GlandsGlands

Glands Glands cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells

Exocrine Glands Exocrine Glands secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial cells through ductscells through ducts

Example: Goblet Cells Example: Goblet Cells secrete mucus into trachea secrete mucus into trachea

Saliva, earwax, and oilSaliva, earwax, and oil

Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands secrete substances directly into fluid secrete substances directly into fluid

Example: Hormones are released directly into bloodstreamExample: Hormones are released directly into bloodstream

Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glandThyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland

GlandsGlands

Endocrine gland Exocrine gland

What do I need to know What do I need to know about glands?about glands?

Glands Glands cells that secrete substances stuff cells that secrete substances stuff

Exocrine Glands Exocrine Glands secrete substances out of the secrete substances out of the bodybody

Example: Goblet Cells Example: Goblet Cells secrete mucus into trachea secrete mucus into trachea

Saliva, earwax, and oilSaliva, earwax, and oil

Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands secrete substances that stay in secrete substances that stay in the bodythe body

What types of questions are you What types of questions are you going to ask me about glands?going to ask me about glands?

Sweat gland: Endocrine gland or exocrine gland?Sweat gland: Endocrine gland or exocrine gland?

All glands are made from this general type of tissue. All glands are made from this general type of tissue. What is it?What is it?

Is the thyroid gland an exocrine gland or an Is the thyroid gland an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland?endocrine gland?

MembranesMembranes

Membranes Membranes sheet-like coverings over organs; made from epithelial sheet-like coverings over organs; made from epithelial tissuetissue

Mucous Membranes Mucous Membranes release mucous release mucous

Serous Membranes Serous Membranes wrap around organs wrap around organs

What do I need to know What do I need to know about membranes?about membranes?

Made from epithelial tissueMade from epithelial tissue

Difference between a mucous membrane and a serous membraneDifference between a mucous membrane and a serous membrane

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about membranes?ask me about membranes?

Membranes are made from what type of tissue?Membranes are made from what type of tissue?

Do you think membranes are made from simple or stratified tissue?Do you think membranes are made from simple or stratified tissue?

What type of membrane surrounds your heart?What type of membrane surrounds your heart?

Cell to Cell Contact & Cell to Cell Contact & Connective TissueConnective Tissue

How do cells stick together?How do cells stick together?

Tight Junctions Tight Junctions rows of proteins that seal cells together rows of proteins that seal cells together

Prevents molecules from getting stuck in between cellsPrevents molecules from getting stuck in between cells

Important in epithelial cells of the intestinesImportant in epithelial cells of the intestines

Adhering Junctions Adhering Junctions Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot weld the cell together at a very specific pointweld the cell together at a very specific point

Important in areas where stretching occursImportant in areas where stretching occurs

Found in skin cells, lining of stomachFound in skin cells, lining of stomach

Gap Junctions Gap Junctions protein channels that connect cells protein channels that connect cells

Promotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cellsPromotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cells

Found in heart & and other organsFound in heart & and other organs

What do I need to know What do I need to know about cell junctions?about cell junctions?

They help cells stick together side-by sideThey help cells stick together side-by side

There are 3 types: Tight, adhering, and gapThere are 3 types: Tight, adhering, and gap

You should know what they look like and what they do.You should know what they look like and what they do.

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about cell junctions?ask me about cell junctions?

This type of junction would be found in your heart, where ions must travel This type of junction would be found in your heart, where ions must travel from cell to cell.from cell to cell.

This type of junction would be found in your intestines, where solids and This type of junction would be found in your intestines, where solids and liquids can’t leak from inside the digestive systemliquids can’t leak from inside the digestive system

Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue in the body Most abundant tissue in the body

Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as collagen and elastincollagen and elastin

Collagen Collagen structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures

Fibroblasts Fibroblasts secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs

ElastinElastin stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity

All connective tissue has the same ingredients, All connective tissue has the same ingredients, just in different proportionsjust in different proportions

Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue

Many Cells; few fibersMany Cells; few fibers

Collagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arrangedCollagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arranged

Macrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cellsMacrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cells

Surrounds blood vessels and nervesSurrounds blood vessels and nerves

Dense Irregular Dense Irregular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblastsLots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Deep regions of the skinDeep regions of the skin

Dense Regular Dense Regular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Collagen fibers run parallel to each otherCollagen fibers run parallel to each other

Creates strong attachments between muscles and bonesCreates strong attachments between muscles and bones

Found in ligaments and tendonsFound in ligaments and tendons

What do I need to know What do I need to know general connective tissue?general connective tissue?

