europe during 1400s &1500s janelle oliver, bailey hoback & gabriella andino
TRANSCRIPT
Europe During 1400s &1500s Janelle Oliver, Bailey Hoback & Gabriella Andino
What was the Renaissance? Georgio Vasari described it
as a “Rebirth ”◦Re-emergence of Greek and
Roman literature, art, philosophy, and political and historical thought
Started in Italy◦Focused on secular concerns◦ Individualism
Later spread to Northern Europe◦ Dealt with religious
concerns
Catholic Church had heavy influence in Italy
Old nobility was starting to lose their control over Italy
New wealthy merchant families started to rise because of Mediterranean trade
Old Nobility v. New Wealthy Families
Popolo◦ Wanted their own share of the
wealth and political power
Class & Political Struggles
Italian v. Northern Renaissance
Italian ◦ Was center of Europe’s
economic, political and cultural life
◦ Italy was divided up into different urbanized city-states The heart of Renaissance was in
Florence
◦ Tension and many wars were fought between the major cities
Northern◦ Strictly focused on religion
Still trying to seek new ways to deepen their Christian beliefs
Humanism Is a program of study, including
rhetoric and literature based on what students in the classical world would have studied
Francesco Petrarch◦ Father of Humanism
To write in the Ciceronian style became the goal of Petrarch and humanists who followed him◦ Inspired “civic humanists”
Many humanist emphasized individualism and questioned some biblical text◦ This upset the North
Renaissance really only applied to the wealthy◦Could afford classical literature and study it
Popolo wanted to be part of the Renaissance but were more preoccupied with their lives
Most of the poor were illiterate◦Spent most of their time struggling for work or lived on
rural farmsWomen◦Some wealthy women picked up some humanism skills
Leonardo Bruni created an education program for women Christine de Pisan wrote “The City of Ladies”
Baroque Movement
Who Achieved the Renaissance?
Beginning the ReformationThrough translation, the Catholic Church had
distorted and complicated theological text◦ Practices of nepotism, absenteeism, immoral behavior of
the papacy and the selling of indulgences were quite common
However, many opposed the corruption of the church ◦Desideratum Erasmus’s “Praise of Folly” which used
satire as a means of criticizing the church◦ Sir Tomas More’s “Utopia” which was critical of certain
practices of the church ◦Most important was Martin Luther’s “95 Thesis”
The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther wanted the
catholic church to change and had no intensions of starting a new religion◦ Pope Leo X did not take Luther
seriously and ignored him Lutheranism started heavily
influencing the Germanic states◦ Edict of Worms
Other reformers sprung up after Luther◦ John Calvin’s “Institutes of the
Christian Religion” starting Calvinism
◦ King Henry VIII started the Anglican Church
◦ Ulrich Zwingli started Zwingli
Society’s ResponseGermanic states were caught in the middle ◦Peace of Augsburg by Charles V
Reformation abolished corrupt practicesImplements of humanist methods in
Protestant secondary schools and universities◦Allowing every class, and gender to attend
Schools taught in Greek and Latin with religious instruction
Women were still seen as subservient to men ◦Gradually lost their rights
Counter ReformationPope Paul II was dedicated in reforming the
ChurchIndex of Prohibited BooksPapal Inquisition to keep out Protestantism Council of Trent◦Was dominated by the papacy and enhanced its power◦ Took steps to address some of the issues that sparked
the reformationIgnatius Loyola◦Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)◦Working as Catholic missionaries in heavy Protestant
areas
Religious WarsHapsburg-Valois War◦France was trying to keep the control of the Holy
Roman Empire from controlling all of Germany While Charles IV was occupied with France, Lutheranism
spread fast throughout the empire
◦France was also fighting Spain over territories in Italy◦Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Spain’s Catholic Crusade ◦Was a conflict between Spain and the Turks allowing a
secure region for Christian merchants ◦Battle of Lepanto was the naval battle in which Spain
defeated the Turks off the coast of Greece and won the war
Religious WarsThe Dutch Revolt ◦William I started a war against the Spanish inquisition
They were beaten by Spain, and some parts of the Provinces became under the Spanish control
Spain and England ◦Mary Tudor was wife of Philip I of the Holy Roman
Empire and tried to convert England to traditional Catholic beliefs
◦Elizabeth I After the Dutch Revolt, she tried to aid the Netherlands to
gain independence from the Spanish
◦Spanish Armada
French Civil War This conflict started after the death of
Henry II and the struggle within the family for who would get the crown
A Catholic Valois and Huguenot couple were married, intending to reconcile the Catholic v. Huguenot differences, however, rioting and violence occurred and the couple were killed in their sleep before the wedding
War of Three Kings which three different Henrys fought over the French throne
Henry IV, a Huguenot, won and ruled like Elizabeth I in the way that he tried to find solutions for problems, rather than idolize himself◦ Edict of Nantes
Thirty Year’s WarThe Peace of Augsburg worked for a short period
of time, however, factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire precipitated a cataclysmic war
The war came in different PhasesTreaty of Westphalia◦This treaty ended the Catholic reformation in Germany ◦They reestablished the Peace of Augsburg◦The pope could intervene in the Holy Roman Empire
The results:◦The Holy Roman Empire was ruined◦France gained a lot of power along with Britain
The Renaissance is starting to fade◦ Medici family falls
Treaty of Lodi Unification makes for an
easy target for ambitious monarchs such as France and Spain
Machiavelli was horrified by increasing foreign domination and believed that only a strong leader could unify Italy◦ His book “The Prince” tried to
convince the Medici to take control of Italy
Italy on the Decline
New MonarchsFrench Monarch◦King Louis XI assumed the throne after his father
Charles VII He created a large royal army, increased taxes, exerted his
power over the clergy and encouraged economic growth
◦Francis I Condordat of Bologna
English Monarch◦War of the Roses ◦Henry VII, a Lancaster, got the throne
Established the Tudor Dynasty Nobility no longer have private armies Parliament still maintained power over the king
New MonarchsSpanish Monarch◦Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile laid the groundwork for unification In the attempt for religious conformity, the couple started
the Reconquista Spanish Inquisition
German Monarch◦Not considered a “New Monarch”◦Charles V
Most powerful ruler in Europe in 1500s Control over the Hapsburg and Spain Tried to prevent the spread of Protestantism in the Holy
Roman Empire
Life During the 1500sBourgeoisie were the
wealthiest and most powerful ◦Can be compared to the middle
classPeasants made up the
majority of the population and worked farms◦They all mostly lived in rural
areasCities began to grow during
this timePopulation grewStrict patriarchal society
ExplorationContact with non-Europeans were limited up until now◦ “God, glory and gold”
Europeans were trying to reach AsiaReligion also had an influence on explorationMonarchies had increased both their authority, their
resources and were in a position to turn their energies beyond their borders
Europe had achieved the wealth and technology to voyage beyond◦Creation of portolani ◦Better ships and navigational techniques ◦Knowledge of wind patterns
Led to the Colombian Exchange
Prompt One: Social
Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from 1520-1600.
2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions
Prompt Two: Cultural / Political
In what ways does the art of the renaissance reflect the political outlooks of European nations from 1450-
1600?
Prompt Two: Economic
How and to what extent did the poor economy of the 16th century affect class relations across Europe?
FRQ Prompts