learning. ivan pavlov interested in the way behavior is conditioned by association. conducted...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Interested in the way behavior is conditioned by association. Conducted experiments to test behavioral responses to stumuli.
Classical Conditioning
Phases of Classical Conditioning
Phases of Classical Conditioning
Phases of Classical Conditioning
Learning Factors
• Number of pairings
• Strength of UCS
• Reliability of CS in predicting UCS
• Occurrence of CS just before UCS
Timing of CS before UCS
Classical Conditioning Applied
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization
• Taste aversion (Smell aversion…)
Systematic Desensitization
RELAXING IMAGE(UCS)
Calm(UCR)
Relaxing Image paired with a
FEARED OBJECT(CS)
Calm(UCR)
Systematic Desensitization
Until finally
The FEARED OBJECT
(CS)
Calm(CR)
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Stimulus Response
StrengthensGood
Outcome
Weakens Bad Outcome
Operant Conditioning
Behavior
followed by
Reinforcement
Increaseschances of
For Your Viewing Pleasure….Einstein the Parrot
• http://tinyurl.com/52ydx
B. F. Skinner
Described operant conditioning.
Investigated reward schedules.
Beyond Basic Operant Conditioning
• Generalization and discrimination
• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
• Shaping
• Superstitious Behavior
• Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Reinforcement Schedules
• Continuous Reinforcement
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval
Typical Response CurvesR
espo
nse
Rat
e
Time Since Beginning
REWARDS
Typical Response Curves
VariableInterval
VariableRatio
Res
pons
e R
ate
Time
Magnitude of Reinforcement
Immediacy of Reinforcement
TIME
Reward vs.Punishment
Makes a behavior more likely
Makes a behavior less likely, or...
Causes avoidance of the punisher, or ...
Makes the organism avoid getting caught, or...
Causes habituation to punishment, or...
Has no effect if the reward is greater than the punishment is aversive, or...
Combinations of the previously noted effects
Punishment
• Limitations
• Alternatives
– Removing
– Behavior Modification
– Token Economies
– Time Outs
But, humans aren’t rats...
• Humans form hypotheses, and humans can learn through observation.
• Hypothesis Testing• Insight Learning• Latent Learning
– Tolman– Bandura (Observational Learning)
Observational Learning
People tend to imitate:
–People they see as more like them
–People who are rewarded
–Prestigious people
Cognitive and Social Learning
• Learning from models– “Do as I do”– Learning from television
Learning Types