the chemistry of life lab biology – chapter 2 honors biology – chapter 3

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The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

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Page 1: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

The Chemistry of Life

• Lab Biology – Chapter 2

• Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Page 2: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

• All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C “honk”

• Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories:

• Inorganic Compounds:– Do not contain carbon

• Organic compounds– Contain significant amounts of carbon.– Often found with common "functional

groups"

Page 3: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Carbon: The Carbon: The ““Swiss Army KnifeSwiss Army Knife”” of Chemistry. of Chemistry.  

• Carbon is essential to life for several reasons:– It can form strong stable

(usually non-polar) covalent bonds

– It can form up to 4 chemical bonds

– It can form multiple bonds

Page 4: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• Organic Compounds often form Polymers

• Long chains of smaller molecules (not atoms) called monomers, bind to form huge Macromolecules

• 4 Types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic acids

Page 5: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Why do people eat a bowl of pasta before a competition???

Page 6: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen

• Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O )

• Following ratio of elements CnH2nOn

• Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells

• Simple sugars include Glucose & Fructose since these are made of only 1 Carbohydrate molecule they are known as Monosaccharides

Glucose: A Monosaccharide

Page 7: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Monosaccharides can be linked together through the process of Dehydration Synthesis– Water is removed from 2 monocaccharides - resulting in a

covalent bond between the 2 molecules

• Sucrose (table sugar) is made of 2 sugars linked together and these are called Disaccharides

• Require some digestion to be used by cells

Page 8: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

HydrolysisHydrolysis

• Dehydration synthesis is a reversible process Called Hydrolysis.

• A water molecule is inserted where the monomers join. Breaking their bonds.

Page 9: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Dehydration Synthesis SimplifiedDehydration Synthesis Simplified

Page 10: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Hydrolysis SimplifiedHydrolysis Simplified

Page 11: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess• Starches are many monosaccharides linked

together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides.– Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g. Potatoes– Two types of starches

• Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains• Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains

Starch

Page 12: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

CelluloseCellulose

• Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains• Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible• Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide

subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them

Cellulose

Page 13: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

GlycogenGlycogen

• Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide• Animals use this for short-term energy storage.• Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to

fat

Glycogen

Page 14: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

What makes McDonald’s fries taste SOOOO good?

• ?

Page 15: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

LipidsLipids• Lipids are

macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils.

• Primary function is energy storage.

• Energy is stored in C-H bonds.

• More efficient in storing energy

• Lipids are made of 2 parts

• Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule

• 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

Page 16: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Dehydration Synthesis of a Dehydration Synthesis of a LipidLipid

Page 17: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Hydrolysis of a Hydrolysis of a LipidLipid

Page 18: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Types of fatsTypes of fats• Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds• Unsaturated fats have double bonds• Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds

– Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.

Page 19: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Other Other LipidsLipids

• 4 Other types of biologically important Lipids– Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure– Steroids - eg. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide

membrane support / serve as hormones– Terpenes - serve as important components of

pigments– Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized

hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses

Page 20: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

What do you think is happening to the proteins within these eggs????

Page 21: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

ProteinsProteins

• Proteins are made of Amino Acids• There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a

similar general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups

Page 22: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Peptide Peptide BondsBonds• Amino acids form proteins via dehydration synthesis

forming peptide bonds• Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides• More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides -

polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long

Page 23: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Dehydration Dehydration synthesissynthesis

of a proteinof a protein

Page 24: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Hydrolysis of a Hydrolysis of a ProteinProtein

Page 25: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Protein StructureProtein Structure

• Protein types include globular proteins which are usually enzymes and Fiberous proteins which usually serve for structure (eg. Hair)

• Proteins Exhibit 4 “levels of structure.

Page 26: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Primary StructurePrimary Structure

• Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids

• Primary Structure dictates all further levels of protein structure

Page 27: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Secondary Structure.

Page 28: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

• The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure

Page 29: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure

• Several Proteins then can can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure

• Various conformations are usually caused by the formation of hydrogen or disulfide bonds.

• PH, changes or heat can disrupt these bonds, permanently denaturing the protein.

Page 30: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

• Two types of Nucleic acids

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)• DNA is Formed of in a

"Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase.

Page 31: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

NucleotidesNucleotides

• DNA is formed from Nucleotides

• These are made of 3 components– A 5-Carbon Sugar– A Nitrogenous base– A Phosphate group

• Nucleotides form a backbone through linkages from the OH group of the 3rd carbon to a phosphate group of the adjoining nucleotide. These are called Phosphodiester bonds

Page 32: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Types of Types of NucleotidesNucleotides• For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either

Purines (double ring) or Pyramidines (single ringed). These are usually represented by a letter. These Are:

• Adenine (A)• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)• Thymine (T)

Page 33: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Base Pairing Base Pairing RulesRules

• Each "Rung" of the DNA "staircase" is formed by the linking of 2 Nucleotides through Hydrogen Bonds.

• These Hydrogen bonds form only between specific Nucleotides. This is known as Base Pairing. The rules are as follows:–  Adenine (A) will ONLY bond to Thymine (T)– Cytosine (C) will ONLY bond to Guanine (G)

Page 34: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

Summary of DNA Summary of DNA StructureStructure

Page 35: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

RNARNA• AKA ribonucleic acid• RNA differs from DNA in

several important ways.• It is much smaller• It is single-stranded• It does NOT contain

Thymine, but rather a new nucleotide called Uracil which will bind to Adenine.

Page 36: The Chemistry of Life Lab Biology – Chapter 2 Honors Biology – Chapter 3

ATPATP • Short for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. ATP is

closely related to nucleic acids.• Composed of Ribose, Adenine & a

phosphate group• Phosphate group has ability to

bind/release additional phosphate group allowing it to store or release energy