contents web viewthe purpose of this memo is to recommend that the proposed “usaid/bangladesh...

Memo to the File: USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)

Development Objective DO1, DO2, DO3, DO4 and FDHA

Country and/or Operating Unit

Bangladesh

Originating Office Mission Environmental OfficerProgram Office

Supplemental 22CFR 216 Document

USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP # Asia 16-003)signed by BEO on October 27, 2015

Activity Name USAID/Bangladesh Pesticide Environmental Compliance Manual(Requirements and resources for implementing partners who support procurement or use of pesticides)

Period of Coverage Start/End Date

Up to the end date of USAISD/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP # Asia 16-003

Purpose of the MTF:

The purpose of this Memo is to recommend that the proposed “USAID/Bangladesh Pesticide Environmental Compliance Manual” be covered by PERSUAP - Asia 16-003. The USAID Bangladesh Mission Environmental Officer approved this coverage under the above referenced PERSUAP, which contains language to allow such additions. The “USAID/Bangladesh Pesticide Environmental Compliance Manual” has been prepared for simplifying and making the Programmatic (PERSUAP-Asia 16-003) user friendly considering the end user. The manual covers the requirements and resources of PERSUAP – Asia 16-003 for implementing partners who support procurement or use of pesticides

Attachment:

- USAID/Bangladesh Pesticide Environmental Compliance ManualU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentU.S. EmbassyMadani Avenue, BaridharaDhaka-1212, Bangladesh

Tel: (880-2) 885-5500Fax: (880-2) 882-3648www.usaid.gov/bd

Cleared:

_____________________________________

Sultana Rebeka AkhterMission Environmental OfficerProgram OfficeUSAID/Bangladesh

___________________________

Date

Approved:

_____________________________________

William GibsonBureau Environmental OfficerAsia Bureau

____________________________

Date

Distribution:

Asia Regional Environmental Advisor Asia Bureau Environmental Officer BFS Bureau Environmental Officer

USAID/BANGLADESH PESTICIDE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MANUALREQUIREMENTS AND RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS WHO SUPPORT PROCUREMENT OR USE OF PESTICIDES

VERSION: JANUARY 2018

This document was developed for review by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by The Cadmus Group LLC under the Global Environmental Management Support Project (GEMS II, award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018).

Photo credit: USAID/Bangladesh.

USAID/BANGLADESH PESTICIDE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MANUALREQUIREMENTS AND RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS WHO SUPPORT PROCUREMENT OR USE OF PESTICIDESVersion: JANUARY 2018

CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSACRONYMS................................................................................................................3PURPOSE...................................................................................................................4SECTION 1. ORIENTATION.........................................................................................4

Background...........................................................................................................4Applicability & Key Definitions..............................................................................5Period of Validity...................................................................................................5Covered Scope......................................................................................................5

SECTION 2. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS................................................................6SECTION 3. ALLOWED PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIs), authorized uses and restrictions................................................................................................................8SECTION 4. DRAFT INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) PLANS........................27

About IPM............................................................................................................27Draft IPM Plans....................................................................................................28

SECTION 5. MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF TRAINING AND SAFER USE.......................71A. Training in Safer Use......................................................................................72B. Training in IPM................................................................................................73C. Understanding Pesticide Labels and Safety Data SheetS (SDS).....................74D. Protective Clothing and Equipment................................................................76E. Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift.................77F. Pesticide Transport and Storage....................................................................78G. First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning......................................................................79

USAID/BANGLADESH PESTICIDE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MANUAL | JANUARY 2018 | 2

H. Proper Pesticide Container Disposal..............................................................81I. Monitoring and Data Record Keeping..............................................................81

SECTION 6. MANDATORY PESTICIDE SAFER USE, MONITORING AND REPORTING tracker.................................................................................................................... 83

TABLE OF TABLESTABLE 1. SECTORS AND SUB-SECTORS SUPPORTED BY USAID/BANGLADESH THAT

MAY PROCURE/USE PESTICIDES.....................................................................5TABLE 2. ALLOWED PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS................................................9IPM TABLESTABLE 3. PESTS AND DISEASES IN RICE AND CONTROL METHODS..........................29TABLE 4. PESTS AND DISEASES IN WHEAT AND CONTROL METHODS......................32TABLE 5. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MAIZE AND CONTROL METHODS........................33TABLE 6. PESTS AND DISEASES IN JUTE AND CONTROL METHODS..........................35TABLE 7. PESTS AND DISEASES IN POTATO AND CONTROL METHODS.....................36TABLE 8. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BRINJAL AND CONTROL METHODS....................38TABLE 9. PESTS AND DISEASES IN OKRA AND CONTROL METHODS.........................40TABLE 10. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CUCURBITS AND CONTROL METHODS.............41TABLE 11. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CRUCIFER VEGETABLES AND CONTROL METHODS.................................................................................................................42TABLE 12. PESTS AND DISEASES IN TOMATO AND CONTROL METHODS..................44TABLE 13. PESTS AND DISEASES IN AMARANTH AND CONTROL METHODS..............48TABLE 14. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CARROT AND CONTROL METHODS..................48TABLE 15. PESTS AND DISEASES IN TARO AND CONTROL METHODS.......................50TABLE 16. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CHILI AND CONTROL METHODS.......................51TABLE 17. PESTS AND DISEASES IN LEGUME CROPS AND CONTROL METHODS.......52TABLE 18. PESTS AND DISEASES IN ONIONS AND CONTROL METHODS...................55TABLE 19. PESTS AND DISEASES IN SWEET POTATO AND CONTROL METHODS.......57TABLE 20. PESTS AND DISEASES IN OIL SEED MUSTARD AND CONTROL METHODS 58TABLE 21. PESTS AND DISEASES IN GROUNDNUTS AND CONTROL METHODS.........59TABLE 22. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BANANAS AND CONTROL METHODS................62TABLE 23. PESTS AND DISEASES IN PAPAYA AND CONTROL METHODS...................63TABLE 24. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MANGO AND CONTROL METHODS...................64TABLE 25. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CITRUS FRUITS AND CONTROL METHODS........65TABLE 26. PESTS AND DISEASES IN COCONUT AND CONTROL METHODS................66TABLE 27. PESTS AND DISEASES IN SAPOTA (SOFEDA) AND CONTROL METHODS...68TABLE 28. WAREHOUSE COMMODITY PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT.................69

ACRONYMSAI Active IngredientCFR United States Code of Federal RegulationsGAP Good Agricultural PracticesIP Implementing PartnerIPM Integrated Pest Management


MEO Mission Environmental OfficerPEA Programmatic Environmental AssessmentPERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action PlanPPE Personal Protective EquipmentSDS Safety Data Sheet (formerly known as Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)RUP Restricted Use PesticideSUAP Safer Use Action PlanUS EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

PURPOSEThis manual provides a definitive statement of pesticide compliance requirements for USAID implementing partners (IPs) who support the procurement or use of pesticides on USAID/Bangladesh-funding activities. It also provides resources to support compliance.

SECTION 1. ORIENTATION BACKGROUNDUSAID support for the procurement or use of pesticides must comply with USAID’s pesticide procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)). These are part of USAID’s overall environmental procedures, which are a US government regulation and therefore have the force of law. The pesticide procedures require that any “support to the procurement, or use, or both” of pesticides” requires approval of the subject pesticide and its use, based on a set of 12 analysis factors. Pesticides not registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for “same or similar use” are subject to a more rigorous set of analysis requirements.

In Bangladesh, all pesticide activities are undertaken under the pesticide ordinance and rules. Similarly, to the US, in Bangladesh national pesticide regulations do not allow pesticides to be imported manufactured, formulated, repacked, sold or offered for sale, held in stock for sale or in any manner advertise any brand of pesticide which has not been registered.

Pesticide Evaluation Reports and Safer Use Action Plans (PERSUAPs) are the instrument and process by which USAID usually satisfies the analytical requirements of USAID’s pesticide procedures and consistency with host country requirements. PERSUAPs establish the pesticides for which support to procurement and/or use is authorized on USAID-funded activities, and establish requirements to assure that this support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

In 2015, USAID/Bangladesh developed a mission-wide PERSUAP, available at: http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=45501 (2015 BANGLADESH PERSUAP). Of its nature, a large portion of the PERSUAP documents and justifies the


http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=45501

pesticides approved and rejected for procurement and/or use on USAID/Bangladesh activities. This content is seldom relevant to IPs.

To support IP compliance, this manual therefore extracts the IP compliance requirements of the 2015 Bangladesh mission PERSUAP, which are all contained in the document’s Safer Use Action Plan section. It puts some requirements in plainer language and makes changes to their presentation; however there are no substantive changes to the pesticide approvals or restrictions or any other conditions established by the 2015 Bangladesh PERSUAP. It also extracts from the 2015 Bangladesh PERSUAP key resources to support compliance, adding some additional information regarding recommended controls for tuta absoluta and wheat blast.

APPLICABILITY & KEY DEFINITIONSThis manual and the requirements it sets out apply to all USAID/Bangladesh Implemeting Partners who support the procurement and/or use of pesticides on USAID/Bangladesh-funded activities.

The following definitions apply:

A PESTICIDE is defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest, any substance or mixture of substances intended for us as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant, or any nitrogen stabilizer.

PROCUREMENT is defined as direct purchase, payment in-kind, donations, subsidies, and /or provision of pesticide samples

USE is defined as sale, handling, storage, transport, mixing, loading, application, disposal, provision of fuel for transport, provision of extension or advisory services that recommend a pesticide or pesticides, and/or technical assistance in pesticide management.

PERIOD OF VALIDITYThis November 2017 version of the manual and the requirements it enumerates are valid through the expiration of the 2015 Bangladesh PERSUAP in 2020, unless the 2015 Bangladesh PERSUAP is formally amended. IPs should confirm applicability of this current version of the manual with their COR/AOR.

COVERED SCOPEThis manual covers the procurement and/or use of pesticides enumerated in the table below. If an IP’s intended support is outside the scope enumerated below, they must consult with their AOR/COR.


TABLE 1. SECTORS AND SUB-SECTORS SUPPORTED BY USAID/BANGLADESH THAT MAY PROCURE/USE PESTICIDES

Sector Sub-sector Sub-sector

Agriculture

Crop production, including grains, vegetables, pulses and fruit as at right.

Rice, Maize, Wheat (Gramene spp);Jute (fiber), Okra (Malvaceae);Chili (spice), Tomato, Brinjal (eggplant), Capsicum (bell peppers), Potato (Solanaceae);Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knolkhol (Kohlrabi) Radish, Oil Seed Mustard (Cruciferae);Green/country beans, Yard long beans, Mung beans, Lentils, Groundnuts (Fabaceae)Carrots (Apiaceae);Onion (Alliaceae);Taro (Araceae);Sweet potato (orange fleshed sweet potato), Kangkong (water/Indian spinach) (Convolvulaceae);Sunflower (Asteraceae)Red amaranth, Stem amaranth, Spinach, (Amaranthaceae);Bati shak (leafy vegetable) (Basellaceae)Pointed gourd, Bitter gourd, Sweet gourd, Bottle gourd, Snake gourd, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Water melon (Cucurbitaceae);Coconut (Arecaceae);Lemon, Root apple (Rutaceae);Papaya (Caricaceae);Strawberry (Rosaceae);Sapota (Sapotilla) (Saptaceae);Banana (Musaceae);Mango (Anacardiaceae);

Agriculture

Post-harvest storage of agricultural commodities

Warehousing/Protection of commoditiesConstruction of storage/ Structural pest control

Agriculture

Livestock production PoultryDairy cattle

Livestock housing Construction of storage/ Structural pest controlAquaculture

Fresh water fish

Silviculture

Tree production

Health Cleaning, sterilizing and disinfecting medical surfacesStructural pest control


SECTION 2. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTSSupport to pesticide procurement and/or use (as defined above) by IPs on USAID/Bangladesh projects is permitted only in strict compliance with the following conditions and restrictions.

Resources provided in this manual to support compliance with these requirements are referenced wherever relevant.

Note that additional, mandatory elements of some requirements are provided in the compliance tracker—see requirement #9, below, and section 6.

1. Only pesticides (Active Ingredients) listed in Section 3 may be used/procured with USAID funds in USAID/Bangladesh activities. Procurement/use must comply with the AI-specific uses and any restrictions and conditions set out in Section 3. Note that per Section 3, the following restrictions apply to ALL AIs:

1. Restricted Use Products (see Section 3) are not allowed and not approved by this PERSUAP.

2. No high acute toxicity products are authorized for smallholder use , defined as any product labelled as World Health Organization (WHO) Class 1A and 1B or USEPA Acute Toxicity Category I or equivalent (e.g., those labeled with skull and crossbones, the word DANGER and/or POISON, or equivalent indications).

Where a pesticide product contains more than one AI, the product can only be used when all AIs are listed in Section 3. The conditions and restrictions for ALL constituent AIs apply.Though not listed in the table, IPs can use artisanal pesticides and particularly low-risk AIs (primarily essential oils and other plant extracts) listed at: http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015-12-15.pdf

KEY RESOURCE: SECTION 3.2. IPs must implement pesticide support for field agriculture in

conformity with a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific integrated pest management (IPM) plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. Section 4 of this document provides a draft IPM plan containing suggested chemical and non-chemical controls. Drawing from Section 4, IPs must develop and implement more extensive and detailed IPM plans that address major pests in their respective value chains.

KEY RESOURCE: SECTION 4.3. IPs must train their appropriate staff and beneficiaries in safer

pesticide use and pesticide first aid. IPs must provide training in pesticide safer use and compliance to their staff and beneficiaries, including those using,


http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015-12-15.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015-12-15.pdf

selling, financing, providing extension services or demonstrating pesticides with USAID funding. This training must include all topics listed in Section 5.

KEY RESOURCE: SECTION 5.4. IPs can procure and use only commercial pesticide products that are

properly and appropriately labeled in accordance with local or international regulations. Each product is also required to have a Safety Data Sheets (SDS) (formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheet) that communicates its hazards and is mandatory for supplementing product label information. For all pesticide use under their direct control, IPs must ensure that pesticide use is in accordance with the label and the SDS.

5. IPs must ensure use of appropriate PPE as required per label, for all pesticide use under their direct control. Otherwise, projects must ensure access to, proper use of, and maintenance of appropriate PPE, and use per label, to the greatest degree feasible.

6. IPs must require safe handling of pesticides at all stages, including use and proper maintenance of required PPE where such activities are under IPs direct control. Otherwise, to the greatest degree practicable, IPs must require safe pesticide purchase, transportation, handling, storage, and disposal practices, and use and maintenance of appropriate PPE.

KEY RESOURCE: SECTION 5 defines safer use practices at all stages.7. IPs must systematically document and monitor all activity associated

with any procurement or use of pesticides, including monitoring for pest resistance.

8. IPs must use the Compliance Tracker provided in Section 6 for planning, tracking and reporting implementation of the above requirements. The tracker serves as the environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP) for pesticide-related activities. Note that the Tracker provides additional, mandatory elements for some of the requirements above.Each IP prime awardee subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed tracker to its AOR/COR and Bangladesh Mission Environmental Office (MEO) 30 days before the implementation of the activity and must also submit an annual update. Assistance for the procurement or use of pesticides may not proceed until the tracker is approved by the AOR/COR and MEO.With respect to pesticides, the tracker satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The activity EMMP may simply incorporate the tracker by reference.

KEY RESOURCE: SECTION 6.10. IPs must pass down all requirements to subcontractors and grantees.

Prime contractors must incorporate pesticide compliance requirements, as presented above, into each grant or sub-contract that will involve assistance for pesticide procurement or use. Grants and subcontracts will also require reporting on compliance with these requirements.


11. As required by AORs/CORs, IPs may be required to demonstrate that any proposed procurement of pesticides is compliant with this SUAP and provide other specified information for AOR/COR review and clearance as requested.

12. IPs that implement phosphine fumigation must conduct it in conformity with USAID’s Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodities (i.e., “Fumigation PEA”) http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm

SECTION 3. ALLOWED PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIs), AUTHORIZED USES AND RESTRICTIONSPesticide products contain both "active" and "inert" ingredients. Active ingredients (AIs) are the chemicals in a pesticide product that act to control the pests. Active ingredients include biological pesticides (or biopesticides), including naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by plants containing added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants).1

This document refers to pesticide products as “restricted” when these are not allowed for use by the general public in the US but may only be used by and sold to trained and certified professionals. The determination of which products are to be restricted is made by the US EPA. Such restricted products are termed Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) and those not restricted are termed General Use Pesticides (GUP).

Inert ingredients are combined with AIs to make a pesticide product and play key roles in pesticide effectiveness and product performance. Inert ingredient can act as a solvent to help the active ingredient penetrate a plant's leaf surface, improve the ease of application by preventing caking or foaming, extend the product's shelf-life or protect the pesticide from degradation due to exposure to sunlight. The name “inert” does not mean non-toxic. In the US, all inert ingredients must be approved by US EPA before they can be included in a pesticide. 2

The below-listed AIs are permitted for procurement and use in USAID/Bangladesh subject to provision and restrictions enumerated for each AI.

