type of work that can be done in standing position:

1. No space for feet or knee rest;2. Should hold object with more than 4,5 kg weight;

3. Often to reach upward, downward and sideward;

4. Often to work with pressing downward motion; high mobility required.

Work Station Dedign and DynamicsWork Posture

• While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that the combination of sitting and standing position is the best position than only standing or sitting.

• This is because the possibility of workers to change the work position to reduce musclefatigue because unnatural posture in a work position

Choosing Work posture toward Various Type of Work

Anthropometry needed a product design

• percentile”. Percentile is a value that shows certain percentage of people that have the size in the percentage or below the percentage.

• For example, (95th percentile shows that 95% people are in or below the value and can use the product).

• To determine the anthropometry data in normal distribution, it can be formulated from mean and standard deviation of the data.

• From the value, it canbe determined the percentile value according to the probability tabel of normal distribution.

Design Method using Anthropometry

The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry factor generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995):

1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements)2. Define and describe the users’ population.3. Sample selection that will be taken the data. 4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used)5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be measured) and

percentile that will be used.6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used7. Data acquisition8. Processing Data• - Normality Test Data

• Uniformity Test Data• Sufficiency Test Data• Percentile Calculation Data9. Design Visualization by consider:– Normal body position - Allowance (Clothes and clearance)

- Motion variation10. Design result analysis

Normality Processing Data and Percentile using SPSS:1. Input data of dimension value in data view2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with dimension name.3. Data Processing : 1. Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.• 2. Input all variables as dependent variables.• 3. Checklist both to toolbox display.• 4. Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then

continue.• 5. Choose plots: checklist none to box plots, stem and leaf to

descriptive.• 6. Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.• 7. Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.• 8. Click continue. Processing Data Results are shown in the output.

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Anthropometric Measuring ToolsSliding Calipers: large and

small

Tape

Spreading Caliper

Anthropometer

Medical scale

• Biometrics• Nutrition and wellness

– Weight Training• Ergonomics

– dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.

– Everyday life• Evolutionary Significance

– Changes in humans overtime• Monitor growth in children

– Cranial Anthropometry

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Anthropometry Today

• the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics

• Verification vs. identification– Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity

– Identification: Who am I?

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Biometrics

• Forensics: criminal identification and prison security

• Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks

• Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition

• Border control and national ID cards

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Biometrics Applications

• Fingerprint Identification• Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity

• Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face

• Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification

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Biometrics Programs

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Biometrics in Use

BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry

INSPASS: Hand Geometry

FacePass: Face Verification

Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint US- Visit Program

Heathrow Airport- Iris

• Also known as Craniometry• measurement of the skull and face • 3 ways to categorize the skull– dolichocephalic: long and thin – brachycephalic: short and broad – mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

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Cranial Anthropometry

– en (endocanthion)

– eu (eurion)

– ex (exocanthion)

– ft (frontotemporale)

– fz (frontozygomaticus)

– g (glabella)

– gn (gnathion)

– obi (otobasion inferius)

– op (opisthocranion)

– po (porion)

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Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones

– n (nasion)

– sn (subnasale)

– t (tragion)

– tr (trichion)

– v (vertex)

– zy (zygion)

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Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.)

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Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones

Maximal cranial breadth

Maximal cranial length

http://www.plagiocephaly.org/resources/anthropometry.htm
























• 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations

• Programs:– Cyberware

• DigiSize• CySlice• Ear Impression 3-D Scanner

– SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.

– CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65

– Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc. 26

3- D Anthropometry

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Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?

1. Study of the structure of the human body (anatomy = to cut apart, to dissect)

2. Biomechanically, one can describe the human body as a basic skeleton whose parts are linked in joints; the members have volumes and mass properties and are moved by muscles.

3. Understanding the properties, capabilities, and limitations of the body allow us to design equipment and tools that use and enhance human strengths.

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Human anatomy

1. Study of the functions of the human body, of all activities characteristic of living matter (physi-o-logy = study of nature).

2. Living organisms made up of cells; Cell is composed of protoplasm, the physical basis of our life.

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Human Physiology

Group of organs acting together to accomplish some overall bodily function:• Skeletal system• Muscular• Nervous• Circulatory• Respiratory• Digestive• Excretory• Reproductive• Endocrine

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(BODILY) SYSTEM

Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints of the distance measured.

Examplestarts at the floor on which the subject stands andextends to the highest point on the skull.

1. Height: Vertical point-to-point, straight-line2. Breadth: Horizontal point-to-point, straight-line3. Distance: Straight-line, point-to-point measurement between

landmarks on the body4. Curvature: Point-to-point measurement following a contour

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Body Measurement

• ISO began to standardize anthropometric measures and measuring• technique in the 1980s.• ISO/DIS 7250-1,2,3 (www.iso.org)• ISO/DIS 7250-1 Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks

• ISO/NP 7250-2 Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 2: Statistical summaries of body measurements from individual ISO populations

• ISO/NP 7250-3 Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 3: Worldwide and regional

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Standardization of body measurement:

1. Classical technique:

Shortcoming: Simple but time consuming;1. Many bony landmarks cannot be projected easily

onto grids2. Contact measurements cannot be made on

certain sensitive parts3. Body dimensions unrelated to each other, not a

3-D picture

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Measurement technique:

2. New technique:Photograph, video, laser-based anthropometryLaser: distance-measuring device to determine the shape of irregularbodies.Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognizethem.* V-scope analysisTool for measurement and recording the motion of bodies in 1-D,2-D, and3-DTracking technology: Emit infrared signal → trigger ultrasonicResponse signalComponents: Towers, Buttons, Micro computerThe principle of measurement: each tower sends an infrared signal, abutton activated the button beeps; Given the speed of sound, the time ittakes for the “beep” can be converted into distance.

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Measurement technique:

• Standing /sitting (static) posture• Reaches – “functional” data

Body postures at workSuch data are used for engineering design(e.g., workstation, equipment design…)

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Anthropometric measurement

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Static anthropometry

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Functional / dynamic anthropometryBody data at work or to achieve a desired posture

Sources of variability:• Measurement(e.g., population samples selected)• Intra-individual (e.g., longitudinal study on statue from young to old)

• Inter-individual (e.g., cross-sectional study, people of different ages, sizes… included in the sample set)

• Secular: (e.g., statue, weight increases, contemporizes bigger than ancestors)

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Anthropometric data Variability

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Athropometric statistics

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Athropometric statistics

DIGITAL STADIOMETER

DIGITAL WEIGHING and MEASURING STATION

Finger Circumference Gauge

GPM ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS for SOMATOLOGIES and OESTEOLOGY

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HARPENDEN ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

HARPENDEN SITTING HEIGHT TABLE

HARPENDEN SKINFOLD CALIPER

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LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET

LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER

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minggu4 anthropometry

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