Animal Populations

Quagga Cockroach

Population Factors

Distribution/RangeNicheHabitat ToleranceResource Availability

Reproductive rate

Biotic Potential: MaturityMortality

Distribution

Migration

Motility

Broadcasting

Niche

Predator/Prey

Host/Parasite

Mutualistic

Predator Prey

Host Parasite

Demodex mite: Human eyelid

Host Parasite

Demodex mite: Human eyelid

Mutualism

E. Coli : Human intestines

Mutualism

E. Coli : Human intestines

Habitat Tolerance

Mexican Burrowing Toad

Resource AccessCompetitive exclusion

Resource partitioning

Reproductive Rate

Maturity

Mortality

Environmental Resistance

J curve S curve

Environmental Resistance

J curve S curve

Strategies

K-selected EquilibriumLarger, few offspring

R-selectedOpportunist

smaller, short-lived

Human Population

Human Population

Thomas Malthus(1766 - 1834)

Demographics

Growth Rate = Birth Rate - Death rate

69 years

Doubling time = growth rate

Current World Population

http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/worldpop

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html

21st century projection

Population Distribution

Population Profiles

US birth rates

Since 1800

Decrease in death rateVaccines, antibiotics, sanitation

Diagnosis and treatment

Lifestyle choicesdiet, exercise, nutrition

Child Mortality rates

What is Human?

What is Human?

Opposable Thumbspower, precision grip

Bipedalism

Color, 3-D vision

Language and abstract thought

Phylogenetics

African homeland

Timelines

“Lucy”

Australopithecus afarensis

Skull Comparison

Cranial Volume

Homo Neanderthalsis

Speech?

Neanderthal extinction

Climate, resources

Epidemics

“Culture Gap”

Hybridization

Hybrids?

Homo floresiensis

Sources of evidence

Geological

Archaeological

Biological

Carbon Isotopes

12C 13C 14C

6 protons6 neutrons

6 protons7 neutrons

6 protons8 neutrons

STABLE STABLE RADIOACTIVE

Half Life

Half life (14C) = 5730 years

Shroud of Turin

Ice Man (Otzi)

Ice Man (Otzi)

Technology

Great Leap Forward

40,000 - 50,000 years ago

Climate

Tool construction

Language

Biological evidence

Hemoglobin

Sickle Cell anemia

Lactose Tolerance

Lactose Tolerance

DNA

Chromosomes

Genetic Fingerprinting

Y haplogroups

Y haplogroup distribution

Mitochondrial DNA

mtDNA haplogroups

Exodus

Mitochondrial Eve

Mutations

Ellis-vanCreveld

Blood Groups

Blood Type Distribution

CCR5-∆-32

Plague survivors

HIV resistance

Human migration

Fertile Crescent

Agricultural centers

Agricultural centers

Access to fresh water

Temperate climate

Domesticable flora & fauna

Domestication

Dominance hierarchy (herds)

Non-territorial

Non-carnivorous, not aggressive

Easy breeding in captivity

Domesticable Plants

Edible, non-toxic

Annual, high yield

Seed broadcasting

Use as material

Setbacks

Droughts, Floods

Competition

Sanitation

Farming advantages

Birth intervals

Labor assistance

Lifestyle changes

Hunter/gatherer farmer

Deadly Gifts

measles rinderpest

Species jumps

Measles Rinderpest

Smallpox Pox virus

Bird influenza influenza

FPLV Canine parvovirus

Distemper (dogs) Distemper (seals)

Dawn of Disease

Increased contact time

Animal labor

Sanitation issues

Pathogens

Girolamo Fracastro “seeds too small to be seen”

Pasteurspontaneous generation

Kochmicroorganism <-> disease

Pathogenic classes

Virus

Bacteria

Prion

Viruses

Non-livingDNA or RNA surrounded by protein

Need host cell to propagate

Viral Replication

Viruses

Flu

Rabies

HIV

Bacteria

Cellular organism

Characterized by size/shape

Aerobic or anaerobic

Cell division

Eukaryotic cell

Bacterial vs. viral size

Bacterial shapes

Mitosis

Bacteria

Bubonic plague

Legionnaires disease

Heliobacter pylori

Prion(proteinaceous infectious particle)

Only protein

Must be consumed

Long incubation period

Prion

Mad cow disease

Scrapie

Progress of Disease

exposure incubation recovery

Defense

1. Barrier

2. Inflammation

3. Memory

Barrier Defense

Skin

Gastrointestinal Tract

Respiratory system

Inflammation Response

Redness, swelling

Fever

Fatigue, weakness

Histamine release

Memory (Immune system)

Antigen --- Antibody

Phagocytosis

Memory (Immune system)

LymphocytesB cells: must be activated

recognize and bind antigen

antibody - mediated

T cells: cell - mediatedfind, bind, destroy

Lymphatic system

Modern Defenses

Pasteurization, Refrigeration

Vaccinations

Antibiotics, Antiseptics

Active vs. Passive Immunity

ActiveVaccines (disabled or killed

viruses)Life - long immunity

Passive: Immunoglobulins (Ig’s)short term

Autoimmune Diseases

Allergies

Asthma

Lupus Erythematosis

Rheumatoid Arthritis