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Page 1: Drivers’of’Change’in’1400s’...Drivers’of’Change’in’1400s’ Trade& –quest"for"wealthin"gold"and"spice"trade" Religion–Islam"andChristianity" Urbanization –rise"of"citiesinEurope
Page 2: Drivers’of’Change’in’1400s’...Drivers’of’Change’in’1400s’ Trade& –quest"for"wealthin"gold"and"spice"trade" Religion–Islam"andChristianity" Urbanization –rise"of"citiesinEurope

Drivers  of  Change  in  1400s   Trade  –  quest  for  wealth  in  gold  and  spice  trade   Religion  –  Islam  and  Christianity   Urbanization  –  rise  of  cities  in  Europe   Technology  –  Caravel  and  Galleon  Ships,  Navigation  Devices,  Printing  press  

 Politics  –  Fall  of  Mogul  Empire,  Strengthening  of  unitary  European  monarchies,  

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Trade:  Asia  and  Africa  1400s   While  Europe  was  in  the  Middle  Ages,  peoples  of  Africa,  Asia  and  the  Middle  East  were  connected  by  land  and  sea  trade  routes.  

 Arab  merchants  played  a  large  role  in  the  growing  trade  =  Middle  East  was  crossroads    Sailed  along  Indian  Ocean    Traveled  along  the  SILK  ROAD  =  overland  routes  that  linked  China  to  the  Middle  East  

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Trade:  Silk  Road    

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Trade:  African  Trading  States  

West  Africa  -­‐  Long  trade  routes  crossed  the  Sahara  desert  in  Africa  linking  West  Africa  to  North  Africa  

  Mali  and  Songhai    most  powerful  kingdoms  

East  Coast  of  Africa  was  trading  center  also  

  Gold  from  Zimbabwe  (inland)  was  carried  to  the  coast  and  carried  by  ship  to  India  and  China  

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Mansa  Musa  on  Throne  in  Mali  

Mansa  Musa  –  Muslim  Ruler  of  Mali  

Immense  Wealth  caused  stir  in  Europe  –  where  did  his  gold  come  from?  

“So  abundant  is  the  gold  in  his  country  that  this  lord  is  the  richest  and  most  noble  king  in  all  the  land”  –  Spanish  Atlas  1375  

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Trade:  Europe  in  1300s  

 Marco  Polo  traveled  throughout  Asia  from  1271  to  1295.      Recorded  his  travels  and  journey  in  The  Travels  of  Marco  Polo  which  was  widely  read  by  Europeans  thanks  to  the  invention  of  the  printing  press.  

 Polo’s  book  described  the  exotic  foods,  spices  and  other  merchandise  of  Asia.  Adventurers  and  businessmen  wanted  to  share  in  the  wealth.  

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Trade:  Europe  and  the  Mongol  Empire   Marco  Polo  befriended  Kublai  Khan  –  ruler  of  the  Mongol  Empire.  (Mongolia  and  Siberia)  

 Europeans  given  free  pass  to  travel  and  trade  along  overland  routes  between  Europe,  the  Middle  East  and  Asia  

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Trade:  Europe  and  the  Fall  of  the  Mongol  Empire     End  of  the  14th  century,  the  Mongol  Empire  collapsed.     Persian  and  Muslim  rulers  blocked  European  merchants  from  using  overland  routes  to  Asia  –  history  of  conflict  and  animosity  between  European  Christians  and  Muslims  (Crusades)  

 Europeans  need  a  NEW  route  to  Asia  =  water!!  

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Trade:  Portugal’s  rise  to  fame   Early  leader  in  search  for  Water  Route  to  Asia  and  the  source  of  Africa’s  gold.  

 Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  sent  captains  exploring  the  West  Coast  of  Africa  

  1497  –  Vasco  da  Gama  rounded  southern  tip  of  Africa  and  sailed  to  India.      

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Trade:  Other  NaDons  Join  Race   Portugal  controlled  trade  with  African  coastal  nations….Italy  commanded  trade  in  Mediterranean……soooooo  

  Spain  looks  West  Across  Atlantic  for  trade  route.      Dominates  Central  and  South  America  thanks  to  Columbus’  Voyages  

 By  the  end  of  the  1500s,  England,  France  and  Holland  must  focus  on  finding  a  “Northwest  Passage”  –  a  water  route  THROUGH  North  America  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  

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Religion:  Spread  of  Islam    Islam-­‐  founded  in  the  600’s  by  Muhammad.  After  his  death  in  632,  Islam  spread  across  North  Africa,  into  Spain,  from  Persia  to  India  and  beyond.  

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Religion:  ChrisDan  Crusades   Crusades  1095-­‐1270  –  holy  wars  fought  by  European  Christians  against  Muslims  to  control  Holy  Land    

 Helped  bring  Europe  out  of  Middle  Ages  and  into  the  Renaissance  (1400-­‐1600s)    Introduced  Europeans  to  food,  spices,  silks,  and  luxuries  from  Asia.  

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UrbanizaDon     Europe  moved  from  Feudal  society  where  life  revolved  around  the  Manor  to  a  more  urban  landscape  

 Kings  built  strong  nation-­‐states  and  brought  feudal  lords  under  their  control  which  opened  opportunities  for  businessmen  

 Cities  began  to  grow  

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Technology    1430s  –  Johannes  Gutenberg  invented  the  printing  press  

 Books  were  previously  copies  by  hand  –  illuminated  text  

  Large  numbers  of  books  could  now  be  produced  at  a  l0w  cost  =  more  people  reading  and  learning  spreads  

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Technology  -­‐  NavigaDon   Navigation  tools  including  the  magnetic  compass,  astrolabe  developed  to  help  captains    

 Portugal  invented  the  Caravel  ship  –  triangular  sails  and  steering  rudder  allowed  captains  to  steer  into  the  wind  

 Galleon  –  large  multi-­‐deck  sailing  vessel  

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PoliDcs   Monarchs  in  England  and  France  bring  feudal  lords  under  control  bringing  law  and  order  to  society  

 England  and  France,  Spain  and  Portugal   Portugal  and  Spain  drive  out  Muslim  rulers  

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PoliDcs  –  Spain  expels  Moors    In  the  8th  century,  North  African  Muslim  Moors  conquered  Spain.  

  1492  –  Queen  Isabella  and  King  Ferdinand  of  Spain  finally  managed  to  drive  last  of  the  Moors  out  of  last  Muslim  stronghold  of  Grenada  

 Able  to  start  investing  in  overseas  exploration    

Alhambra  Palace