1 https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides2 https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/basic-information-about-pesticide-ingredients


http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm

TABLE 2. ALLOWED PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, AUTHORIZED USES AND RESTRICTIONSNOTE: The following restrictions apply to ALL AIs:1. No high acute toxicity products are authorized for smallholder use, defined as

any product labelled as World Health Organization (WHO) Class 1A and 1B or USEPA Acute Toxicity Category I or equivalent (e.g., those labeled with skull and crossbones, the word DANGER and/or POISON, or equivalent indications).

2. No RUP products are authorized.PESTICIDES TYPE USE CAVEATS, PROVISIONS,

RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTS

2,4-D acids, salts, amines (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; 2,4-Dimethyl amine; 2,4- dimethylamine salt)

Herbicide Agriculture Combinations with Picloram are RUP and may not be used.Products corrosive to eyes and carrying label Danger and skull and crossbones on pictogram may not be used by smallholders

Abamectin/Vermectin Insecticide Agriculture Can use only formulations below 1.9%Suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxinHighly toxic to beesHighly toxic to birds and aquatic organisms

Acephate Insecticide Agriculture Not approved for use in EUPossible human carcinogen,Suspected nervous system toxin causing ParkinsonSuspected endocrine disruptorPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Acetamiprid Insecticide Agriculture Highly toxic to birds and soil and sediment dwelling organismsModerately toxic to bees but as a nicotinoid is linked to the bee colony collapse. Not to be used when plants are flowering

Acetochlor Herbicide Agriculture Most products are RUP and may not be used.RUP products are not approved

Alcohol 70% – 90% (isopropyl)

Antiseptics/antimicrobial

Health CareSanitationMedical

Approved for uses regulated by USEPA






device careAllethrin, d-trans AllethrinBioallethrin, S-Bioallethrin

Insecticide Public HealthStructural control, domestic uses

Only products designated for public structures and household use are approved.

Alpha-cypermethrin Insecticide Structural uses

Agriculture

Alpha-cypermethrin has mainly structural applications in multiple sectorsProducts approved for agricultural use are RUP due to aquatic toxicityUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Aluminum Phosphide Fumigant/insecticide/rodenticide

WarehouseStructural control/Stored commodities

All DFAP warehouse pest control activities for protection of agricultural commodities are performed by trained and certified pest control specialists.Only products approved in Bangladesh for control of pests in warehouses and its surroundings can be used by the fumigators.In addition, Aluminum Phosphide fumigation must comply with the USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphide Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity (http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm); see Annex T-1 for guide to compliance requirements.Approved only for interventions using professional certified fumigators.

Amitraz InsecticideMiticideVeterinary substance

Agriculture Not approved in EUPossible human carcinogenPotential developmental/reproductive/neuro





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTStoxicityToxic to some aquatic organismsShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Azadirachtin BotanicalInsecticide, nematicide(Neem derived commercial products)

Agriculture Neem can be toxic in high concentrations, particularly to humans and aquatic organisms.

Azoxystrobin Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant

Bensulfuron methyl

Herbicide

Agriculture Herbicides have the potential to contaminate water and can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reduction of sensitive species and abundance of tolerant species.

Bifenthrin InsecticideMiticide

Agriculture Most products are RUP due to high toxicity to aquatic organisms.Highly toxic to beesPossible human carcinogenSuspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxinUse of products containing this AI that are RUP is not approved

Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L.)

Artisanal biological

Bactericide,Fungicide

Agriculture All living plants intended for non-commercial use as biological control agents are allowed for use. This approval does not include other ingredients potentially used in product preparation.






Bispyribac sodium

Herbicide Agriculture Herbicides have the potential to contaminate water and can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reduction of sensitive species and abundance of tolerant species. Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Bordeaux mixture (combination of copper sulfate, lime, and water)

Artisanal and commercialInorganicFungicideBactericide

Agriculture Can be harmful to people, fish, livestock and—due to potential build- up of copper in the soil—earthworms.Copper sulfate is high toxicity and can cause eye irritation. It is toxic to humans through ingestion and inhalation, irritating to skin and eyes, highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organism. Farmers must be trained in potential hazards of this product and use proper PPE when mixing/applying this product.

Buprofezin InsecticideMiticide

Agriculture Possible carcinogen

Calcium oxide/Calcium hydroxide

Bactericide AgricultureAquaculture

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. Calcium oxide is approved by US EPA for aquaculture uses. Lime increases pH to buffer against pH fluctuations. Lime is a hazardous product, therefore farmers must be trained in its use and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

Calcium hypochlorite Algaecide Aquaculture Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. It is a hazardous substance and at higher






Disinfectant/Sterilant/

Healthcare/Medical surfaces care

concentrations some products are considered pesticides. For use of this product, farmers must be trained and use proper PPE.At lower concentration (0.5%) can be used for medical and household disinfection uses.

Carbaryl InsecticideInsect Growth Regulator

Agriculture Not approved in EUHigh toxicity to beesSuspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxinPotential neurotoxin that can causeParkinson diseasePotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Carbendazim Fungicide Agriculture Suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental effects.

Carboxin Fungicide Agriculture Suspected reproductive/developmental effects

Carfentrazone-ethyl

Herbicide Agriculture

Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR)

Insecticide Agriculture Persistent in soil and highly toxic to sediment dwelling organismsPotential groundwater contaminant

Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% or 4% scrub (e.g. Hibitane, Hibiscrub, Hibiclens) or 0.5% tincture


Health CareSanitationMedical devise care


Chlorfenapyr Insecticide, miticideTermiticide

Structural usesPublic health

Not approved in EU






Limited agricultural uses mostly for ornamental plants

Chlorothalonil Fungicide Agriculture Some products may be RUP due to risk of irreversible eye damage and use applications.Products that have the word Danger and skull and crossbones on the pictogram can be used only by trained professionals that have access to the necessary PPE and should not be used b smallholders.

Potential groundwater contaminantProbable human carcinogenHighly toxic to aquatic organisms and should not be allowed to reach water

Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos ethyl

Insecticide AgricultureStructural control

Many products are RUP.Potential neurotoxin that can cause Parkinson diseaseSuspected endocrine disruptorSuspected reproductive/developmental toxinHighly toxic to beesHighly toxic to aquatic organismsUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Copper hydroxide Fungicide Agriculture Mot products are highly toxic due to eye irritation. Products carrying the label Danger and skull and crossbones can be used only by trained professionals with access to the necessary PPE and should not be used by smallholders.

Copper Fungicide Agriculture Harmful if swallowed,






oxychloride FertilizerInorganic

Harmful if inhaled. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.

Copper sulfate/ Tri basic copper sulfate

Fungicide Agriculture Some products acute toxicity I due to eye irritation, Products corrosive to eyes and carrying label Danger and skull and crossbones on the pictogram may not be used by smallholders

Cuelure (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2- butanone)

BiologicalCommercialPheromoneAttractant

Agriculture Synthetic pheromone/para-pheromone also known as Cue-lure/Q- lure pheromone lure approved in Bangladesh and by United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).

Cyfluthrin Insecticide Public Health Structural control

This AIs is contained in products designated for use in healthcare for structural control of household pests including mosquitoes. It is approved in Bangladesh and by US EPA for public health services. Only products designated for public structures and household use are approved.Only concentrations below 12% are approved.

Cyhalofop-butyl Herbicide AgricultureCymoxanil Fungicide AgricultureCypermethrin, Beta-cypermethrin

InsecticideVeterinary substance

Structural controlAgriculture

Possible human carcinogenUse only formulations 10% and belowMost agricultural products are RUP due to high toxicity to aquatic organismsUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Cyphenothrin, (Gokilaht), (d,d,trans-cyphenothrin)

Insecticide Public Health Structural control

Not approved in EU.Contained in products designated for use in healthcare for structural control of household pests.





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSApproved in Bangladesh and by US EPA for public health services. Only products designated for public structures and household use are approved.

Cyproconazole Fungicide Agriculture Probable carcinogenDeltamethrin Insecticide

Veterinary substance

Agriculture

Public Health

Structural use

Some EC formulations are RUP due to high aquatic toxicityHighly toxic to beesSuspected endocrine disruptorUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP for agricultural use is not approved.Deltamethrin is contained in products designated for use in healthcare for structural control of household pests including mosquitoes. It is approved in Bangladesh and by US EPA for public health services. Only products designated for public structures and household use are approved for structural use.

Diazinon Insecticide Agriculture Some products are RUPNot approved for use in EUPossible neurotoxicant causing Parkinson diseaseSuspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxicityHighly toxic to bees; birds & some aquatic organismsPotential groundwater contaminant

Use of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Dichloran/ Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater






DCNA contaminant. Do not use where can leach

Difenoconazole Fungicide Agriculture Possible human carcinogenDimethoate Insecticide Agriculture Products that are EC over 40%

are likely to be RUPPossible human carcinogenPotential nervous system toxin causing Parkinson diseasedevelopmental/reproductive toxin, endocrine disruptorHighly toxic to bees; birds & some aquatic organismsPotential groundwater pollutantUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Dimethomorph Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where can leach

Dolkalmi (Ipomea carnea)


Bactericide,Fungicide

Agriculture Can be toxic to livestockAll living plants intended for non-commercial use as biological control agents are allowed for use. This approval does not include other ingredients potentially used in product preparation.

Emamectin/ Emamectin Benzoate

Insecticide, miticide, bactericide, veterinary substance

Agriculture Products with concentration above 1.9% are likely to be RUP. Use only non-RUP products with concentration below 1.9%Highly toxic to beesPotential groundwater contaminantUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Esfenvalerate Insecticide Agriculture Some products are RUP due to toxicity to aquatic organisms





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSSuspected endocrine disruptorUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Fenamidone Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where can leach

Fenitrothion Insecticide Agriculture Potential nervous system toxin, suspected endocrine disruptortoxic to beesShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Fenpropathrin InsecticideMiticide

Agriculture Emulsifiable concentrate spray is RUPNot approved in EUHighly toxic to fishHighly toxic to beesUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Fenpyroximate InsecticideMiticide

Agriculture Suspected reproductive/development toxinHigh toxicity to aquatic organisms

Fipronil InsecticideVeterinary substance

Agriculture

Structural control

Many products are RUPPossible human carcinogenSuspected endocrine disruptorPotential groundwater contaminantHighly toxic to beesUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Flubendiamide Insecticide AgricultureFosetyl aluminum

Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where can leach

Gamma-cyhalothrin Insecticide Agriculture Some products are RUP. Most





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSnon-microencapsulated Particles (CS) formulations are RUP.Suspected endocrine disruptorHighly toxic to beesHight toxicity to aquatic organismsUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Garlic and garlic oil

Artisanal and commercialBiological repellant

Agriculture This approval does not include other ingredients potentially used in artisanal product preparation.

Glyphosate Herbicide Agriculture Products corrosive to eyes and carrying label Danger may not be used by smallholders

Hexythiazox Insecticide, miticideInsect Growth Regulator

Agriculture EPA classification as a possible carcinogen

Hydrochloric acid Antimicrobial/disinfectants/sterilizer

Health

Surface, medical devise care

Only concentrations below 10% when an active ingredient in household cleaner products. It is a corrosive toxic chemical and must be used in accordance with label instructions.

Imidacloprid InsecticideVeterinary substance

AgricultureFoliar applications and seed treatment

Highly toxic to bees. Linked to bee colony collapse, not to be used when plants are flowering.Potential groundwater contaminant

Imiprothrin Insecticide Public Health

Structural

This AI Is contained in products designated for use in public health for structural control of household pests. It is approved in Bangladesh and by US EPA for public health services. Only products designated for public structures and household





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSuse are approved.

Indoxacarb (S-isomer)

Insecticide Agriculture

Iodophors/Povidone-iodine solution Strengths: 10%, 7.5%, 2%, 0.5%


Health Care

Sanitation

Medical device care


Iodine 1% Tincture of iodine 2%


Health Care

Sanitation

Medical device care


Iprodione Fungicide Agriculture Likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxin. Potential groundwater contaminant. Should not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE.

Lambda-cyhalothrin Insecticide Agriculture

Public HealthStructural control

Agriculture: Most products are RUP.Suspected endocrine disruptorHighly toxic to some aquatic organismsHigh toxicity to beesUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP for agricultural use is not approved

Health: Products intended for use in public health structures must be low concentration products (below 9%) designated for public structure and household use.






Lime (calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide when mixing calcium oxide in water)

BactericideAcid neutralizer

Inorganic

AgricultureAquaculture

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. Calcium oxide is approved by US EPA for aquaculture uses. It is approved for use to sterilize ponds prior to stocking. Lime also increases the availability of nutrients and increases pH to buffer against daily pH fluctuations.Lime is an inhalation hazard and can adversely affect lungs and nasal septum. It can cause severe eye and skin irritation. Farmers must be trained in handling lime and use appropriate PPE.

Lufenuron Insecticide, miticide, veterinary substance

Agriculture

Mahogony seeds (Swietenia mahagoni)

Artisanal biologicalInsecticideInsect Growth Regulator (IGR)


Malathion InsecticideMiticideVeterinary substance

Agriculture Potential nervous system toxicant that can cause Parkinson diseaseEndocrine disruptionPotential groundwater contaminantHighly toxic to some aquatic organismsHighly toxic to bees

Malic acid Artisanal and commercialMicrobicide

Agriculture

Mancozeb Fungicide Agriculture Potential developmental/reproductive chronic toxicity, suspected endocrine disruptor, probable human carcinogen





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used where can leach into the groundwater

Mandipropamide (MPD)


MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid)

Herbicide Agriculture

Mefenacet Herbicide Agriculture Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Mefenoxam/Metalayl M


Metalaxyl Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where can leach

Methomyl InsecticideMiticide

Agriculture Many products are RUPPotential nervous system toxicant that can cause Parkinson diseaseHigh toxicity to birdsHigh toxicity to some aquatic organismsPotential groundwater contaminantUse of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Methyl eugenol (4-allyl-1,2- dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate)2

BiologicalCommercial

PheromoneAttractant

Agriculture Methyl eugenol is an aromatic compound found in herbs and essential oils. It is a parapheromone that attracts insects because of its smell. It is used as a food additive and in cosmetic products within strictly set limits. It has slight acute inhalation and dermal toxicity. At very high levels of exposure it





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTShas been found to be a probable carcinogen. It is used by itself or in combination with Cuelure. Methyl eugenol is registered by U.S. EPA, but in Bangladesh it is not listed as a pesticide.

Metiram complex Fungicide Agriculture Probable carcinogen, suspected endocrinal disruptor, Suspected reproductive/developmental toxinPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE.

Metribuzin Herbicide Agriculture Suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental effects.Potential groundwater contaminant

Naphthalene CommercialFumigantAnimal and Insect Repellant

AgriculturePublic HealthStructural control

Use as repellant only.Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a pesticide for agricultural or for health uses. It is banned for use by the European Union (EU). It is registered by US EPA as a pesticide.Agriculture: Naphthalene is not hydroscopic (i.e., does not absorb moisture) and will not absorb moisture from seeds. Farmers using naphthalene must be informed about health risks of this product and its potential risks to the environment. Farmers must be trained in use of this product and wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).Health: naphthalene should be very sparingly used only





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSwhen necessary in closed spaces and where possible replaced by natural camphor. Naphthalene kills or repels insects by generating fumes that have very negative health effects on people. It should not be used in spaces to which there is no access to general public and especially people with respiratory diseases, allergies, compromised immune systems and particularly children.

Neem oil and neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica)

Artisanal biologicalFungicide, Insecticide, Miticide


Nicosulfuron Herbicide Agriculture Herbicides have the potential to contaminate water and can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reduction of sensitive species and abundance of tolerant species. Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Orthosulfamuron

Herbicide Agriculture Herbicides have the potential to contaminate water and can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reduction of sensitive species and abundance of tolerant species. Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSactive ingredients.

Oryzalin Herbicide Agriculture Probably carcinogenic to humans

Oxadiazon Herbicide Agriculture Potential developmental/reproductive chronic toxicity, Possible human carcinogen

Oxyfluorfen Herbicide Agriculture Possible human carcinogenPendimethalin Herbicide Agriculture Suspected endocrine

disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental effects.Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Penoxsulam Herbicide Agriculture Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicitySurfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Pepper Artisanal and commercial

Repellant


Peppermint and peppermint oil

Artisanal and commercial

Repellant


Phenothrin/d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin)

Insecticide Public HealthStructural control


Phosphorous acid

InorganicFungicide

Agriculture Corrosive to eyes and skin. Serious health hazard.






Microbicide Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death.

Piperonyl Butoxide



Phenol (carbolic acid) and its salts

Antimicrobial/disinfectants/sterilizer

Public HealthSurface useMedical surfaces and devices

Phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract. Only products approved for use in public health are allowed for use.

