ivan pavlov (1849-1936)
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Classical conditioning procedure. S. R. Classical conditioning procedure. US UR. Classical conditioning procedure. S + US UR. R. Classical conditioning procedure. CS + US CRUR. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical conditioning procedure
S
R
Classical conditioning procedure
US
UR
Classical conditioning procedure
S + US
URR
Classical conditioning procedure
CS + US
CR UR
Stimulus Generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction
Extinction: how we know it isn’t forgetting
1) Spontaneous Recovery
2) Rapid Reaquisition
3) Disinhibition
Higher Order Learning
Human Applications of Classical Conditioning
1) Money
2) Fear (simple phobias)
3) Drug addiction
4) Advertising
Instrumental Conditioning Foundations
Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes
Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes
One cat’s data (all of the others are similar):
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
The Skinner Box
Some basic terminology
R -- Rfer
Response-reinforcer relationship
Positive (presented) Negative (removed)
Positive Rfer
Negative Rfer
positive reinforcement
(reward)
Positive punishment
negative punishment
(omission)
negative reinforcement
(escape)
Consequence:
Why you should never use positive punishment:
Why you should never use positive punishment:
-emotional side-effects
-imitation
-person delivering punishment becomes an aversive CS (leads to escape or avoidance responses)
How to punish effectively:
-should occur for every instance of the behaviour
-no escape from the punishment
-should occur immediately following behaviour
-should not be paired with a positive reinforcer
-alternative response made available
-should be as intense as possible the first time
(not caught)
(bail)
(time to trial)
(TV, concerts)
(skill building, education)
(first offence leniency)
Instrumental extinction
Some initial side-effects with operant extinction:
1) Increase in response frequency
2) Increase in response vigor (force)
3) Increase in response variability
A fourth element: the discriminative stimulus
SD (S+)
S (S-)
R -- 000
Shaping in Four Easy Steps
1) identify the target, current behaviours
2) Construct a list of “successive approximations” to the target
3) Starting with the first item on the list, reinforce until frequency is stable
4) Put the behavior on extinction until next “successive approximation” behavior is performed, return to step 3.
Shaping in Four Easy Steps
1) identify the target, current behaviours
2) Construct a list of “successive approximations” to the target
3) Starting with the first item on the list, reinforce until frequency is stable
4) Put the behavior on extinction until next “successive approximation” behavior is performed, return to step 3.
Cumulative Recorder
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
FR VR
FIVI
Partial Reinforcement Schedules