the world economy 1400s-1700s ch. 16 ap world history

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The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

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Page 1: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

The World Economy1400s-1700s

Ch. 16

AP World History

Page 2: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

SilverVital to the World EconomySpaniards took over silver mines in Mexico and South America (mainly Bolivia) by the mid-16th century.Spanish monarchy kept 1/5 of mined silver; used to build armies and public buildings.Most of silver used in trade; silver passed through Spanish merchants and on to China and India.Silver began replacing paper money in China and during the Ming dynasty, some taxes had to be paid in silver; gap between rich and poor Chinese people increased due to taxes paid in silver.

Page 3: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Maritime PowerConstant contact between Western and Eastern known world prior to this period.Europeans still ignorant of wider world-Some had a fear of exploration because they believed the world was flat.-Vikings had already ventured to Greenland and N. America by 10th century.

Page 4: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

New TechnologyDuring 15th century, Europeans: - adapted Chinese explosives into gunnery, making first guns and cannons. -designed/built new ships to carry heavy armaments.-used and improved compass and map-making.Thus, military power and advantage grew and Europeans were easily able to intimidate and gain power.

Page 5: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Portugal

Rulers wanted to explore: excitement, potential harm to the powerful Muslim world, wealth.1434, began expeditions down African coast (slaves & spices).1498, Vasco da Gama’s fleet found a route around African tip, arriving in India.-difficult to trade b/c of est. Muslim traders; later used violence to gain items for world trade.Set up trade forts on African & Indian coasts.1514, reached Indonesia (spices!) & China.1542, reached Japan, launched missionary efforts.

Page 6: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

SpainAlso wanted to prove itself to Muslim world & gain wealth.1492: last Muslim fortress captured; Spain sends Columbus for a Western route to India, instead “discovers” a new world. Later expedition by Amerigo Vespucci gave new world its name.Spain won papal approval to claim present-day Latin America. Portugal won papal approval over Brazil.Ferdinand Magellan sailed westward in 1519, across Pacific, reaching Indonesian islands(1521); Spain claimed Philippines and various Pacific islands.

Page 7: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Northern European ExpeditionsGained lead in exploration by late 16th cent.France, England, and Holland strove to gain land and spread Protestantism.Easily explored with faster, lighter ships.Mainly aimed for N. America because of Spain and Portuguese dominance in south.Driven by discovery of uncharted land, native populations, and potential profit.Expeditions from anywhere in Europe were always life-risking.

Page 8: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

France1534, crossed Atlantic and claimed Canada.17th cent, pressed south to Great Lakes and Mississippi valley regions.

Page 9: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Britain

Wanted to find a NW passage to spices in India, accomplishing little before 17th cent.By 17th cent, gained N. American east coast colonies.

Page 10: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

HollandDutch competed with Portuguese for SE Asian ports; ousted Portuguese from Indonesian islands by 17th cent.Established settlements in S. Africa as relay station for East Indies-bound ships.

Page 11: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Trading CompaniesCompanies given gov. monopolies on trade in designated regions.-not strictly supervised by gov.-companies able to raise armies and money; gained fortunes; acted like independent govs. in specified regions.Dutch East India Company ruled Taiwan for some time.British East India Company ruled parts of India (18th cent.); had active role in N. American fur trade.

Page 12: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Europe’s sea routes led to…

Columbian exchange: foods, diseases, ppl.New import-export patternsNew overseas empires

Page 13: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Columbian Exchange

16th and 17th cent, Euro-peans & Africans brought diseases to Native Amer-icans; over ½ of native population died.-Europeans able to repopulate new world with African slaves & Europeans.New World crops (corn, potatoes, etc) spread via W. merchants; adoption of new crops triggered large pop. increases around world; new staple crops.Some Europeans feared new food b/c they believed it spread the plague and it wasn’t mentioned in Bible.Horses and cattle introduced to New World.

Page 14: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

West’s Commercial Outreach

Europe did not completely take over Asian & African territories, just established ports there.Europe weaseled way in and dominated international trade routes, increasing profits.-EX. Battle of Lepanto (1571), Spanish fleet defeated Ottoman empire navy in Mediterranean; ended hope for Muslims to defeat European naval power; Europe dominated Mediterranean trade.17th cent: ports on w. coast of Africa, in India, in SE Asian islands; Dutch port in Nagasaki.-provided contacts and goods that Europeans would not otherwise receive

*Europeans gained access without total control*

Page 15: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

ImbalancesSpain first dominated World trade, lost control b/c lack of bank system; England, France, Holland then dominated world trade; profits brought wealth and capital.W. Europe traded manufactured goods (guns, cloth) for raw materials (silver, sugar); enhanced commercialismMercantilism: basic world trade policy; nations sell exports as much as possible without importing goods from outside of own empire. -Tariffs(taxes) stimulated home-based manufacturing.Dependents to core nations produced low-cost goods (metals and crops) and human labor (slave trade) for dominating nations.