Prallethrin Insecticide Public HealthStructural control


Pirimiphos-methyl InsecticideMiticide

AgricultureStructural/StoragePublic Health

Potential neurotoxicityHighly toxic to beesHighly toxic to some aquatic organisms

Propamocarb/ Propamocarb hydrochloride

Fungicide Agriculture Propamocarb hydrochloride is potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where groundwater level is high

Propanil Herbicide Agriculture Not approved in EU due to risk to humans, mammals and birdsSuggestive evidence of carcinogenicity, suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental effects.

Propiconazole Fungicide Agriculture Possible human carcinogen. Products are restricted for some applications such as tree injections.

Pymetrozine Insecticide Agriculture Likely to be human carcinogen






Reproductive/development toxinPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Pyraclostrobin Fungicide Agriculture Potential groundwater contaminant. Do not use where groundwater level is high

Quaternary ammonium

Fungicide, disinfectant, cleaner, microbicide, virucide, deodorizer in hospitals

Agriculture, Public Health

Depending on compound

Can be toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. Use depends on compound.

Quinclorac Herbicide Limited use mostly on turf and decorative plants

Herbicides have the potential to contaminate water and can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reduction of sensitive species and abundance of tolerant species. Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Quizalofop-p-ethyl Herbicide Agriculture Some products are highly toxic and can cause sever eye irritationProducts corrosive to eyes and carrying label Danger may not be used by smallholders

Rosemary and rosemary oil


Repellant


Rotenone(extract of derris elliptica)

Piscicide Aquaculture Rotenone is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh but it is widely used by Bangladesh





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSfarmers. Products containing rotenone are fish toxicants approved by the U.S. EPA. Most Rotenone products are RUP due to risks to human health and to fish and aquatic organisms.Rotenone is approved for use in inland culture fisheries but only by trained professionals using appropriate PPE. The applicator must always follow label instructions and specifications.Products containing rotenone as inert ingredient are not allowed.

Use of products containing this AI, that are RUP is not approved

Seed extract of Ata/leaf of Sharifa (Ata (Annona reticulate) and Sharifa (Annona squamosa). (Annona/Sugar Apple).


Insecticide


Sodium lauryl sulfate (detergent)


Fungicide,MicrobicideInsecticideAdjuvant


Spinosad Insecticide Agriculture Highly toxic to bees, not to be used when plants are flowering

Spirotetramat Insecticide AgricultureSulfur Inorganic

Miticide, fungicide,

Agriculture Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin






fertilizer contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant).

Tebuconazole Fungicide Agriculture Possible human carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxinPotential groundwater contaminant

Tetraconazole Fungicide Agriculture Classified as likely to be carcinogen by EPAPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE.

Tetramethrin/d-Tetramethrin (Neo-pynamin)



Thiacloprid InsecticideMolluscicide

Agriculture Likely to be carcinogenicHighly toxic to bees, linked to bee colony collapse, not to be used when plants are floweringToxic to aquatic organisms

Thiamethoxam Insecticide Agriculture

Public HealthStructural control

Can be found in RUP product combinations.Highly toxic to bees, implicated in bee colony collapses, not to be used when plants are floweringFor structural control, use products designated for public structures and household uses

Thiophanate-methyl Fungicide Agriculture EPA classified as likely to be carcinogen, potential developmental/reproductive toxinPotential groundwater contaminantShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required





RESTRICTIONS AND COMMENTSPPE

Thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide)

Fungicide AgricultureTreated seed

Use of dustable powder only below15% Potential developmental/reproductive toxinHighly toxic to fish and aquatic organismsSuspected endocrine disruptor, suspected reproductive/developmental toxinShould not be used by smallholders that do not have access to required PPE

Thyme and thyme oil


Biological repellant


Tomato Leaf Artisanal biological

Insecticide,Miticide


Triasulfuron Herbicide Agriculture Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the active ingredients.

Triclosan Strengths: 0.3%–2%


Health CareSanitationMedical device care


Trifloxystrobin Fungicide Agriculture

SECTION 4. DRAFT INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) PLANS


The draft IPM Plans in this section are a resource to support compliance with compliance requirement #4: IPs must implement pesticide support for field agriculture in conformity with a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific integrated pest management (IPM) plans and observe enumerated use restrictions.

ABOUT IPMSince the early 1990s USAID has been committed to the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. There is not a single standard international definition for IPM, but there is wide agreement on its basic elements. Under IPM:

“First line” defenses against pest damage are a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism.

Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.

The adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) promotes sustainable agriculture, including IPM, and contributes to improved safety and quality of food and agricultural products, GAP addresses environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes and results in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products (FAO Committee on Agriculture (COAG) 2003 GAP paper).

GLOBALGAP is an internationally recognized set of farm standards, while the European pre-farm gate standard, EUREPGAP, is a standard for the exporters that play a key role in the horticultural value chains supplying European supermarkets. Suppliers to some international markets must be GAP certified.

Adoption of IPM and GAP will improve Bangladeshi producers’ export potential.

IPM practices include:

Biological control (biocontrol): the reduction of pest numbers by predators, parasites, or pathogens

Cultural control: the use of farming or cultural practices associated with crop production that make the environment less favorable for survival, growth, or reproduction of pest species

Physical and mechanical control: the application of direct or indirect measures that kill the pest, disrupt its physiology other than by chemical means, exclude it from area, or adversely alter the pest's environment

Host-plant resistance: the use of and development of plants that are resistant to attack by insects, disease organisms, nematodes, or birds

Regulatory control: the prevention of the entry and establishment of undesirable plant and animal pests in a country or area and eradication, containment, or suppression of pests already established in limited areas


(quarantines); and Chemical control: the control of pests using pesticides

DRAFT IPM PLANS This draft IPM plans presenting in this section details the primary pests of all target crops on a crop-by-crop basis, available non-chemical control methods, and recommended chemical controls, where these are necessary.

The pest-control method matrices provided for each target crop are intended to serve as the basis for the crop and pest-specific management plans that IPs are required to develop.

RICEOryza sativa Family: Poaceae

Rice is the staple food of about 160 million people of Bangladesh and it provides about two-third of total calorie supply and about one-half of the total protein intake of an average person in the country. Rice is grown on about 10.5 million hectares which has remained almost stable over the past three decades.

About 75% of the total cropped area and over 80% of the total irrigated area is planted to rice. In Bangladesh rice is grown round the year in Aus, Aman, and Boro season. Generally, rice is grown throughout the country in upland and low wet land. Upland rice cultivations are mainly rainfed. Rice production in Bangladesh is increased three folds in the past three decades. In the year 1971 total rice production was about 10.59 million tons, while the country is now producing about 25.0 million tons. This increased rice production has been possible largely due to the adoption of modern rice varieties on around 66% of the rice land, availability of inputs and use of improved pest and nutrient management practices. Until now BRRI developed 62 HYV rice varieties of which some are pest and disease tolerant, some varieties are rich with micro nutrient like Fe and Zn. Major pests are weeds and insects including stem borers, plant suckers and leaf feeders. Rats also concentrate on fields near bushy areas causing localized but severe damage. Bad agronomic practices have also led to some diseases attacking rice.

TABLE 3. PESTS AND DISEASES IN RICE AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE

AVAILABLE IPMCONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDEDPESTICIDES,WHEN NEEDED

Weeds (grasses,sedges, broadleaves)

Compete fornutrients

Thorough land preparationHand weeding Mechanical weedingPre- emergence herbicide preferably on moist soil Post-emergence herbicide on young weeds

Oxadiazon

Pendimethalin



DAMAGEDONE



Rice leaf folder(Lepidoptera)

Lava scrapeleaves and folds them together

Keeps the field free fromweedFix sticks in the fields for birds to perch

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

SpinosadReducedphotosynthetic area

Set up light traps in theevening near the fields to collect the mothsUse bio-pesticides when necessaryInsecticide spray if severe infestation

Stem borers(Lepidoptera)

Larvae borethrough stem eat up plant tissue giving dead heart or white head panicles

Burn or feed crop residueto livestock after harvest Plough down straw after harvestPractice early and synchronized planting Conserve natural enemies such as wasps, predators like ants, dragonflies, assassin bugs, carabid beetles and spiders.Cultivate resistant varieties.

Apply insecticide when necessary.

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fipronil

Brownplanthopper, Green leafhopper (Hemiptera)

Suck plant sapand cause hopper burn

Use tolerant varieties (BR1,BR2, BR3, BR10, BRRI dhan 26).Destruction of volunteer plant (weeds) or ratoon. Removing excess water from field.Avoid excess nitrogenous fertilizer.Maintain optimum plant spacing.Use insecticides in case of severe infestation.

CarbarylChlorpyrifos

DiazinonFipronilImidacloprid

Rice bug(Hemiptera)

Bugs suck themilky juice from young panicles Unfilled or damaged and stained grains

Remove grasses from thefield and field boundsUse light traps for attracting and killing the bugsUse insecticides when necessary.


Rice hispa(Coleoptera)

Larvae bore intoleaf and feed internal tissue, adult scrape leaves Reduced photosynthetic area

Transplant clean seedlingswhich are free from eggs and grubs.Clipping infested leaf to remove grubs.Ratoon crops should not be allowed to grow.Discourage the use of urea in an infested field.Conserve parasitoid (Trichogramma

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Fipronil



DAMAGEDONE



Rice tungrodisease (Virus)

Causes leafdiscoloration, stunted growth,reduced tillernumbers and sterile or partly filled grains

No chemical cureGrow tungro or leafhopper resistant varieties.

Practice synchronous planting with surrounding farms.Rouging infected plants only when diseases incidence is low.Plow infected stubbles immediately after harvest to reduce inoculum source.

None

Rice blast –Leafand Neck blast Pyricularia oryzae (Fungus)

Mostdestructive. Removes photosynthetic tissue from leaves, stems and gains.Infects grains. Reduces yield by up to 50% or more.

Use resistant varietiesAvoid excess nitrogen fertilizer

Tebuconazole(50%)+Trifloxystrobin (25%)

Sheath Blight(Fungus)

Reducedphotosynthetic areas.Leaves die Yield reduction by

No variety has a high levelof resistanceDo not apply excessive nitrogen

CarbendazimPropiconazoleTebuconazole (50%)+Trifloxystrobin (25%)

Brown spot(Fungus)

Reducedphotosynthetic area.Reduced grain weight and quality.

Provide adequate fertilizer

Use resistant varieties. Hot water treatment of seed.

None

Brown field rats

Cut tillers andfeed on grains

Clear bushes around thefields.Destroy burrows. Preserve predators of ratse.g. owls.Use traps set carefully in the field.In severe case use rodenticide.

None

WHEATTriticum aestivum Family: Gramineae

Wheat is the second important cereal crop in Bangladesh. It is grown during Rabi season and the duration extends from the month of November to March. The Rabi season in Bangladesh is dry and as such, the inadequate soil moisture in this season limits the use of fertilizer, resulting in decreased grain yield. About 24.84% of the total wheat area in the country is irrigated and the rest of the area is


cultivated under rain fed condition. The yield of wheat in Bangladesh has increased to some extent with the introduction of high yielding varieties. But the yield is still not satisfactory rather it is low compared to that of the leading wheat growing countries of the world. The low yield of wheat in Bangladesh is attributed to a number of reasons, viz. the low yielding varieties, the traditional cultural practices, lack of irrigation facilities, improper fertilizer management and the attack of pest and diseases. Among the pests, rat and weeds caused significant damage to wheat crop. Insect attack is not so frequent, but fungal disease particularly wheat rust is a serious problem of wheat cultivation in Bangladesh.

TABLE 4. PESTS AND DISEASES IN WHEAT AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE


RECOMMENDEDPESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED



Thorough land preparation.Hand weeding. Mechanical weeding.Pre- emergence herbicide preferably on moist soil Post-emergence herbicide on young weeds

Carfentrazone Ethyl

Wheat leaf rustPuccinia triticina

Reducesphotosynthetic area.

Cultivate resistant varieties.Use healthy seed. Use fungicide.

Propiconazole

Loose smutUstilago tritici

Damage grain Use certified seed.Hot water treatment of seed.Use fungicide- spray/seed treatment

Carbendazim

Brown field rat Cut the panicleand damage grain

Clear bushes around thefields.Destroy burrows. Preserve predators of ratse.g. mongooses, owls etc. Use traps set carefully in the field.

None


TABLE 4. PESTS AND DISEASES IN WHEAT AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Wheat blastMagnaporthe oryzae

(Anamorph Pyricularia oryzae)

Strikes the wheat ear and can shrivel and deform the grain in less than a week from first symptoms.

Use Improved wheat varieties that carry genetic resistance to M. oryzaeUse only healthy seed of known originStrict quarantine is required to prevent use of seeds from affected areasImplement increased field monitoringIt may be helpful to rotate crops or skip a season, however, the pathogen may survive between wheat crops in wild plant populations at the borders of fields and in open grasslands thus rendering the rotation ineffective.Regularly remove and destroy weeds, particularly grasses in and around the wheat field. Many weeds act as secondary hosts and spread the disease3

Deep plough or burn crop residues as the fungus can survive on these

CarbendazimPropiconazoleTebuconazoleTrifloxystrobin

MAIZEZea mays Family: Gramineae

Maize is one of the most leading cereals in the world ranks third next to wheat and rice. Maize is exotic to Bangladesh and it is now well adapted to agroecological conditions. Maize is mainly cultivated as fodder crop and the grain is also use for human consumption in various ways, such as corn meal, fried grain and corn flour. Maize in Bangladesh is becoming an important crop in the rice based cropping system. With the increase in demand from poultry and other feed industries it is expected that more area will be diverted from Boro rice to hybrid maize in the coming years.

Maize is reported to be most sensitive to weeds and yield loss due to weeds in this crop ranges from 24 to 70%. Due to labor constraints and often a lack of draught animals, weeds remain a pivotal constraint with the only economical method of control being herbicides. Delayed weed removal is the primary cause of maize yield loss in smallholder agriculture. Herbicides can save labor and time to increase the net benefits to farmers. However, very few farmers use herbicides because they have low capital, inadequate knowledge systems and poor access to credit. The parasitic weeds Striga spp. known as witch weeds, are important pests of maize, particularly in drier areas. The weeds grow on the roots of maize affecting

3 http://btlbsmrau.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Wheat-Blast-Bangladesh-ENGLISH.pdf4 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305810184_Wheat_blast_disease-_An_overview


development of maize plants. A single weed plant produces many thousands of tiny seeds that survive in the soil for long periods. A heavy infestation can cause complete yield loss. Among the insect pest, cutworm, stem borer and Earworm cause significant damage to maize crop in Bangladesh.

TABLE 5. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MAIZE AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Weeds (Grassand broad leaf)

Compete forwater and nutrients

Thorough landpreparation. Weeding.Crop rotation. Use of herbicide.

Metribuzin

Cutworms Sever seedlingsdamage, defoliate and reduce photosynthetic surfacearea

Early planting.Deep plowing to expose worms.Conserve natural enemies. Apply insecticide poisoned baits.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

ArmywormSpodoptera sp.

Defoliation todecrease photosynthesis.

Fertility management.Scout field edges. Spray Bio-pesticides or botanicals like neem extracts when caterpillars are still small.Conserve natural enemies. Apply insecticide if incidence of damage exceeds 30% plants.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Pink Stem borer(Sesamia inferens)

Tunnel stalks toinhibit nutrient and water flow. Feeding causes ears to break off.

Early plantingJudicial use of fertilizer. Insecticide at first sign of feeding injury.Spot treat infested plant and its neighbors only (not the whole field).Conserve natural enemies wasps and predatory ants. Destroy crop residues to prevent carry-over.Intercrop with non-hostse.g. legumes.Spray neem products into

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fipronil

EarwormHeliocoverpa armigera

Feed on grains inear

Early planting.Conserve natural enemies (parasitic wasps, ants and predatory bugs).Monitor crop regularly. Use bio-pesticides.Use plant extracts (neem seed and leaf) – time spray before larvae enter the cobs.

FenitrothionChlorpyrifos


TABLE 5. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MAIZE AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Damping off,seedling blight Rhizoctonia

Cause seedlingto wither

Use certified disease freeseed.Seed treatment with fungicide.

Carbendazim

Maize streak virus Reducephotosynthetic area.

Plant early in the seasonEradicate grass weeds Control vectors (mainly leafhoppers)Intercrop with non cereals.

None

Common leaf rustPuccinia sp.

Reducephotosynthetic area

Use resistant/ tolerantvarietiesDeep plough crop residue Destroy weeds which are alternate hosts e.g. Oxalis sp.

Carbendazim

Purple witchweed Striga spp Parasitic weed

Tap the roots ofmaize plant and draw water and nutrients Stunting of plants and yield loss

Weeding regularly but islabor intensiveInter crop with legumes like cowpea and pigeon pea– can cause suicidal germination of Striga seed Boost plant health through manure/fertilizes application.

