chapter 3 anthropometry

NAZLIN HANIE BT ABDULLAH jan2016 1

CHAPTER 3ANTHROPOMETRY

NAZLIN HANIE BT ABDULLAH jan2016

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ANTHROPOMETRICS The term anthropometrics is derived from the

Greek word :Anthropos = person / human being

Metron = measure / limit / extendAnthropometrics = measurement of a

person Measurement of the dimensions of the body

and other physical characteristics Two types of measurement : static and

dynamics


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STRUCTURAL (static anthropometry)

Characteristics Measures distance of bones between

joint centers including some soft tissue measures in contour dimensions (includes the wobbly stuff that covers our body – muscle, fat, skin)


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STRUCTURAL (static anthropometry)

Statics dimensions Measurement taken when the human

body is in a fixed position, which involves standing and sitting.

Statics dimensions are related to other factors such as gender, ethnicity, occupation, percentile within specific population group and historical period.


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Measurement Techniques

Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints of the distance measured.

For measurement of stature, the subject assumes one of four customary positions:1) standing naturally upright2) standing stretched to maximum height3) leaning against a wall with the back flattened and the buttock, shoulders, and back of head touching the wall4) lying on the back


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Height = straight line, point to point vertical measurement

Breadth = straight line, point to point horizontal measurement running across the entire body or a body segment

Depth = straight line, point to point horizontal measurement running for and aft the body

Distance = straight line, point to point measurement between landmarks on the body.

Curvature = point to point measurement following a contour

Circumference = closed measurement follows a body contour

Reach = point to point measurement following the long axis of the arm or leg.

Standardization of Measurement


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Anthropometry Terms and Measuring Planes


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Anatomical Landmarks


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Measuring InstrumentsAnthropometer A graduated rod with a sliding edge at a right angle.Spreading caliper Consists of two curved branches joined in a hinge. The distance between the tip of the branches joined is read

from a scale.Small sliding caliper For short measurements, such as finger thickness or finger

length.Tapes Used to measure circumferences and curvatures.Scale To measure the weight of the body.


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Anthropometric data are usually distributed in a normal distribution

N = sample size, Nm = mean / average

SD = standard deviation The range indicates extreme smallest to

largest value

Anthropometric statistics


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Percentile


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Percentile


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Range


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FUNCTIONAL (dynamic anthropometry)

Measurements are taken when the body is in motion or engaged in a physical activity.

Used to match the dynamic characteristics of controls to the user


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Individual body members function mostly in an activity i.e. all parts are affected together, at the

same time e.g. limit of arm reach involves

arm length, but also: shoulder movement trunk rotation (possible) back bending (possible) hand function


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Hands & Fingers Basic Motions

Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts

Extension -The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.Pronation -A rotation of the forearm

that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

Supination - the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.


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Abduction Adjusting relation to mid-line of body A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in

the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot)


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Adduction Adjusting relation to mid-line of body A motion that pulls a structure or part Towards the midline of the body, or

towards the midline of a limb.


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Envelopes

Work, walking, turning, bending. boundaries, etc.


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Anthropometric Design Principles

Design for the extremes Design for adjustability Design for average


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Designs for the Extreme Individuals

Design meant to fit the axial extremes: Tallest & shortest Thinnest & Widest Lightest & heaviest May result in waste, but allows

maximum user’s age


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Designing for Extreme Individuals

designs should try to accommodate everyone a single design dimension can be:

limiting factor restricting use of facility for some a dictate for max./min. value of variable in question

designing for max. population value: used if given max/high value of some design feature should

accommodate –almost- all users examples: heights of doorways, strength of supporting

devices (e.g. rope ladder, workbench,) designing for min. population value:

used if given min/low value of some design feature should accommodate –almost- all users

examples: distance of control button from operator; force required to operate the control


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Designs for Adjustability

Design to fit 5th to 95th percentiles of the population

User/operator can adjust to their physical capabilities.

E.g. adjustable chairs and seats


Design for the Average24

Designed to accommodate the selected portion of the population

Problem : May eliminate the use by more users/operators

Solution: Predetermine physical requirements of operators

E.g. Fire fighting equipment & fire fighters


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Designing for Motion Select the major body joints involved Adjust your measured body dimensions to

real world conditions e.g. relaxed standing/sitting postures, shoes,

clothing, hand tool reach, forward bend, etc. Select appropriate motion ranges in the

body joints, e.g. knee angle between 60-105 degrees, or as a motion envelope. Avoid twisting, forward bending, prolonged

static postures, and holding the arms raised.


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Procedure for Anthropometric Design

Step 1: Characterize user population Identify who will be involved or interact with

the tool/equipment or process Identify the job that they’re doing

Step 2: Determine important body dimension

Not all body parts will be involved in the operation. Which ones are?

What are the important dimensions?


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Step 3: Apply Anthropometric Principles

Based on the Anthropometric Principles, select one to apply

Step 4:Determine percentile range Which percentile range are the target

from? What measurements adequately fit these

operators?


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Step 5: Anthropometric Measures Which measures correspond with your

target? Are they: Male or female or both?� Under 160cm, 160-170cm or over 170cm �

²or otherrelevant height? Are they Asian, Caucasian, African?� Are they fit, obese, lean?� Etc.�


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Step 6: Appropriate allowance Will the operator/worker wear clothing or

use other equipment that we should consider?

What is the work environment the operator will be in like? Is there wide space for movement? Will it be confined?

Step 7: Test & Feedback Test the design Obtain operator’s feedback

chapter 3 anthropometry

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