Page 16: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

International InequalityOnly a few people in European dominated regions benefited from European trade/exploitation, not whole region.-African slave traders grew rich.-Latin American regional merchants and farmers grew rich from mines and food sale.Many peasants stuck to subsistence farming, not entering market economy.Forced labor grew wherever there was cheap production.-African slaves, Native Americans/mestizo enslave-ment, spice production slavesin Dutch East Indies.

Page 17: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

“World” EconomySome countries and regions stayed out of world trade system; i.e. China and Japan stayed relatively isolatedIndia interested in World trade, selling goods for silver and allowing coastal ports, but rulers more focused on internal development.Russia traded mainly with nomads in central Asia, not Western world trade.Non-slave-trade Africa untouched by world trade.

Page 18: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

ChinaAvoided involvement in international trade on another country’s terms.Extensive gov. regulation to keep Europeans(with Asian ports) in check

Kept traditional characteristics, valuing old over new; did, however, adopt European gunnery.China was a strong exporter, receiving much of New World silver; avoided subservience to European merchants; no need for outside goods.

Page 19: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

JapanOpen to Christian missions; fascinated by W. gunnery and shipping.Guns used in feudal wars; leaders worried this western influence would threaten samurai dominance.Still, made own gun industry, then cut out most European contact.Travel in and out of Japan forbidden besides

some Chinese contacts and Dutch-Nagasaki port.

Page 20: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Expansionist16th cent. world trade dependencies: S. America, the W. Indies, parts of N. America, regions in w. Africa.-by 17th cent, some of SE Asia brought into dependencies via W. trading companies.17th cent, as Indian Mughal Empire fell, British and French E. India Companies moved in.

-Manufacturing in India declined as it became more dependent on Europe (never

completely dependent like Latin America).• E. Europe exported more grains (grown by serfs) to the growing W. Europe cities.

Page 21: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Colonial ExpansionEurope had a network of overseas coloniesSugar became more readily available around the world; it wasn’t just a high-class product anymore; prompted dentistry by 18th cent.

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The AmericasEuro guns, horses, weapons were advantageous and pop. losses created opportunities in colonies.Spanish expanded via violent and treacherous adventurers; launched expedition from Cuba for conquest of Aztecs(Mexico); 1531, fought toward Inca realm(Andes); continued to spread south.

Francisco Pizarro, conquistador

Colonies established by gold-seeking Europeans; formal administrations on new lands later formed as agricultural settlements grew.French in Canada; Dutch and English on E. coast of N. America; 17th cent, all three colonized W. Indian islands.

Page 23: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

British and FrenchReligious refugees went to English colonies; proprietors received gov land grants.French Canada(New France) had high birth rates; Catholic organization.Seven Years War (b/w England and France)

-Ended with Treaty of Paris(1763): France regained W. Indian sugar islands & African posts. Britain took control of Canada & MS basin.• Dutch attached to Asian colonies; British and French attached to West Indian holdings, N. America not as profitable.

Page 24: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

N. AmericaS. colonies: tobacco, sugar,

cotton; large estates based on: slave labor, wealthy planter, weak formal govs.Colonists had assemblies, gained political experience; they read European Enlightenment materials and philosophies18th cent, American merchants traded with China, so Britain tried to put more limits (taxes) on this local economy and thus encouraged rebellion.Colonists displaced Native Americans, gained vast stretches of territory; never tried to combine cultures as those in Latin America did(religion).1700, African slaves well established

Page 25: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

N. America & W. EuropeWhite N. American settlers maintained most features of Euro-style families and lifestyles; but, settlers had larger families.The independent American government (1776) used many W. European theories and ideas.

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Africa and AsiaEuropeans generally stuck to small African ports, without moving to interior.-1652, Dutch Cape Colony (S. Africa): supply station for ships that became a Dutch farming region; clashed with the Africans (trying to enslave).Spain in the PI, won MANY converts; Dutch company in Indonesia & Taiwan; beginning in 17th cent, French and British fighting over dominance in India.

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IndiaBritish East India company gained Calcutta and had strong connections with British gov, giving it more power; the French had neither.French interested in missionary work; British more interested in profits.Both had Indian allies and troops.English lost Calcutta(1756) and regained it, plus more territory; French lost power in India; Britain would continue its hold over India.

Page 28: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Continuities

Slave labor continued to growEuropean brutality in conquests over civilizationsReligion and profits drove colonizersAttempting to find shorter routes to India (England, Spain, Portugal tried)Various regions refused to be affected by expanding world tradeMuslims continued trade in Africa.

Page 29: The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16 AP World History

Changes

“New” foods/crops spread world-wideIntroduction of animals to the New worldDiseases changed demography of AmericasThe core nations flip-flopped and so did their dependencies; as colonial holdings grew, world economy grew.

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Major ComparisonsBritish vs. French: French seemed more focused on evangelizing non-believers while the British were driven more by profits. (EX. India)Actual land possessions of the major exploration countries (size and location).