None

JUTECorchorus olitorious; C. capsularis. Family: Tiliaceae

Jute is called “Golden fiber” as it contributes significantly to the economy of Bangladesh. Among the jute growing countries of the world, Bangladesh ranks second in respect of production. Jute fiber is mainly used for making bags, sacks, carpets, coarse cloth etc. Jute stick is used as house construction material and also used as fuel in the rural areas. Moreover, the leaves are used as vegetable. Two species of Jute are cultivated in Bangladesh, Deshi and Tossa. Jute is grown in Kharif season (April-September) in Bangladesh. The abundance of weeds and insect pest is high in jute fields as high temperature and rains prevails in the Kharif season. Weed usually competes with the jute plants at early stage and farmers require weeding for two to three times. Leaf feeding insects and mites are commonly found in jute field. Black band is the most destructive diseases cause significant damage to jute fiber.


TABLE 6. PESTS AND DISEASES IN JUTE AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE





Thorough land preparationHand weeding Hand hoe weeding.Pre- emergence herbicide preferably on moist soil Post-emergence herbicide on young weeds.

Fenoxyprop-p-Ethyl

Quizalofop-p-Ethyl

Jute hairycaterpillarSpilarctia obliqua

Feed on leavesand reduce photosynthetic area

Deep ploughing.Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts.Grow trap crops like cowpea, on field bunds. Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars.Conserve natural enemies- spiders, praying mantis, green lace wing, etc.Use insecticide when severe attack.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Lambda CyhalothrinSpinosad

Jute semi looperAnomis sabulifera


Brushing the top of theplants with kerosinized long rope to detach caterpillars from plants.Perching for sitting insectivorous birds. Installation of light trap to kill adult moth.Deep ploughing after harvesting to kill pupa. Use of insecticides.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Jute apionApion corchori

Feed on stemand damage fiber

Rouging of the infestedplant. Encouragement ofCorchorous olitorius jute cultivation.Bon okra (Triumfetta rhomboidea) and other shrubs and bushes should be removed.

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Jute miteTetranychus bioculatus, Polyphagotarsonem us latus

Suck sap fromleaf resulting yellowing, curling of leaves and reduce photosynthetic area

Use tolerant varieties.Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts.Use acaricide.

Sulphur

Black band ofjute/stem rot

Damage fiber Burn the crop debris.Crop rotation.Seed treatment with fungicide.

Mancozeb

Propiconazole

Anthracnose ofjute Colletotrichum corchori

Reducedphotosynthetic area and damage fibre

Use of sun-dried healthyseeds.Field sanitation through removing weeds and infected crop debris.Crop rotations. Use of fungicide.

Carbendazim


POTATOSolanum tuberosum Family: Solanaceae

Potato is an important cash and food crop grown in the highlands of Bangladesh during winter season (Rabi season), when the weather is comparatively dry and cool. Potato varieties are highly heterogeneous and usually vegetatively propagated. Propagation usually done by planting pieces of tubers that bears two or three eyes. Potato can be grown in all types of soil except saline and alkaline soils. Loamy soil, sandy loamy soil and organic matter enriched soil are the most suitable for cultivation of potato crop. According to the Department of Agriculture Extension offices, potato is cultivated under 0.45 million hectares of land and the production of potato is 86.5 lakh metric tons. Increased input supplies such as seed of high yielding varieties, fertilizers and pesticides encourages farmer to cultivate more potato. However, the storage facilities do not develop accordingly. Late blight is the major disease of potatoes which is epidemic at very low temperature and foggy weather. Early rain also destroys potato crop in the field.

Among the insect pest, Cutworm is a serious pest, while the larvae not only cut the young plants or shoots at the ground level but also make damage by boring into the tubers. A lot of potatoes are damaged in the storage due to bacterial diseases like soft rot and due to the attack of potato tuber moth.

TABLE 7. PESTS AND DISEASES IN POTATO AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE DONE AVAILABLE IPMCONTROL MEASURES


Weeds Compete withcrop for nutrients

Hand weeding.Use of herbicide.

Metribuzin

Pendimethalin

AphidsMyzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani, Aphis gossypii

Suck out plant sap Conserve naturalenemies.Monitor fields regularly for aphid build up.Remove yellow flowering weeds, the yellow color attracts aphid.Use soapy water.Use neem seed or leaf extracts.Apply insecticide when

Acephate

Cypermethrin

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

Malathion

Cutworms Agrotisspp

Cut sprouts belowground level

Use tight trap to collectmoth.Spray neem leaf and seed extract (1 kg/40 I water).Rice bran bait laced with insecticide.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin


TABLE 7. PESTS AND DISEASES IN POTATO AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Potato tuber mothPhthorimaea operculella

Attack storedpotato seed

Earthing up to exposedtubers.Harvested tubers should not be left in the fields overnight.Potatoes should be kept in cold storage.Insecticide dust.

None

Late blightPhytophthora infestans

Reducesphotosynthesis in leavesCan cause death of plant

Early planting.Plant Tolerant/resistant variety.Use only certified disease-free seed, do not plant table potatoes. Practice rotation with non-solanacious crops. Uproot infected plants. Fungicides but rotate chemical family to prevent resistance.

Copper hydroxide

Copper oxychloride Dimethomorph (9%) + Mancozeb(60%)MancozebMancozeb (63%)+ Carbendazim (12%)

Virus complex ofDiseases: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), Potato XPotexvirus (PVX), Potato Virus Y Potyvirus (PVY)

Leaf mottling andcrinkling; Reduce photosynthesis; Kill plant

Use virus free seedtubersPlant resistant varieties Rogue diseased plants Do not overlap potato cropsUse neem seed or leaf extracts or soapy water for aphid vectorsControl aphid vectorwith insecticide if necessary.

None

Root-knotnematodesMeloidogyne spp.

Reduce nutrientuptake in roots

Crop rotation e.g.potato-brassicas-cereals. Maintain high levels of organic matter.Use mixed cropping.

None

Storage disease(Bacterial soft rot)

Rotting potatotubers.

Drying land beforeharvesting. Postharvest curing. Proper ventilation in storage.Maintain temperature in the store house.

None


BRINJAL/EGGPLANTSolanum melongena Family: Solanaceae

Brinjal is locally known as “Begoon” and its early European name is “Eggplant”. In Bangladesh, brinjal is the second most important vegetable crop after potato in relation to its total production. It is commercially cultivated throughout the year mainly by small farm families and is an important source of cash income for many resource-constrained farmers. Additionally, it is cultivated in homestead gardens and is an important source of nutrition. Supplying about 25 calories per serving with virtually no fat and it is one of the cheapest vegetables to procure by resource poor communities.

In Bangladesh, brinjal occupy 25.4% of the lands under vegetable cultivation and approximate cultivated area is 64,208 ha and its total production is 340,000 metric tons. The main brinjal growing districts in Bangladesh are: Bogra, Chittagong, Comilla, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Jamalpur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rangamati, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Sylhet, and Tangail.

Brinjal production in Bangladesh is affected by many factors. Critical analysis for such low productivity revealed that major portion of brinjal produced is being damaged by dread insect pests. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer is the most serious and destructive insect pest, which cause direct damage to tender shoots and fruits (30-70%). Brinjal shoot and fruit borer starts to cause damage from seedling stage but severe attack starts soon after transplanting of seedling and continues until harvest of the fruits.

Table 8. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BRINJAL AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

Weeds (grasses,broadleaves)

Compete fornutrients and water

Thorough land preparationHand weedingUse of post-emergence herbicide on young weeds.

Fenoxyprop-p-Ethyl

Brinjal shoot andfruit borer

Caterpillar boresinto the shoot, buds, fruits, and feed inside.The attacked shoots are wilted and wither.The damaged fruits are fullwith dark

Cultivation of tolerantvariety.The brinjal field should be kept clean of fallen leaves and debris.Collection and destruction of larvae-infested shoots and fruits at weekly intervals.Crop rotation with nonhost crop.Use of pheromone trap. Use of insecticides in case of severe infestation.

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Emamectin Benzoate

Spinosad


Table 8. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BRINJAL AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

excreta and unfit for consumption.

Leaf hopper/Jassid Suck sap fromthe underside of leaves.

Cultivation of tolerantvariety.Use of Neem seed kernel and leaf extract.Use of insecticides in case of severe infestation.

ImidaclopridThiamethoxam Chlorpyrifos

Phomopsisblight/fruit rot

Reducesphotosynthetic area.Pale to light brown sunken spots develop on the old fruits.

Use healthy seeds collectedfrom healthy fruits.Give hot water treatment to seeds at 500 C for 30 minutes.Seed treatment with fungicide.Crop rotation is required with any non-host crop. Burn infected crop residue. Spray fungicide at 10-15 days interval.

Carbendazim

OKRA/LADY’S FINGERAbelmoschus esculentus Family: Malvaceae

Okra is one of the most common summer vegetable grown in Bangladesh and it is locally known as “Dharos” or “Vendi”. Okra contributes greatly in filling up the gaps when the market suffers from adequate supply of both winter and summer vegetables. In Bangladesh, about 42 thousand metric tons of okra is produced and the average yield is about 3.93 t/ha. Both the area and production of okra are gradually expanding. Okra is mainly cultivated for edible fruits but other parts like leaves, stem along with roots are also being used as fuel. Okra fruit has nutritious as well as dietary value.

Okra is susceptible to the attack of various pests from seedling to fruiting stage. This crop is infested by many insect species, of which okra shoot and fruit borer, okra jassid and cutworm are main. Among the diseases, okra mosaic disease caused significant damage to the crop.


TABLE 9. PESTS AND DISEASES IN OKRA AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE




Compete fornutrients and water

Thorough land preparationHand weeding

None

Okra shoot andfruit borerEarias vittella

Caterpillar boreinto the shoot, fruits, and feed inside.The attacked shoots are wilted and wither.The damaged fruits are full of dark excreta and

Collection and destructionof affected shoots and fruits at weekly intervals.Crop rotation with non-host crop.Use of insecticides in case of severe infestation.

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Emamectin Benzoate

Spinosad

Leaf hopper/Jassid

Suck sap fromthe underside of leaves.

Cultivation of tolerantvariety.Use of Neem seed kernel and leaf extract.Use of insecticides in case of severe infestation.

AcephateMalathionImidacloprid Thiamethoxam

Mosaic disease(virus)

Leaf yellowingand crinkling. Reduce photosynthe

Use virus free seed.Rogue diseased plants Control vector insect with insecticide if necessary

None

CUCURBITS(Cucumber, Water melon, Bitter gourd, Sponge gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Pointed gourd, Snake gourd) Family: Cucurbitaceae

The vegetable under the family cucurbitaceae is broadly called cucurbits, which primarily include 16 crop species. The cucurbits such as cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, bottle gourd, sweet gourd etc are some of the popular vegetables grown across Bangladesh in both summer and winter seasons. Cucurbits are important vegetables especially for its leafy vines and fruits with high nutritious values (β-carotene), long shelf-life and acceptable palatability to all levels of consumers. Water melon is cultivated throughout the country in summer usually in char land. All the cucurbits have a good market value which encourages the farmer to cultivate gourds in large scale. During the summer season, it becomes principal vegetable mostly covering the market due to the scarcity of other vegetables. Cucurbit contributes to 11% of total vegetable production in Bangladesh. Cucurbits are infested by various pests such as cucurbit fruit fly, pumpkin beetle, epilachna


beetle etc. Among them cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is the devastating pest and caused significant damage to fruits. Among the cucurbit vegetables, bitter gourd is highly susceptible and frequently attacked by this insect. Farmers of Bangladesh are frequently use different chemical insecticide to control cucurbit fruit fly.

TABLE 10. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CUCURBITS AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Weeds (grassesand broadleaves)


Thorough land preparationHand weeding Mechanical weeding

None

Cucurbit fruit fly Damage fruit Collection and destructionof infested fruit with larvae from the field.Deep ploughing forcontrolling pupae.Use of light trap/pheromone trap/poison bait.Application of insecticide if severe infestation.

Cuelure

Fenitrothion

Pumpkin beetle Adult beetlefeed the leaves and reducing photosynthetic area.Larvae damage the fruit.

Covering the seedlings upto 20-25 days old with mosquito net.Deep ploughing for controlling larvae. Detaching the fruit from soil with the help of rice straw. Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Epilachna beetle Adult beetle andlarvae scrape the leaves and reduce photosynthetic area.

Dusting of plants with woodash.Use of neem seed kernel and leaf extracts.Use of insecticides if infestation is severe.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Powdery mildew Reducephotosynthetic areas

Good field sanitation andweeding.Crop rotation with non host.Use Fungicides when disease is severe.

Sulphur

Carbendazim

Hexaconazole Mancozeb (63%) + Carbendazim (12%)

CRUCIFER VEGETABLES(Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Kohlrabi, Radish) Order/Family: Cruciferae/Brassicaceae


The main crucifer vegetables grown in Bangladesh include: Cabbage, Cauliflower, broccoli, Kohlrabi, and radish. These vegetables are grown mainly for the local market and are valuable as sources of vitamins and minerals, as well as a source of cash for small holder farmers in rural and peri-urban areas.

Crucifer vegetables prefer cool weather and full sunlight. In Bangladesh, they are grown in winter (Rabi) season. The optimum mean temperature for growth and quality head development is 15-18°C, with a minimum temperature of 4°C and a maximum 24°C. Crucifer vegetables grow well on a wide range of soils with adequate moisture and fertility. Cabbage is a heavy feeder, so to get good yields, proper fertilization is necessary.

Production of cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables is often constrained by damage caused by a range of pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Major insect pests include the diamondback moth, cabbage aphids, cabbage web worm, cabbage butterfly, and cutworms. The most important diseases are Alternaria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot and damping-off/seedling rot. Weeds also compete for nutrients and moisture and can be a refuge for some pests and diseases.

TABLE 11. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CRUCIFER VEGETABLES AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds Compete fornutrients, water and sunlight.

Weeding using handhoe.Good seedbedpreparation. Mulching.

None

Aphids- Cabbageaphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), Green peach

Suck sap fromplants, distort and curl leaves.Large numbers can kill young plants. Transmit viruses.

Natural enemies but noteffective in heavy aphid populations.Use insecticidal soap. Use of Neem seed kernel extract.Application of insecticides.

Acephate

Malathion

Thiamethoxam

The cabbagelooper (Trichoplusia ni)

Larvae chew holesin leaves reducing photosynthetic area.Eat into the heads, reducing the marketability

Conserve naturalenemies by avoiding broad spectrum pesticides.Use botanicals (Neem based products).Use of insecticides.

Emamectin Benzoate

Spinosad

Indoxacarb

The cabbagewebworm (Hellula undalis)

Larvae feed onleaves, petioles, growing points, and stems.

Spray with Neemextracts.Use insecticides

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad



TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Cutworms(Agrotis spp)

Cut the stem ofplants below the soil surface.Wilting,

Minor pest, cutwormcan be extracted by hand and destroyed. Use pesticide when severe attack.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Diamondbackmoth (Plutella xylostella)

Serious pest of allBrassicas.Chews numerous holes into leaves and heads reducing photosynthetic

Intercrop Brassicas withtrap crop like tomato to repel pest.Use botanicals (Neem based products)Use of insecticides.

CypermethrinAlpha Cypermethrin Fipronil

Cabbage whitebutterfly (Pieris rapae)

The larvae makeround holes in leaves, bore into the center of heads

Early cropping.Use of tolerant varieties.Use insecticides.

Cypermethrin

Emamectin Benzoate

Spinosad

Alternaria leafspot (Alternaria brassicicola)

Leaf spot firstdevelop on young plants in seedbeds, where leaf spots, stunting, or damping off may occur.Dark brown to black leaf spots may appear on tissues of any age and vary in size from pinpoint to 2- inches in

Use disease free seedand seedlings.Hot water treatment of seeds.Remove and destroy infected plant debris of previous season.Crop rotation reduces severity of disease.Use Fungicides if necessary.

Carbendazim

Cercosporaleafspots (Cercospora brassicicola)

Brown colourspots with concentric curves. Reduce the photosynthetic area.

Use healthy plant

Proper spacing

Remove infected plants Use

fungicides.

Tebuconazole



TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Damping-offdiseases/seedling rot (Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp.)

Wire stem ofseedlings in seed bedBottom and head rot in the field and storageFavored by cool wet soils

Use certified seed.Hot water treatment of seed.Avoid planting in wet cold soils.Use raised seed beds. Crop rotation.Transplant healthy seedlings.Avoid contaminating the heads with soil during weeding.

Carbendazim

TOMATOLycopersicon esculentum Family: Solanaceae

Tomato is one of the most popular and versatile vegetables in Bangladesh and is cultivated in almost all parts of the country. Tomatoes are fairly adaptable, but grow well in winter with optimum temperatures of 15°C -25 °C. High humidity and temperatures reduce fruit set and yields. Very low temperatures delay color formation and ripening and temperatures above 30°C inhibit fruit set, lycopene development and flavor. Tomatoes thrive best in low-medium rainfall with supplementary irrigation during the off-season. Wet conditions increase disease attacks and affect fruit ripening. Tomatoes grow well in a wide range of soil types, which are high in organic matter, well-drained and a pH range of 5 - 7.5.