There are 3 typesThere are 3 types

Each type has collagen, elastin, and fibroblastsEach type has collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts

You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about general connective ask me about general connective

tissue?tissue?

What is the thick fiber in connective tissue called?What is the thick fiber in connective tissue called?

What are the cells in general connective tissue calledWhat are the cells in general connective tissue called

What connective tissue is this? Where would you find it?What connective tissue is this? Where would you find it?

Cartilage & BoneCartilage & BoneCartilage Cartilage type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape of body partsof body parts

Structure of Cartilage Structure of Cartilage Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Newly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytesNewly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytes

Very few blood vessels penetrate cartilage; difficult to healVery few blood vessels penetrate cartilage; difficult to heal

CartilageCartilage BoneBone

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone meets bone or at joints in the bodymeets bone or at joints in the body

Reduces friction between moving bonesReduces friction between moving bones

Found on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribsFound on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribs

Chondrocytes Chondrocytes

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also some collagensome collagen

Found in parts of the body where stretchability is importantFound in parts of the body where stretchability is important

Found in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottisFound in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottis

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of pressurepressure

Densely packed with collagen fibersDensely packed with collagen fibers

Found in kneecaps, in between vertebraeFound in kneecaps, in between vertebrae

Collagen Fiber Collagen Fiber

What do I need to know What do I need to know general connective tissue?general connective tissue?

There are 3 typesThere are 3 types

Each type has collagen, elastin, and chondrocytesEach type has collagen, elastin, and chondrocytes

You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about cartilage?ask me about cartilage?

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body? Where would you find What is the most abundant cartilage in the body? Where would you find it?it?

What are the cells in cartilage called?What are the cells in cartilage called?

What type of cartilage would be found inside your knee, where it absorbs What type of cartilage would be found inside your knee, where it absorbs the shock of walking and running?the shock of walking and running?

Which has more cells in it; fibrocartilage or dense regular connective Which has more cells in it; fibrocartilage or dense regular connective tissue?tissue?

BoneBone

•Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytesosteocytes

•Bone is embedded with more blood vessels than cartilageBone is embedded with more blood vessels than cartilage

Types of BoneTypes of Bone

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood vessels and nervesvessels and nerves

Types of BoneTypes of Bone

Spongy Bone Spongy Bone

Found at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calciumFound at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calcium

What do I need to know What do I need to know about bone tissue?about bone tissue?

There are 2 typesThere are 2 types

It is the most rigid of all connective tissueIt is the most rigid of all connective tissue

It has lots of collagen and calcium salts, which makes it very rigidIt has lots of collagen and calcium salts, which makes it very rigid

You should know what spongy bone and compact bone look like. You You should know what spongy bone and compact bone look like. You should know where each is located.should know where each is located.

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about bone tissue?ask me about bone tissue?

What type of bone is found on the outside of your bones?What type of bone is found on the outside of your bones?

What are the cells in bone called?What are the cells in bone called?

What has more blood in it, bone or cartilage?What has more blood in it, bone or cartilage?

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Muscle attached to bones Muscle attached to bones

Individual cells are called muscle fibersIndividual cells are called muscle fibers

Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle cellscells

Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)

Actin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striatedActin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striated

Fibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissueFibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissue

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs

Fewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriatedFewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriated

Maintains constant tension, smaller contractionsMaintains constant tension, smaller contractions

Often called involuntary muscleOften called involuntary muscle

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Striated like skeletal muscleStriated like skeletal muscle

Involuntary like smooth muscleInvoluntary like smooth muscle

Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called intercalated discsintercalated discs

What do I need to know What do I need to know about muscle tissue?about muscle tissue?

There are 3 typesThere are 3 types

Actin & Myosin are proteins that cause “bands” in skeletal and cardiac Actin & Myosin are proteins that cause “bands” in skeletal and cardiac musclemuscle

Skeletal muscle is voluntarySkeletal muscle is voluntary

Smooth Muscle is involuntarySmooth Muscle is involuntary

You should be able to differentiate between skeletal and smooth muscleYou should be able to differentiate between skeletal and smooth muscle

What types of questions will you What types of questions will you ask me about muscle tissue?ask me about muscle tissue?

What type of muscle is found in your arm?What type of muscle is found in your arm?

What are the “bands” in muscle called? What 2 proteins make up these What are the “bands” in muscle called? What 2 proteins make up these bandsbands

What type of muscle is smooth? Which is skeletal?What type of muscle is smooth? Which is skeletal?

A B