GENETICSLab Biology- Chapter 9

Honors Biology- Chapter 12

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLCqFo03Qpo&feature=related

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Modified genome of an organism Takes DNA from multiple sources and

combine them to form a new genome DNA from same species DNA from different species- Transgenic

organisms

GOLDEN RICE

Insertion of genes to produce a precursor of vitamin A (beta-carotene)

Helps areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A

Golden rice

White rice

DANGERS OF GMO’S

Unexpected allergies

Introduction of new genes to a population

Creation of invasive species

HONORS- GENE EXPRESSION- EUKARYOTES

Gene expression- activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein

Chromosome coiling Euchromatin- uncoiled form Heterochromatin- condensed form

HONORS- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Transcription factors Proteins that regulate transcription Enhancer- noncoding sequence that helps

activate transcription

GENETICS

Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring Gene- unit of heredity found of a DNA

molecule Encodes for a trait

CHROMOSOMES OCCUR IN PAIRS

GENES OCCUR IN PAIRS

ALLELE

Allele- symbols (letters) used to represent genes Potential alternate forms Ex. T=tall, t= short

RECESSIVE

Trait expressed Capital letter

T=tall, B= purple Masks another trait

Trait that may not be expressed

Lowercase letter t= short, b=white Only expressed when

there is no dominant trait present

DOMINANT

HOMOZYGOUS/PURE

Both alleles are the same Examples:

TT tt bb CC

Alleles differ Examples:

Tt Bb Cc

HETEROZYGOUS/ HYBRID

GENOTYPE

Genetic make up Examples:

homozygous, heterozygous, GG, Bb, Qq

Physical appearance Examples:

Tall, short, blue, wrinkled

PHENOTYPE

CROSS

Symbolic of

reproduction

_________x ___________

P Generation= Parental

generation

F1= first generation

F2= second generation

PUNNET SQUARE

Diagram used to predict the phenotype and genotype of offspring

http://www.changbioscience.com/genetics/punnett.html

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_05/BL_05.htmlDoes not work on iPads

REMEMBER!

Genetic recombination

Scrambling of genes

Occurs in meiosis during

prophase 1

Can alter probability of

genotype and

phenotype ratios