The major constraints to tomato production are pests and diseases and poor crop management practice. Pests and disease infestation occur at every stage of the crop value chain (nursery, transplantation, field, fruiting, harvesting and after harvest) and proper management is required for each stage. Major diseases are bacterial wilt, early and late blight, tomato leaf curl/mosaic virus, leaf blight and powdery mildew while insect pests and other arthropods include aphids, fruit borer, cutworm, spider mites, and nematodes. Most sap feeding pests are also vectors of viral diseases e.g. aphids have been reported to transmit the tomato mosaic virus disease, while the whiteflies are known vectors of potato leaf roll virus which also infects tomato. Proper identification of the pest and disease is critical in a control strategy.

In general, the following practices can help reduce and/or control the incidence of pests and diseases in tomatoes:

Avoid sowing seeds densely at nursery stage; Maintain a mixed cropping system which helps maintain natural enemies; Mulching provides an attractive environment for ground living natural

enemies;


Spray with bio-pesticides and neem products; avoid using broad spectrum pesticides.

Practice crop rotation Use pesticides when necessary while preserving the natural enemies

TABLE 12. PESTS AND DISEASES IN TOMATO AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE




Hand weeding.Weeding using hand hoe.Good seedbed preparation.Mulching.

None

Cutworms(Agrotis spp)

Serious pests oftomato seedlings. Cut stems of newly transplanted or emerged plants at the base

Remove weeds beforetransplanting.Harrow field before transplanting to expose the worms to natural enemies.Conserve natural enemies (parasitic wasps and ants). Pesticides when severe in severe

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Fruit borers(Helicoverpa armiguera, Spodoptera littoralis)

Attack thedeveloping and mature fruit of tomato.Bore into the fruit from the stem end, and feed on the inner parts of the fruits causing extensive damage. Cause fruit decay by secondary infection

Preserving naturalenemies such as predatory ants, spiders, damsel and robber flies, and parasitic wasps and flies.Don’t plant tomatoes near maize or cotton. Monitor for eggs for prompt action before larvae hatch and damage fruits.Use biopesticides (neem extracts).Do not use Pyrethrin and

Emamectin Benzoate

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin



TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Aphids (Aphisgossypii, Myzus persicae)

Suck plant sap,which can reduce plant growth.Secrete honeydew, on which sooty moulds growth.Reduced marketability of fruits by sooty moulds.Aphids may also transmit virus diseases such as the cucumber mosaic virus.

Conserve naturalenemies.Avoid using broad spectrum pesticides which kill natural enemies.Use pesticides to bring down excessive populations.

Malathion

Acephate

Spider Mite Suck sap from leafresulting yellowing, curling of leaves and reduce photosynthetic

Use tolerant varieties.Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts.Use acaricide/miticide

Sulphur

Root-knotnematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

Cause small lumpsknown as root knots or galls on the roots.Heavily infected roots are severely distorted and swollen.Affected plants are either stunted or have tendency to wilt or even die in hot weather.Rotting of roots.

Rotate with tomato,cabbages or cereals. Avoid putting tomatoes near okra, sweet pepper, eggplant.Avoid land which one cultivate previously with potato, carrot or cucurbits.Use resistant/tolerant varieties.Use mixed cropping with marigolds (Tagetes spp.).Use neem cake to kill

None

Anthracnose(Colletotrichum sp.)

Sunken fruitsSeverely affected fruits drop.

Resistant varieties.Use certified seed. Crop rotation.Destroy infected residues.Use fungicides

Carbendazim

Copper hydroxide Dimethomorph(9%)+ Mancozeb (60%)



TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Damping-off/seedling rot diseases (Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani) Can also be transmitted through seed

Seedlings diebefore they have pushed through the soilSeedlings may emerge but fall over and die some time afterwards.

Use certified seed.Hot water treatment of home saved seed. Do not use previous field of eggplant, pepper, potatoes and tomatoes as seed bed. Avoid excessive watering.Can use fungicide where necessary.

Carbendazim

Early blight(Alternaria solani)

Affects the leavesand reduces photosynthetic areas

Resistant varieties.Use certified seed. Hot water treatment of homemade seeds. Crop rotation with non-solanaceous cropse.g. legumes.Staking and pruning indeterminate varieties. If endemic apply preventive copper compounds.

Copper hydroxideCopper oxychloride Dimethomorph (9%)+Mancozeb (60%) Mancozeb Mancozeb (63%)+Carbendazim

Fusarium wilt(Fusarium oxysporum sp. Lycopersici) Fungus is both seed and soil borne

Diseased leavesturn yellow and readily break away from the stem

Use certified seed.Avoid locating seed beds in previously Fusarium infected place.Avoid excessive Nitrogen fertilization and root-knot nematodes.

Sulphur

Late blight(Phytophthora infestans)

Affected leaveswither, yet frequently remain attached to the stem.Fruits are also affected

Use resistant varieties.Use disease free seedlings.Pruning and staking. Do not plant tomatoes after Irish potatoes.

Copper hydroxide

Dimethomorph (9%)+Mancozeb (60%) Mancozeb

Powdery mildew(Leveillula taurica)

Leaf blades collapseand dry up

Keep fields weed free.Do not plant eggplant or tomatoes repeatedly.Use fungicides where necessary

Carbendazim

Hexaconazole Mancozeb (63%) +Carbendazim (12%)

Tomato leaf rolldisease (virus)

Leaf mottling andcrinkling. Reduce photosynthesis. Kill plants

Use virus free seed.Rogue diseased plants. Control aphid vector with insecticide if necessary

None



TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Tomato leaf minerTuta absoluta

Feed on tomato plants, with damage resulting from the larvae boring into leaves, stems and fruits

Monitor fields and inspect cropsUse pheromone traps to determine when to begin controlUse sticky rolls designed for control and mass trapping5

Use natural enemies such as Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Nesibug)Allow a minimum of six weeks from crop destruction to planting to prevent carryoverBetween plantingcycles, cultivate the soil and cover with plastic mulchor perform solarisaton.

Thiamethoxam

Flubendiamide

Monitor for resistance(Resistance to diamide insecticides in this pest was reported in 2015 in Greece and Italy)

RED AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS GANGETICUS) AND STEM AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS TRISTIS)Family: Amaranthaceae

Red amaranth (Lal shak) and stem amaranth (Data) are popular leafy vegetables grown in Bangladesh round the year in high flat land. Usually red- and stem-amaranth is cultivate in the home stead for family level consumptions. However, these two vegetables are also cultivated commercially in many part of the country, especially peri-urban areas. In the amaranth crop, problem with insect pest is very few however, they are mainly leaf feeder. Damping-off is the serious disease caused significant damage of amaranth seedlings, particularly in wet soil.

TABLE 13. PESTS AND DISEASES IN AMARANTH AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE


RECOMMENDEDPESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

Weeds (grass andbroad leaf)

Compete forNutrients, water and light, may harbor pests and

Thorough landpreparation.Hand hoe weeding.

None

5 http://www.russellipm-agriculture.com/case-studies/tuta-absoluta/6 http://www.irac-online.org/documents/tuta-absoluta-irm-booklet/


TABLE 13. PESTS AND DISEASES IN AMARANTH AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE


RECOMMENDEDPESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

Leaf eating beetle

Make hole of leavesand reduced photosynthetic area

Plant dusting withwood ashes.Use neem seed or leaf extracts.Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl Diazinon

Defoliatingcaterpillars Spodoptera are sporadic pests.

Removephotosynthetic tissue

Monitor caterpillarsand hand pick when fewUse neem extract Use of insecticide.

CypermethrinSpinosad

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Damping off,Rhizoctonia sp. Pythium sp.

Kill off seedlings andreduce plant population

Using certified seedHave crop residue thoroughly decomposed Crop rotationSeed treatment with fungicide

CarbendazimMancozeb

CARROTDaucus carota Family: Apiaceae

Carrot is a very important root crop has high nutritional value due to high carotene content. Carrot is a cool season crop and grown during the winter in tropical and subtropical countries like Bangladesh.

Carrot is grown successfully in Bangladesh in Rabi season and mid-November to Early December is the best sowing time for its satisfactory yield. Farmers of Bangladesh face very few problems of pests and diseases for the cultivation of carrots.

TABLE 14. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CARROT AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Weeds (grasses) Compete fornutrients and water

Thorough land preparationHand weeding

None


TABLE 14. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CARROT AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Cutworm Cut seedlingsbelow ground level

Collect the larvae from thesoil and destroy it.Use tight trap to collect moth.In severe attack use rice bran bait laced

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Scab of carrotStreptomyces sp

Raised andsunken, dry, corky lesions on the carrot root. Damage roots.

Avoid land which one isalkaline.Use sufficient amount of organic manures.Crop rotation with cereals.

None

Black root rot(black mold)Chalara elegans

It is a post-harvest disease. Dark, irregular lesions will develop on the surface of

Careful harvest handling andstorage at proper temperatures (below 25 ⁰C) from harvest to sale

None

TAROColocasia esculenta Family: Araceae

Taro is thought to be native to Southern India and Southeast Asia including Bangladesh. It is a popular summer vegetable contain considerable amount of iron and vitamin-A and C. All plant parts such as leaf, leaf-stems, corm and stolon are used as vegetable. Taro can be grown in paddy fields where water is abundant or in upland situations where water is supplied by rainfall or supplemental irrigation. Taro can be grown under flooded conditions in medium low land. However, warm, stagnant water sometimes causes basal rotting.

The crop attains maturity within six to twelve months after planting in dry-land cultivation and after twelve to fifteen months in wetland cultivation. The crop is harvested when the plant height decreases and the leaves turn yellow. These signals are usually less distinct in flooded taro cultivation. Harvesting is usually done by hand tools. The stolon are harvested by cuting at the base periodically. To harvest the corm, first the soil around the corm is loosened, and then, the corm is pulled up by grabbing the base of the petioles. Both the stolon (kochur loti) and corm (mukhi) is usually cooked with small prawns or the ilish fish into a curry, but some dishes are cooked with dried fish.


TABLE 15. PESTS AND DISEASES IN TARO AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE DONE AVAILABLE IPM CONTROLMEASURES



Thorough landpreparation Hand weeding.

None

Commoncutworm, Spodoptera littoralis

Damage leaves andstolons.

Collection anddestruction of larvae when they are at gregarious stage.Use insecticides.

EmamectinBenzoate Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Taro hornwormor taro hawkmoth

Eat the leaves andand reduce photosynthetic area

Hand-picking of larvae.Use of insecticide.

EmamectinBenzoate Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Red spider MiteTetranychus cinnabarinus

Suck sap from leafresulting yellowing of leaves and reduce photosynthesis

Use mite freeseedlings.Crop rotation with non-host crop.Use acaricide/miticide

Sulphur

Taro leaf blight(Phytophthora colocasiae)

Affects the leavesand reduces photosynthetic areas

Use healthy plantingmaterial. Intercropping taro with other crops rather than growing it as a sole crop.Crop rotation. If endemic apply fungicide

MancozebMancozeb (63%)+Carbendazim (12%)

CHILICapsicum spp. Family: Solanaceae

Among spices and condiments, chili is the most important and widely grown spices crop in Bangladesh. The fruits are consumed fresh, dried or processed as a spice. It is one of the important cash crop in certain districts such as Jamalpur, Shirajgonj, Bogra and Jessore. Chilli usually commercially cultivate in high land during Rabi season. However, it grows round the year in kitchen garden and small-scale farm lands. Mealybug and mite infestations are two constrain to chili cultivation. Among the diseases, anthracnose caused severe damage to plants and fruits.


TABLE 16. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CHILI AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE


RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES,WHEN NEEDED


Compete fornutrients and water.

Thorough landpreparation.Hoe and hand weeding. Use of herbicide.

Pendimethalin

Mealybug Suck sap fromleaves and terminal shoots.

Clean cultivation toremove alternate host. Use neem seed or leaf extracts.Monitor crop regularly and apply insecticide if infestation is severe.

Dimethoate

Buprofezin Malathion

Yellow mitePolyphagotarsonemus latus

Suck sap fromleaves and cause

Removal and destructionof alternate wild hosts. Use acaricide/miticide

Sulphur

Anthracnose Reducesphotosynthetic area.Rotting of fruits.

Pathogen-free chilli seedshould be planted. Eliminate weeds and volunteer chilli plants. Crop rotation for at least 2 years.Infected plant debris from the field must be removed or deep ploughed.Use fungicide when necessary.

Carbendazim

Copper hydroxide Dimethomorph (9%) + Mancozeb(60%)Mancozeb (63%)+Carbendazim (12%)Propiconazole

LEGUMES(Beans, cowpea, lentil, peas)

Legumes are important source of plant proteins in the human diet and considered as the ‘meat of the poor’. The important legume crop in Bangladesh are country bean, yard long bean, cowpea, lentil and peas, and they are grown very profitably all over the country in high flat land particularly in dry season. In the farming system, legumes are planted in crop rotations to improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, breaking pest cycles, controlling soil erosion, and producing livestock fodder. The legumes crops are consumed in many ways. The green pods are eaten as vegetable, but the mature grains are used as dhal. Production constraints of legumes center on fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, insect pests, weeds and soil fertility problems. The legume crops share a common pest complex. Farmers rely almost exclusively on the application of chemical pesticides. In Bangladesh, the country bean is being sprayed at weekly or biweekly intervals—


sometimes every day—to control Maruca vitrata. The overuse of pesticide causes the destruction of indigenous biodiversity as well as increases production costs, thus reducing profits for farmers. Pesticide residues hamper the export market potential for vegetable legumes.

TABLE 17. PESTS AND DISEASES IN LEGUME CROPS AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds (grass andbroad leaf)

Compete forNutrients, water and light, may harbor pests and diseases

Thorough landpreparation.Hand hoe weeding.

None

AphidsAphis fabae Aphis craccivora

Aphids suck sap onstems, terminal shoots and petioles of seedlings, and on pods and flowers of mature plants

Vectors of viral diseases

Use resistant varietiesif availableMonitor build-up of aphids and natural enemiesUse wood ashes.Use neem seed or leaf extractsMonitor crop regularly and apply insecticide when infestation is severe.

Acephate

Acephate (45%) + Imidaclorprid (25%)

Buprofezin

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

MalathionEpilachna beetle Scraping leaves and

Remove photosynthetic tissue

Plant dusting with Usewood ashes.Use neem seed or leaf extracts.Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Defoliatingcaterpillars Spodoptera are sporadic cowpea pests.

Removephotosynthetic tissue

Monitor caterpillarsand hand pick when few.Use neem extract. Use insecticide.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Pod borer Marucavitrata

Feed on developingflowers and pod seeds

Eradicate the weedhost Sesbania spp. from cropping areas.Use pheromone traps. Use neem products. Use insecticides if infestation is

Emamectin Benzoate

Lambda cyhalothrin

Spinosad

BollwormHeliocoverpa armigera

Feed on flowersand young pods and seeds in pods

Use neem seed kernelor leaf extracts.Use trap crops such as OkraUse insecticide when 3 larvae/20 plants.

ChlorpyrifosCypermethrinDeltamethrin





Aphid borneMosaic Virus disease

Causes leaf mottling,chlorosis and reduced photosynthetic area

Use tolerant varietiesTimely planting and weeding.Crop rotation with non-

None

Leaf spotsPhaeoisariopsis griseola, Alternaria sp.,

Reducesphotosynthetic area

Use certified diseasefree seed.Practice crop rotation with non-legumes.

Carbendazim

Bean rustUromyces appendiculatus, Uromyces vignae

Reducephotosynthetic AreasSevere leaf damage and defoliation.

Resistant/tolerantvarietiesUse Sulphur based Fungicides

MancozebTebuconazole

Powdery mildew Reducephotosynthetic areas

Resistant/tolerantvarieties if available. Good field sanitation and weedingAvoid close spacing. Use Fungicides when

Sulphur

Carbendazim

Anthracnose Damage pods Plant resistantvarieties.Use certified disease-free seed.Plow bean crop debris into soil.Use fungicide.

Mancozeb (64%) +Metalaxyl (8%)

Propiconazole

Bacterial blightXanthomonas axonopodis pv. VignicolaSeed-borne

Cause whole plant towiltEarly blight can destroy whole fields

Use certified diseasefree seedAvoid working in fields when it is wetPractice good field sanitationUproot infected plants when first noticed.

None

Fusarium wilt F.oxysporum

Seedlings infectedwith Fusarium are often yellow, later turning necrotic and finally wilt and die

Use resistant/tolerantvarietyCrop rotation without legumes.Plant beans in hills or ridges in heavy soils Seed treatment with hot water.

Carbendazim





Damping off,seedling blight Rhizoctonia sp.

Kill off seedlings andreduce plant population

Using certified seedHave crop residue thoroughly decomposed.Crop rotation.Seed treatment with fungicide.

CarbendazimMancozeb

ONIONAllium cepa Family: Alliaceae

Onion is a biennial vegetable grown in temperate zones as an annual crop. In Bangladesh, onion is used as spices. They are rich in nutrients such as calcium, iron and vitamin B among others. They are used for salads (bunching onion or sliced full-grown bulbs), pickling (e.g. silver skin onions), cooking (such as in soups) and frying (for example, with meat). Onions are particularly suited to smallholder farming in most countries.

Optimum temperatures for plant development are between 13 and 24°C, although the range for seedling growth is narrow, between 20o C and 25°C. High temperatures favor bulb formation, growth and curing. In the tropics only short day or day neutral onion varieties will form bulbs. These thrive in warm to hot climates of 15-30°C. If the temperature greatly exceeds that required for bulbing, maturity is hastened and bulbs do not grow to maximum size, consequently lowering the yields.

They are grown on fertile and well-drained soils at a preferred optimum pH range of 6.0 to 6.8, although alkaline soils are also suitable. Onion seeds can be directly drilled and thinned, or planted in seedbeds and the seedlings transplanted or grown in seedling trays and the plugs planted out. Being a seed propagated crop, proper seed selection is recommended to minimize problems of splits and doubles. The seed is usually sown in a nursery. About 6-8 weeks after sowing, when the seedlings have a base as thick as a pencil and approximately 15 cm tall, the seedlings are transplanted to the field. At the bulbing stage, they need a substantial amount of water, but excessive moisture must be avoided during the growing season as this encourages pests and diseases. Application of fresh manure to the crops should also be avoided as this causes the plants to develop thick necks and too much leaf at the expense of bulb formation. Over- fertilization, uneven watering, and temperature fluctuations also influence bulb formation. Harvesting takes place 90-150 days after sowing. Onions are ready for harvest when the leaves collapse. The crop is pulled out by hand and kept for some days in the field with the bulbs covered by the leaves (windrowing). The leaves are then cut off and the mature bulbs are bagged or packed in crates if they are to be stored.


Onions production is adversely affected by pests and diseases. A variety of diseases and disorders affect onions. Most of the diseases are caused by fungi or bacteria, whereas disorders may be caused by adverse weather, soil conditions and nutritional imbalances. The most important onion pests and diseases include onion fly, thrips, purple blotch, bacterial soft rot, fusarium bulb rot. Weeds are also a problem as they compete for nutrients, moisture and sunlight with the onion plants. These are usually controlled through fine seed preparation, hand weeding and mulching.

TABLE 18. PESTS AND DISEASES IN ONIONS AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds(grasses, broadleaves)

Compete fornutrients, water and space

Thorough landpreparation Hand weeding Herbicide

Oxadiazon

Onion thrips(Thrips tabaci) Major pests

Immature and adultthrips feed on the plant sap, on developing leaves resulting in white and silvery patches on the leaves.

Severe infestations cause browning of the leaf tips, slowing of plant growth, distortion of leaves and bulbs, and reduction in bulb size.More severe in dry seasons, where entire fields may be

Keep the plants well-watered as dry plants are more susceptible. Weed free crop.Spray with neem extracts and neem oil. Apply insecticide when necessary and observe pre-harvest period.

Imidacloprid

Dimethoate

Onion fly (Deliaantiqua)Also called onion maggot is a major pest of onions

Eats the lateralroots, tunnels into the taproot and sometimes bores into the base of the stem.Attacked leaves wilt and the leaves turn bluishPlants become shriveled or eventually die.The maggots feed just above the base of seedlings killing them.Poor plant establishment in the field.

Plant in well preparedseed bed with well decomposed organic matter.Avoid continuous cropping with onions. Crop rotation with crops not related to onions.Plough in crop residues.

Neem-based products deter egg-laying.

Diazinon


TABLE 18. PESTS AND DISEASES IN ONIONS AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Fusarium basalrot (Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. cepae)

Yellowing of leafbladesLeaves shrivel and decay.Diseased plants can be easily pulled out because the root system is rotted.

Crop rotation with non-related crops. Avoid root injury. Properly cure bulbs before storage.Store bulbs at 0 ⁰C and 65-75% relative humidity.

None

Purple blotch(Alternaria porri)

Purple blotchattacks the leaves. Leaves turn yellow and collapse.

Increased ploughingbetween seasons. Increased spacing between plants. Seed treatment.

Difenoconazole

Iprodione

Bulbs may also beattacked, mainly at the neck

Crop rotation andremoval of crop residues after harvest. Use fungicides.

Bacterial softrots (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) Major cause of loss in storage onions

Invade one or morescales of onion bulbs which become water- soaked and soft with foul smell. Onion maggots can introduce the bacteria while feeding on bulbs

Onion tops should beallowed to mature well before harvesting.Do not bruise bulbs while harvesting.Store in well ventilated room.

None

SWEET POTATOIpomea batatas Fam: Convolvulaceae

Sweet potatoes are perennial vines, with one main season. It is widely grown throughout char land on a small scale mainly in subsistence farming. The roots are eaten either boiled or roasted alone or cooked with other vegetables. Young leaves are used as vegetable. The sweet potato vines are a useful and nutritious fodder crop, especially in the dry season. Sweet potato cultivars are various types- usually white, red or purple, although orange-fleshed types are becoming popular in.

Farmers plant a mixture of varieties, mostly based on yield, performance, maturity, culinary values and tolerance to pests. The crop can be grown on a wide range of soil types, but a well-drained, sandy loam with clayey subsoil is considered ideal. It cannot stand water logging and is usually grown on high lands. Flooding shortly before harvest may result in storage roots rotting in the soil or during subsequent storage. The optimum soil pH for sweet potato is 5.6-6.6, but it grows well even in soils with a relatively low pH, e.g. 4.2. It is sensitive to alkaline or saline soils.


Sweet potato grows best and produces smooth, well-shaped storage roots in a well-prepared soil. Good land or soil preparation involves incorporation of crop debris, removal of any vegetation that may compete with the sweet potato crop, and deep manual or mechanical cultivation. Cultivation aims to turn over the topsoil and loosen the compacted soil below, to achieve a good tilth for forming the hills or ridges, and provide a soft, uniform medium where storage root growth is not impeded. After cultivation, the land is usually prepared into ridges. In some areas, broad raised beds are used. On deep, well-drained soil, planting may be done on flat fields.

Weed infestation during the first 2 months of growth poses a problem in stand development, and requires adequate control to ensure high yield. Thereafter, vigorous growth of the vines covers the ground effectively and smothers weeds. In Bangladesh, manual weeding is generally practiced. Major pests of sweet potato include a weevil species attacking the vines and eventually the tubers, foliage eaters mainly butterfly caterpillars which destroy young plants. Several diseases infect sweet potato of which Alterneria diseases is main. Some resistant varieties developed by BARI have been released.

TABLE 19. PESTS AND DISEASES IN SWEET POTATO AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Sweet potatoweevilsCylas formicariusFab.

Larvae tunnel intothe stems to block nutrient flow and eventually enter

Use of tolerant variety- e.g.BARI SP1Eradicate alternate host (Ipomea spp. weeds).

Diazinon

the tubersdestroying them and rendering them unmarketable

Select healthy plantingmaterials (vines).Select planting vines from the tips <30 cm from the ends.Use insecticide- dipping vine before planting or spraying.

ArmywormSpodoptera

Defoliation Hand picking of caterpillarsDestroy leaves containing eggs and caterpillars Monitor adults using light trapsUse bio-pesticides when necessary.Insecticide spray if severe infestation.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin


TABLE 19. PESTS AND DISEASES IN SWEET POTATO AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



CutwormAgrotis spp.

Feeds at the baseof the plant

Early planting.Deep plowing to expose worms.Conserve natural enemies Apply insecticide poisoned bait of rice bran when larvae first seen in economic numbers.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Aphid Removes plantsap,vectors virus disease

Conserve natural enemies.Spray neem extracts and soap water.Use insecticides.

DimethoateImidacloprid Malathion

Alternariadisease

Causes blacklesions on the stems and can kill the vines

Use tolerant/ resistantvarieties if available. Use fungicide.

Iprodione

Brown field rat

Feed on tubers Clear bushes around thefieldsDestroy burrows Preserve predators of ratse.g. mongooses, owls etc. Use traps set carefully in the field

None

MUSTARDBrassica spp. Family: Cruciferae

Mustard is one of the popular and the main cultivable edible oil seed crops which is mainly grown in winter season in Bangladesh. The oil seed crops grown in Bangladesh occupy about 755000 hectares of land and produce about 894000 metric tonnes of oil seeds. Of which mustard occupies 518000 hectares of land and the production is about 568000 metric tons. Mustard plays an important role in the agro- economy and national health of Bangladesh. About 1/3 of the requirement of edible oil is produced in Bangladesh. To meet the minimum requirement, Bangladesh imports 52147 m. tons of edible oil and spends a huge amount of hard earned foreign exchange. Mustard seeds have several health benefit effect against cancer, diabetes and cholesterol deposition, on skin and hair care etc.

In Bangladesh, mainly three species from the genus Brassica are cultivated namely, Brassica campestris, B. juncea and B. napus. This crop is mainly cultivated during the Rabi season which is well adapted to almost all agro climatic zones of the country. During cultivation, mustard crop is infested by several species of insect pest such as Mustard aphids, Sawfly, Spodoptera sp etc., which is the main problem for our farmers. Many factors may be responsible for the severe infestation of aphids in the mustard fields which includes environmental factors, uncontrolled fertilizer application, date of sowing etc. The environmental factors such as


temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and drought usually influence the population growth of aphids. High infestation of mustard aphid in the month December to February might be associated with the prolonged dry period and favorable temperature. Among the diseases, Alterneria leaf spot is the most destructive one.

TABLE 20. PESTS AND DISEASES IN OIL SEED MUSTARD AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE





Thorough land preparationHand weeding Herbicide application.

Quizalofop-p-Ethyl

Aphids-Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae),Green peach

Aphids suck sapon stems, terminal shoots and petioles of seedlings, and on pods and flowers of mature plants

Use resistant varieties.Conserve natural enemies particularly Coccinellids. Use of Neem seed kernel extract.Monitor crop regularly and apply insecticide if infestation is severe.

AcephateDimethoateMalathionThiamethoxam

Mustard SawflyAthalia lugens

Eat leaves andreduce photosynthetic areas

Use resistant varieties.Conserve natural enemies. Apply insecticide if infestation is severe.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Alternaria leafspot (Alternaria brassicicola)

Dark brown toblack leaf spots may appear on tissues of any age and vary in size from pinpoint to 2- inches in diameter.Reduce the

Use disease free seed andseedlings.Hot water treatment of seeds.Remove and destroy infected plant debris of previous season.Crop rotation reduces severity of disease.Use Fungicides if necessary.

Iprodione

GROUNDNUTArachis hypogaea Family: Fabaceae

Groundnut is the third important oilseed crop in Bangladesh, cultivated mainly by small-scale farmers both as subsistence and as a cash crop. It is an important source of protein (23-25% content) and other nutrients (45-52% oil content) for poor rural communities. In Bangladesh, groundnut is mainly cultivated in the sandy soil of Char lands and the yields are traditionally low, due to low soil fertility, pest and disease occurrence, poor seed variety. Nevertheless, groundnut is a drought-tolerant species and can withstand severe lack of water, but yield is generally reduced. If harvesting conditions are wet, aflatoxins (severe poison produced by some fungi such as Aspergillus spp.) may develop on the nuts. Aflatoxin contamination is a major hazard to human and animal health.


Plant suckers such as Aphids, Jassids and Thrips, and leaf feeder like hairy caterpillar are the major insect pest of groundnut. Tikka disease (leaf spot) is the most important disease of groundnut in Bangladesh.

TABLE 21. PESTS AND DISEASES IN GROUNDNUTS AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



WeedsGrasses annuals and perennials

Compete fornutrients, water and light Hosts to pests and diseases

Thorough landpreparation Hand weedingHand hoe weeding

None

Cowpea aphidAphis craccivora

Aphids suck sapfrom tender leaflets, and terminal shoots.Vectors of viral diseases

Conserve natural enemieslike Ladybird beetle. Use neem seed or leaf extractDo not crop with groundnuts continuously.

Malathion

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

JassidEmpoasca terminalis

Suck sap fromtender leaflets causing yellowing, leaf curling, necrosis, stunting the growth and die.

Conserve natural enemieslike spider, coccinellid beetle etc.Use neem seed or leaf extract.Use insecticide in case of severe infestation.

ImidaclopridDimethoateAcephate

HairycaterpillarSpitactia obliqua


Deep ploughing.Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts. Grow trap crops like cowpea, on field bunds. Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars. Conserve natural enemies- spiders, praying mantid, green lace wing, etc.Insecticide when severe attack.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Spinosad

ThripsScirtothrips spp.

Suck flowerbuds, flowers and young leaves.Reduces flower formation.Causes flower abortion.

Conserve natural enemieslacewings and predatory bugsSpray with botanicals (neem).Insecticide when severe attack.

ImidaclopridDimethoate


TABLE 21. PESTS AND DISEASES IN GROUNDNUTS AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Damping offSclerotium rolfsii

Pooremergence and death of seedlings leading to poor stands

Rotting of seed before germination

Use certified disease-freeseeds.Avoid over-irrigation and excessive fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers.Avoid fields previously planted with cotton or other related crops.Crop rotation.Fungicide-seed treatment.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Cercospora leafspot (Early and Late) Cercospora arachidicola, Cercosporidium personatum

Severe early leaf spotattacks cause heavy defoliation Reduces photosynthetic surface area and yield loss Late leaf spot does not

Crop rotation withcereals.Burying crop residues during land preparation. Tolerant variety if any. Fungicides may be used.

MancozebCarbendazim

Groundnut RustPuccinia arachidis

Sporadic butcan be severe Reduces photosynthetic surfacearea

Resistant/ tolerant varietyif availableCrop rotation with cereals Remove volunteer groundnut plants Fungicides may be used

CopperhydroxideDimethomorph (9%)+Mancozeb (60%)Mancozeb

Mancozeb (63%)+Carbendazim (12%)

BANANAMusa spp. Family: Musaceae

Banana is a familiar fruit of Bangladesh and cultivated throughout the country either in homestead or in high flat land. Banana occupies an important position among the fruits of Bangladesh not only for its highest production among the fruits but also for its increasing popularity to many farmers as an economic crop. Among the fruit crops grown in Bangladesh, banana ranks first in terms of production comprising nearly 42% of the total. Varieties of banana grown in Bangladesh are Amritasagar, Mehersagar, Sabri, Champa, Chini Champa, Kabuli, Jahaji, Agnishwar, Basrai, Seeded banana, and Anaji or Kancha Kola.

Temperature is a major factor; the optimum for growth is about 27°C and the maximum 38°C. Bananas are propagated by vegetative means. Banana may be intercropped sparsely with potato, turmeric, zinger, maize, beans, and some


vegetables. Farmers use very little purchased inputs. In drier zones mulch is placed around the banana pseudo stems to reduce moisture loss. The crop is normally not fertilized when grown in the homestead. But in commercial cultivation, the plants are properly fertilized and the leaves are pruned and used as mulch. Crop residue is often spread in plantations to increase mulch load.

Desuckering is done leaving a mother plant and 1-2 suckers. Excess suckers are used to establish new plantings. Weeds are controlled by hand until the plantation shades the inter-row areas. Pseudo stems are chopped as mulch for moisture retention as well as weed control. Crop rotation is practiced and new areas are selected for planting.

The crop is attacked by some diseases and pests and disease pressure is much reduced in the highlands. Local varieties are comparatively tolerant to insect and diseases. However, commercially cultivated two varieties the Amritasagor and Sabri are susceptible to diseases and insect attack. Major disease is Sigatoka of Banana. Other important pests of banana include the banana weevil, and banana leaf and fruit beetle.

TABLE 22. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BANANAS AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds Compete fornutrients and water.Harbor pests anddiseases.

Heavy mulchingHand hoe weeding Crop rotationIntercropping withshort crops like beans and groundnutsUse herbicides.

None

Banana leaf andfruit beetle, Nodostoma viridipennis

Feed onchlorophyllous tissues of leaves and young fruits by scraping.

Use resistant varieties.Clean cultivation, particularly the removal of grass, weeds from plantationsCrop rotation must be followed. More than two years ratoon crop should not be encouraged in the same land.Cover the bunch with polythene bag.Use of insecticides.

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Carbaryl


TABLE 22. PESTS AND DISEASES IN BANANAS AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Banana weevilsCosmopolites sordidus

Larvae and adultstunnel into the corm destroying nutrient uptake, weakening and causing plants to fall with strong winds

Using tolerant varietiesUsing insect free planting material Trimming sucker or corm to remove eggs/larvae/adults before plantingPre-plant insecticide dip Dipping suckers in a 20% neem seed solution at planting protects the young suckers from weevil attack by repelling adult weevils thus preventing egg laying.Boost tolerance with good fertility management and good hygiene around the plants.Chopping up pseudo stem

Chlorpyrifos

Carbaryl

Sigatoka ofBanana Micosphaerella figiensis, Mycosphaerella musicola

Reduces thephotosynthetic area of the leaves.

Resistant cultivarsAvoid overcrowding of plants, reduce plant densityKeeping plantations clean of Weeds Well drained fieldsMaintaining soil fertility for good plant vigor Removing infected leaves.Use of fungicide.

CarbendazimCopper oxychloride Difenoconazole Dimethomorph (9%) + Mancozeb(60%)Propiconazole

PAPAYACarica papaya Family: Caricaceae

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a soft-wooded perennial plant grown in all tropical countries and many subtropical regions of the world. Economically, C. papaya is the most important species within the Caricaceae family, being cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use in drinks, jams candies and as dried and crystallized fruit. Green fruit and the leaves and flowers may also be used as a cooked vegetable. Nutritionally, papaya is a good source of calcium and an excellent source of vitamins A and C. In Bangladesh, millions of family farms cultivated papaya not only for their own consumption but also for sale on local markets as a side cash crop.


TABLE 23. PESTS AND DISEASES IN PAPAYA AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds Compete fornutrients and water. Harbor pests and diseases.

Thorough landpreparation Hand weeding

None

Papaya mealybug,Paracoccus marginatus

Feed sap fromleaves, flower bud, fruits.The leaves become crinkled, yellowish and wither.The honey dew excreted by the bug help to grow black sooty mould that impairs photosynthetic

Clean cultivation,particularly the removal of grass, weeds from plantations.Use of neem seed kernel extract.Crop rotation with non-host must be followed.Use of insecticides.

CarbarylDimethoateBuprofezin

Papaya mosaicdiseases (Virus)

Curling, crinklingdistortion of leaves accompanied by vein clearing.Reduction in leaf size and reduces the photosynthetic area.

Use healthy seeds andseedlings.Removal and destruction of affected plants.Control insect vector (white fly).

None

MANGOMangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae

Mango, locally called “Amm” is a delicious fruit have characteristic taste, flavour and fragrance. Mango is rich with carbohydrate and vitamin A. It is cultivated throughout Bangladesh. The major mango growing areas are Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabgonj, Bogra, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Jessore, Chuadanga, Meherpur, and Kustia. A home garden without a mango tree is very rare in the country. As a fresh fruit mango has high demand in local market. Mango trees as well as fruits are attacked by a number of insect pest and diseases. Major insect pests are mango leaf cutting weevil, mango defoliator, mango stone weevil and mango hopper. Anthracnose is the most destructive diseases caused significant damage to mango fruits.

TABLE 24. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MANGO AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE





None


TABLE 24. PESTS AND DISEASES IN MANGO AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Mango hopper Suck sap fromtender leaves, inflorescence and peduncle of young fruits.Caused fruit drop.

Clean cultivation,particularly the removal of grass, weeds from plantations.Use of neem seed kernel extract.Crop rotation with non-host must be followed.Use of insecticides.

CarbarylDimethoateBuprofezinCypermethrin Deltamethrin

Mango leaf cuttingweevil

Cut the leaf at base.Covering tender leafwith mosquito net or perforated polythene bag.Collection and destruction of fallen tender cut leaves as larvae grow there.

Application of insecticides.

CarbarylCypermethrin

Mango defoliator Defoliate the leavesand reduces the photosynthetic area.

Collection anddestruction of egg masses and newly hatched larvae.Use insecticides.

CarbarylChlorpyrifosDiazinon

Mango stoneweevil

Larva and adult feedon pulp and damage the fruit.The damaged fruits are full of dark excreta and unfit for

Profenofos (40%)+Cypermthrin (2.5%)ChlorpyrifosDiazinon

Fruit fly Maggot feed on pulpand damage the fruit

Use pheromone trap.Application of insecticides.

Cuelure

CarbarylAnthracnose ofmango

Greyish-brown spoton leaves, reduce photosynthetic area. Rotting of fruits.

Disease twigs should bepruned and burnt. Use of fungicide.

CarbendazimMancozeb

CITRUS FRUITS(Lime and Lemon) Citrus spp. Family: Rutaceae

Different species of citrus fruits are grown in Bangladesh which contain considerable amount of Vitamin-

C. In Bangladesh, citrus plants are grown in most of the homestead, nurseries as well as orchards of greater Sylhet, Chittagong, Noakhali, Faridpur, Jessore, Khulna, Kustia, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra and Mymensingh district. The production of citrus


fruit is about 136756 Metric tons from an area of 5995 ha, which is far below from the current requirements and about 80% peoples in Bangladesh are suffering from Vitamin-C deficiency. Pest attack is considered a major concern to low production of citrus fruit in Bangladesh.

TABLE 25. PESTS AND DISEASES IN CITRUS FRUITS AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds (annualand perennial)

Compete fornutrients and water. Harbor pests and diseases.


None

Citrus aphidToxoptera aurantii

Suck sap fromtender shoots. Caused immature fruit drop.

Use of neem seedkernel extract. Use of insecticides.

DimethoateBuprofezinCypermethrin Deltamethrin

Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella

Mining the leavesand reduces the photosynthetic area.

Collection anddestruction of attacked leaves to kill larvae.

Application of

ImidaclopridChlorpyrifosThiamethoxam

Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus

Eat the leaves andreduces the photosynthetic area.

Hand picking of thelarvae.Use insecticides.

FenitrothionCarbarylChlorpyrifos

Die back Dying of twigs Prune the diseasedtwig.Use of fungicide.

PropiconazoleCopper oxychloride

Scab Scaby and wartyspots on leaves. Fruits have corky projection.

Use of fungicide. PropiconazoleCopper hydroxide

COCONUTCocos nucifera Family: Palmae

In Bangladesh, the coconut plant is cultivated as a homestead plant and frequently found in the southern part of the country. It can withstand temporary water-logging conditions like floods and tides with special adaptability against the strong winds, storms and cyclones. Moreover, as it is salinity tolerant crop, it is greatly adaptable for the coastal zones. Coconut water is a wonderful safest natural drink, thrust quencher and remedy for diarrhea and cholera. Mature fruits are use to prepare coconut milk, cakes, bakery items and oils. Farmers of Bangladesh faces some problems associated with pests to cultivate coconut in the home stead. Major pests are mite, insect and fungal diseases.


TABLE 26. PESTS AND DISEASES IN COCONUT AND CONTROL METHODS

TYPE OFPEST/DISEASE




Hand hoe weeding None

Coconut miteAceria guerreronis

Attacks young fruits,cause scarring and distortion of fruit, which may cause premature

Cleaning of plantsperiodically and use of acaricide.

Sulphur

Rhinoceros beetleOryctes rhinoceros

Damage palms byboring into the centre of the crown.

Do not pile cow dungor debris in the orchard.A hooked wire can be used to extract and destroy rhinoceros beetle adults feeding in coconut trees.Inject insecticides to the damage part.

CarbarylChlorpyrifosThiamethoxam

Leaf spot diseasePestalotia palmarum

Reduces thephotosynthetic area.

Spray fungicide. Carbendazim

MINOR FRUITS(Wood apple, strawberry, Sapota)

Three minor fruits are identified from the project areas and these are wood apple, strawberry and Sapota. The wood apple (Feronia limonia, Family: Rutaceae) in Bangladesh is commonly known as Kotbel. It is a hardy tree, as adaptive to drought conditions and suitable for marginal rainfed lands, thus when compared to many other fruit tree species wood apple can be grown with little investment. Only few minor insects and disease have been known to damage wood apple and farmer usually not requires taking control measures in Bangladesh.

Strawberry is an exotic fruit very recently got introduce to Bangladesh. It is cultivated very limitedly. Report on the infestation of insect pest of strawberry in Bangladesh is very few. However, mature fruit is severely damaged by birds and farmers need to cover fields with net to prevent the attack of birds. Weeds compete for nutrients, water and space. Thorough land preparation and hand weeding is recommender to control weeds in the field. Strawberry fruit is very delicate and rotting is found in the harvested fruits.

Care should be taken from harvesting to marketing fruits to avoid injury and proper temperature should be maintained in the store house to prevent soft rotting of fruits.


Manilkara zapota L. commonly known as the Sapota, is a long-lived evergreen tree belongs to Sapotaceae family. It is widely grown in India, Pakistan and Mexico. In Bangladesh it is known as Sofeda/Sobeda. Sapota can be found to grow throughout Bangladesh but widely grown in Barisal, Khulna, Jessore, Chittagong, Chttagong Hill Tract districts. It can be grown well at a temperature range from 10-30 ⁰C and 70-75% relative humidity. It can be grown on wide varieties of soils. Well drained high land with deep, loose organic soil is ideal for better crop yield. Sapota is highly drought resistant and can withstand in saline soil. Sapota fruits are almost two types ‘Round’ and ‘Oval’ grown for commercial or home. Four varieties are cultivated in Bangladesh: Fruit Tree Improvement Program (FTIP) BAU Sapota-1, FTIP BAU Sapota-2, FTIP BAU Sapota-3, and BARI Sapota-1. In general, the Sapota tree remains supremely healthy with little or no care. However, In Bangladesh and India, it is sometimes attacked by various insect pests and diseases.

TABLE 27. PESTS AND DISEASES IN SAPOTA (SOFEDA) AND CONTROL METHODSTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE



Weeds (Annual/perennial)

Compete fornutrients and water.Harbor pests anddiseases.

Hand hoe weeding None

Bark borerIndarbela tetraonis

Caterpillar feed onthe bark, plant growth arrested and fruit formation is drastically reduced.

Kill the caterpillars byinserting an iron spike into the tunnels.Injecting ethylene glycol and kerosene oil in the ratio of 1:3 into the tunnel and then seal the opening of the tunnel with mud.Use of insecticides


Mealybug Presence of whitemass on the terminal shoots and under surface of the leaves. Yellowing of older leaves.

Application of neem oil2% or neem seed kernel extract 5 %.Use of insecticides.

CarbarylDimethoateBuprofezinCypermethrin Deltamethrin

Bud wormAnarsia epotias

Shedding of buds andflowers.

Application of neem oil2% or neem seed kernel extract 5 %.Use insecticides in case of sever



Scale insectsCoccus viridis

Suck sap from tendershoots and leaves. Yellowing of leaves. Encourages

Prune and destroy theinfested shoots at initial stage of infestation.Use of insecticides

CarbarylDimethoate Deltamethrin

Fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis

Maggot bore intosemi-ripen fruits with decayed spots and dropping of fruits.

Collect fallen infestedfruits and dispose. Provide summer ploughing to expose the pupa.Use bait spray combing any one of the insecticides and molasses for two rounds at 2 weeks interval before ripening of fruits.

Cuelure

Carbaryl Dimethoate

Fruit bats Damage the ripefruits.

Spread nets over thetree.

None

COMMODITY STORAGEThe farmers of Bangladesh store their products with the purposes of consumption, sale in the market at suitable time with better price, and use as seed in the next planting season. They store their products in small scale in different storage structure such as earthen pot (Motka, Kolos), bamboo baskets (Duli) and in the gunny bags. Recently different plastic pot or metallic containers are available to store the grain safely. Stored grain is under threat from a wide array of pests such as insects, rodents, fungi, and aflatoxin which reduce quality and germination. Many of these pests attack the crop in the field before harvest such as potato tuber moth.

If grain is to be stored at home, farmers may add a number of botanically based products such as neem leaves to protect the grain. These home remedies however have only limited effects so that if grain is to be stored for more than 3 months an insecticide or fumigant must be used. It is also a practice often quoted, but seldom practiced at farm level in Bangladesh.

Fumigation is warranted if large quantities of seed or processed produce (rice, split pulses) is to be stored for long periods or is infested in a warehouse. Fumigation only controls infested seed and does not offer residual control. Often fumigation is enough in a relatively pest free storage area. Aluminum phosphide is used by commercial seed companies to disinfest grain for long term storage in large warehouses. The government organization- BADC produce and store huge amount of seeds to distribute among the farmers and this organization uses fumigants frequently with the help of their trained workers. Aluminum phosphide is highly dangerous and should only be used by contracted fumigators (for indoors or outdoors) or by project staff (outdoors only) that have had the training. Fumigation should not be done directly by farmers.


TABLE 28. WAREHOUSE COMMODITY PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENTTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



Storage pestsBruchids, Weevils, Lepidopteran insects

Consumeproduce and contaminate with feces making produce unfit for consumption. Predisposes produce to secondary infection by moulds which produce poisonous mycotoxins.

Pre-spray the warehousebefore commodities arrive with contact pesticides.Check commodity for infestation on arrival at the warehouseSeparate damaged bags from the undamaged ones.Keep warehouse clean, sweeping and dusting stacks on daily basis.Have no cracks in the warehouse floor.Spray the outside of the warehouse and perimeter surrounding with contact pesticides.Sample commodities for infestation before

Aluminum Phosphide (fumigant)

Pirimiphos methyl

Rodents(mainly rats)

Destroy baggingcausing spillage of commodities. Consume commodities.Contaminate commodities with urine, feces and hair and rodent transmitted diseases.Predisposes produce to secondary infection by moulds which produce poisonous

Close all likely entrancepoints for the rats. Use traps.Rearing cat around the ware house.

None

Termites Subterraneantermites damage wood and feed on

Frequent termite inspectionsand termite monitoring should be undertaken.

ImidaclopridChlorpyrifos


TABLE 28. WAREHOUSE COMMODITY PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENTTYPE OFPEST/DISEASE

DAMAGEDONE



celluloseproducts (Jute)

Termites swarming don’t dodamage but initiate new colonies. Where termites are swarming must initiate termite treatment.Flooding of termite nests and physical removal of the queen.Use subterranean termite baits, which are slow-acting insecticides consumed during feeding and shared within the colony, if available.The primary methods of controlling subterranean termites are insecticides, either applied to the soil adjacent to the

Aluminum Phosphide

SECTION 5. MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF TRAINING AND SAFER USEThis section supports compliance with requirement # 2:

“IPs must train their appropriate staff and beneficiaries in safer pesticide use and pesticide first aid. IPs must provide training in pesticide safer use and compliance to their staff and beneficiaries, including those using, selling, financing, providing extension services or demonstrating pesticides with USAID funding. This training must include all topics listed in Section 5.”

This section also supports compliance with requirement #6:

IPs must require safe handling of pesticides at all stages, including use and proper maintenance of required PPE where such activities are under IPs direct control. To the greatest degree practicable, IPs must require safe pesticide purchase, transportation, handling, storage, and disposal practices, and use and maintenance of appropriate PPE.


A. TRAINING IN SAFER USEBy far the most important measure for mitigating the effects of pesticides is ensuring that users understand them and are competent at handling them. It is essential that training is available and conducted to a uniform high standard across USAID/Malawi projects.

All project beneficiaries who are expected to use USAID resources for pesticides must receive training. Information materials, such as leaflets and posters, should be prepared and made available in Portuguese for those projects whose staff lack the relevant technical capacity.

Basic training is the safe use of pesticides must address the following elements at a minimum.

Definition of pesticides. The fact that pesticides are bio-poisons. Risks associated with release of pesticides into the environment and avoiding

harmful effects. Concepts of AIs vs. formulated products. Classes of pesticides and the concept of broad spectrum vs. narrow

spectrum, target-specific pesticides. Proper application rates and pesticide resistance, and techniques for avoiding

misapplication. Practice-focused training in the core elements of Safe Pesticide Use:

IPM (see below: B. Training in IPM). Reading and interpreting pesticide labels and SDS (formerly MSDS) —

including understanding PPE requirements and other precautions, dosage rates, and to identify AIs and expiration dates. (See below: C. Understanding Pesticide Labels and Material Safety Data Sheet).

Use of proper PPE and its treatment and maintenance (see below: D. Protective Clothing and Equipment).

Proper use and maintenance of equipment, including calibration of sprayers. Safe mixing and application of pesticides, including ensuring compliance with reentry and pre-harvest intervals specified by the label/SDS (see below: E. Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift).

Safe purchase, transport, and storage of pesticides (see below: F. Pesticide Transport and Storage).

Pesticide first aid and spill response (see below: G. First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning).

Clean-up and disposal (see below: H. Proper Pesticide Container Disposal).

Record-keeping and monitoring. (see below: I. Monitoring and Data Record Keeping).

All training should include a pre- and post- course evaluation of the participants. Participants will only be designated as “trained” if the results of their evaluation reflect satisfactory absorption of the information.


B. TRAINING IN IPM IPM is an integral part of safe pesticide use, and supporting the use of pesticides only within an IPM framework is a core requirement of this PERSUAP. As such, pesticide safe use training must instill in trainees an understanding of the fundamentals of IPM.

The essence of IPM lies in understanding the relationship between pest injury, damage, yield loss, and economic loss. IPM was developed within the discipline of economic entomology. Farmers who are not trained in IPM may spray a crop upon seeing a single insect in a field or a few brown spots of a disease on a leaf. Pesticides are expensive and should only be used as a last resort, and only when economically justified.

Threshold determination. Extension workers and farmers first need to understand the relationship between increasing injury levels and the crop yield of each pest, which is known as the damage function. A small amount of injury can cause yield gain, known as “overcompensation.” In most cases, significant yield loss does not occur until pest density reaches a certain level, because the crop can compensate for lower levels of damage. Once that threshold is met, yield declines linearly, correlated with increasing pest density. From this relationship, the economic injury level, economic threshold, or action threshold can be defined in the case of insect pests. Other methods to assess the threat of weeds and crop diseases must be developed based on field experience. Certain guidelines can be developed based on experience in neighboring countries.

Integration tiers. IPM involves several tiers of integration. First, integration between control methods must be harmonious. As an example to the contrary, pesticides negatively impact biocontrol agents, so this pairing is unharmonious. Biocontrol, which is the action of natural enemies against the pest, is free to the farmer, so it behooves him not to upset this delicate balance unless absolutely necessary. The next tier of integration occurs between the various pest control disciplines. When a farmer sprays an insecticide, herbivorous insects that contribute to weed control are killed. Some fungicides also kill insect pests. Removing weeds forces army worms to feed on the crop. The third tier is integration with the cropping system and farming system. Crops that are well nourished can tolerate more damage. Many crop husbandry practices also affect pests, either positively or negatively. For example, applying nitrogen fertilizer can stimulate plant diseases, but it also fortifies the crop against insect pest damage.

Pests do not occur in isolation; crops must endure multiple pests and stresses simultaneously. A crop that is weak from zinc deficiency or water stress cannot tolerate as much pest damage as a healthy crop. In fact, some sucking insect pests proliferate rapidly in times of drought, further exacerbating the problem. The relationship between multiple pests and multiple stresses can be additive (1 + 1 = 2), antagonistic (1 + 1 = 1), or synergistic (1 + 1 = 3). These outcomes can


contribute to yield loss, from adding more pests or stresses, or to yield gain, when one or more stresses are removed due to an effective curative control effort.

IPM training should provide examples of the various pest control methods, beginning with preventative ones, which start with quarantine and cultural crop husbandry methods based on good agronomic practices known to increase crop tolerance for pest injury. Many of these methods fall under the rubric of cultural control. Host plant resistance is another good example of a preventative measure. Other pest control methods can be physical (e.g., a fence to keep out animals, or using nets), or biological (e.g., parasitoids, predators, pathogens). Biological methods include natural control and man-induced methods, such as purchasing and releasing natural enemies into the area, or using selective pesticides. Chemical methods are a last resort.

Farmers need training on how to recognize pests in the field, assess their densities, and apply the correct control method. Training manuals with high-quality, color photos will be essential in the training process. Government-approved, recommended practices need to be published and updated annually in guides given to extension officers.

C. UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEETS (SDS)The label of a pesticide container must have all the information about risks as well as information needed for safe and effective use. Additional important details about risks of pesticide products and instructions about safe use can be found in the manufacturer’s SDS (previously Material Safety Data Sheets, or MSDS). Labels and SDS for some pesticides are available online at: http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net

The label on a pesticide container has these four main functions:

Tell the user what pest the product can be used on. Tell the user how and when to apply the pesticide for the

best effect. Tell the user how to handle, use, and store the pesticide


In accordance with US law, pesticide labels must contain:

Name of the product. Level of toxicity. Active ingredients. Other ingredients-co-formulants. The pests which the product will control. The rate of application of the product (how much of it to use). The time and method of application. Directions for handling the product safely. First aid procedures in case of an accident. Any special instructions or warnings about its use, transport, storage, or

disposal. The net contents (weight when packed) of the container. Identify pesticide hazards to human health and ecosystems.

http://www.greenbook.net/

http://www.cdms.net/

safely

Pesticide labels must identify health, eco-system, and physical hazards that can be associated with each chemical used. It is important to know the hazard classification of each chemical used, in order to determine the various aspects of safely handling that chemical. The pesticide pictogram can provide information about risks and safety measures required, including PPE.

The Hazard Communication Standard (29CFR 1910.1200) requires all manufacturers or distributors of any products containing chemicals to evaluate the chemical hazards of the product. The evaluation is performed by classifying each chemical based on published toxicological or other data to determine its physical and health hazards.

Labels for hazardous chemicals must contain the following elements:

Name, address, and telephone number of a manufacturer. Product identifier. Signal word. Hazard statement(s). Precautionary statement(s). Pictogram(s).


FIGURE 1: HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD PICTOGRAMLabels for a hazardous chemical must contain:

For detail regarding Hazard Communication Standard: Labels and Pictogram, see U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration brief: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3636.pdf .

An example of an item that may be considered supplementary is the personal protective equipment (PPE) pictogram indicating what workers handling the chemical may need to wear to protect themselves.


https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3636.pdf

FIGURE 2: PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT ICONS

D. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENTPesticide safety training must address the types of PPE, when they should be worn, and why.

TABLE C- 1. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTSROUTE OF EXPOSURE

TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE OF END-USE PRODUCT

I DANGER

II WARNING

III CAUTION

IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicityor Skin Irritation Potential1

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Socks Socks Socks Socks

Chemical-resistant footwear

Chemical-resistant footwear

Rubber boots or shoes

Rubber boots or shoes

Chemical-resistantGloves2

Chemical-resistantgloves2

Chemical-resistantGloves2

No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity Respiratory

protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Goggles5 Goggles5 No minimum4 No minimum4


http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=pesticides+ppe+pictogram&view=detailv2&&id=B5626D3FDB6A1FE30EAAF35AC244EC2126C1A4A3&selectedIndex=0&ccid=RJRd7r6T&simid=608032259002925588&thid=OIP.M44945deebe93f25f157dd3b2fe2a3420H0

Potential

1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity classification of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is designated at Category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine whether additional PPE is required. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove required.3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection required.4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS.5 “Protective eyewear” term can be used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection.

Where necessary, farmers can make their own PPE. For example, a plastic or water repellent apron extending from the waist to the ankles, can be fashioned from a large piece of plastic purchased in the local market (it is especially important to wear this garment when walking through the spray path).

E. PROPER SPRAY TECHNIQUE: PROTECTING AGAINST PESTICIDE SPRAY DRIFTMany farmers apply pesticides with a knapsack sprayer, so delivery of pesticides is either in front of the person spraying or to the side, not to the back, as is the case with tractor-drawn sprayers. Inevitably, pesticide drift will be carried by the wind and potentially settle on sensitive ecosystems, such as national parks if they are nearby. Herbicides pose the greatest risk for environmental damage, especially when their drift lands on a neighbour’s crops and kills or severely damages them.

The potential for drift to travel long distances has been demonstrated with highly residual chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, which have moved through the atmosphere and been found in measurable quantities at both poles on earth. Pesticides that can be transported to the earth’s distant poles are bound tightly to dust particles carried high into the atmosphere and transported by jet streams. Their presence only represents a very small percentage of the drift. Spray drift is a mostly local phenomenon, whereby spray droplets move to areas near the field.

There are several ways in which pesticide drift can be minimized, including the following ways.

Increase spray droplet size. Fog-sized droplets can travel three miles (4.8 km) while coarse droplets typically travel less than 10 feet (3 meters). To increase droplet size, the farmer can reduce spray pressure (e.g., 30–50 pounds per square inch [2–3.5 kg/cm2] with 5–20 gallons [19–76 liters] of water per acre [0.4 ha]), increase nozzle orifice size, use special drift reduction nozzles, and purchase additives that increase spray viscosity.

Distance between nozzle and target. Reduce the distance between the nozzle and the target crop.


Temperature and relative humidity. As pesticides vaporize under high temperature, low relative humidity and/or high temperature will cause more rapid evaporation of spray droplets between the spray nozzle and the target. Evaporation also reduces droplet size, which in turn increases the potential drift of spray droplets. For this reason, is best not to spray during high heat.

Avoid spraying when the wind speed > 10 mph (16 km/h). Because drift occurs as droplets suspended in the air, it is advisable to minimize applications during windy days. If spraying must be done, the farmer should spray away from sensitive areas. Local terrain can influence wind patterns, so every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and how they affect spray drift.

Do not spray when the air is completely calm or when a temperature inversion exists. When the air is completely still, small spray droplets become suspended in the warm air near the soil surface and will be readily carried aloft and away from susceptible plants by vertical air movement. Temperature inversion occurs when air near the soil surface is cooler than the higher air. Temperature inversions restrict vertical air mixing, which causes small suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud and impact plants two miles or more downwind. This cloud can move in unpredictable directions due to the light, variable winds common during inversions.

Application height. Making applications at the lowest height reduces exposure of droplets to evaporation and wind.

F. PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND STORAGE Where IPs or beneficiary groups will be transporting pesticides, training must address the fundamentals of safe transport of pesticides. (Some of the largest accidents involving pesticides have occurred during transportation.) Drivers should be trained on how to deal with and contain spills, and should be trained not to transport pesticides with food. Many agro-dealers are small and ship their stock individually in relatively small quantities. Agro-dealers should be made aware of ways to minimize potential risks during transportation.

Storing pesticides properly protects human and animal health, safeguards wells and surface waters, and prevents unauthorized access to hazardous chemicals. The pesticide label is the best guide to storage requirements for every product. The


Minimum elements of safe transport are the following:

Keep pesticides away from passengers, livestock, and foodstuffs; Do not carry pesticides in driver’s compartment; Containers must be in good condition; Do not transport packages with any leakage; and, Transport under cover and protected from rain and direct sunlight.

MSDS provides additional information on normal appearance and odor, as well as flash points, fire control recommendations, boiling point, and solubility.

Further, if IP-supported pesticide stores exist in an area with fire or emergency services, local first responders must receive training on how to deal with pesticide fires. The smoke from such a fire is highly hazardous and effluent from water spray can do great harm to the environment. If firefighters use water to put out a fire in a pesticide storage shed, the runoff will be highly toxic.

G. FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE POISONING It is important to provide training on recognition of the symptoms of a pesticide poisoning, so that victims can receive timely treatment. Contact information of the closest medical facility must be known and available if there is potential for someone to be poisoned with a pesticide. Quick action could save the victim’s life. Farmers must be trained to bring the chemical label and (if possible) MSDS to the hospital, because the information on them will enable the medical professionals to treat the victim properly and promptly.


Preventative measures are required in pesticide warehouses in order to reduce cases of pilferage, exposure through leakages, theft, and expiration of pesticides. Where IPs or beneficiaries, including agro-dealers, will be maintaining pesticide stores, training must address these practices, per the best management practices for pesticide storage highlighted in FAO’s storage manual and summarized below.

All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded on a 24-hour basis.

All the storage facilities will be located away from water sources, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals, and other domestic assets. Wastewater from pesticide storage facilities must not be drained directly into public drains; it should be pretreated on site.

Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities. A trained storekeeper will be employed to manage each facility. Pesticides will be stacked as specified in FAO’s Storage and Stock

Control Manual. Inventory management will include recording expiration dates of all

pesticides and maintaining a “first-in, first-out” stocking system. All warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of a

fire outbreak. A non-water-based fire extinguisher will be available in the storage

facilities, and all workers will be trained on how to use it to respond to fire (see below).

Training must include the basic elements of pesticide first aid, per the table below. Wherever possible, personnel at local health facilities should participate in and receive such training.

TABLE C- 2. PESTICIDE POISONING FIRST AID

FIRST AID ISSUE

APPROPRIATE ACTION

General Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the label) to the physician.

Poison on skin Act quickly.

Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water.

Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water.

Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

Chemical burn on skin

Wash with large quantities of running water.

Remove contaminated clothing.

Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth.

Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid treatment of burns.

Poison in eye Wash eye quickly but gently.

Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water.

Wash for 15 minutes or more.

Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase the extent of injury.

Inhaled poison Carry victim to fresh air immediately.

Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned.

Loosen tight clothing.

Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s skin is blue. If victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not


TABLE C- 2. PESTICIDE POISONING FIRST AID

FIRST AID ISSUE

APPROPRIATE ACTION

available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department (if available).

Poison in mouth or swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water.

Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink.

Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label.

Procedure for inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward. Do not allow victim to lie on his back, because the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage.

Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat, or give syrup of ipecac.

Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is.

Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting.

When not to induce vomiting

Do no induce vomiting if:

The victim is unconscious or is having convulsions.

The victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may also enter and burn the lungs.

The victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.

H. PROPER PESTICIDE CONTAINER DISPOSALOnce pesticides have been used, the empty containers need to be properly disposed. Training must address proper disposal. The table below provides a summary of the best practices for disposal.

TABLE C- 3. PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERSCONTAINER TYPE DISPOSAL STATEMENTS


Metal Containers (non-aerosol) Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

Paper and Plastic Bags Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then bury empty bag.

Glass Containers Triple rinse. Then bury.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

I. MONITORING AND DATA RECORD KEEPINGIn Malawi, small-scale farmers do not keep records of information on crops grown, production levels, pest attacks, pesticides used, whether the pesticides worked well or not, or pest resistance developments. Certified large-scale commercial and estate farms may, however, keep track of their pesticide applications.

Projects must conduct training programs on monitoring and data record-keeping techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness, in order to combat development of resistance.

An example of monitoring and record keeping chart is included below. Suggestions for development of simple charts for monitoring and record keeping can be found at: http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping- charts.aspx

Table C- 4. EXAMPLE OF MONITORING AND RECORD KEEPING CHART

Crop Plot Location

Plot Size

Planted Date

Pests Observed

Infestation Severity

Management Technique

Date/Time of Application

Notes (Rate of Application, Weather, Etc.)

Harvested Date

Results


http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx

http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx

SECTION 6. MANDATORY PESTICIDE SAFER USE, MONITORING AND REPORTING TRACKER As per compliance requirement #7, each IP prime awardee subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed version of the tracker in this section to its AOR/COR and the Bangladesh Mission Environmental Office (MEO) 30 days before the implementation of the activity and must also submit an annual update. Assistance for the procurement or use of pesticides may not proceed until the tracker is approved by the AOR/COR and MEO.

Note that the tracker provides additional, mandatory elements to some compliance requirements enumerated in section 2.

With respect to pesticides, the tracker satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The activity EMMP may simply incorporate the tracker by reference

Turn to next page for Tracker.


USAID/Bangladesh Pesticide Compliance Tracker

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:

Prime Contractor

Initial submission:

Activity Annual Update #1

Pesticide Compliance Lead & Contact Information

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest Management Needs on Activity

Annual Update #3

Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.


PESTICIDE COMPLIANCE TRACKER: INSERT NAME OF ACTIVITY

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE

TIMELINE INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE & MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE(W/ DEADLINES)insert extra rows if needed

RESPONSIBLE PARTY

insert extra rows if needed

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS


Support only the pesticides authorized in Section 3, complying with AI-specific uses and restrictions in Section 3.

Ensure NO SUPPORT for High-toxicity chemicals (US EPA Category I, WHO IA or IB, or equivalent) for smallholder farmers.

Immediately

Ensure that Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs), as classified by US EPA are not used.

Immediately

Distribute copies of the list of allowed AIs with matching commercial product names and list of cancelled products to all activity field extension staff & advise them regarding the deadline for

To be implemented as soon as possible but not later than Date:






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




compliance.

Assure that USAID-funded Pesticide support is limited to ONLY AIs APPROVED BY PERSUAP in conformity with AI-specific restrictions specified in Section 3.

To be implemented as soon as possible but not later than Date:

Continue Verification over Life of Program (LOP)

Ensure that commercial pesticide products procured, used, or recommended for use are properly labelled

Ensure availability of product label AND SDS.

Immediately and over LOP

Implement pesticide support for field agriculture in conformity with a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plans and observe enumerated use restrictions.






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Starting from the information in Section 4, adopt/develop crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans (IPM plans).

For chemical controls, IPM Plans must include the use restrictions specified in Section 3. (E.g., no use near surface waters.)

To be implemented by Date:

Translate IPM plans into crop-specific field reference guides or posters for farmers to anticipate and manage pests.

To be implemented by this Date:

Provide first-time training to appropriate

To be implemented






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




IP staff, partners and beneficiaries in the IPM plans

by this Date:

Provide refresher training in the IPM plans annually.

From Date:Over LOP

Require and enforce IPM plan implementation in situations where the activity has direct control over pesticide use

Over LOP

Require and enforce that field extension under direct activity control be IPM-based.

Over LOP






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Where activity control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is less than complete, promote and support pesticide use in conformity with IPM plans to the greatest practicable extent.

Over LOP

Modify IPM plans over LOP, based on ground-truthing/field experience.

Over LOP

Train appropriate IP staff and beneficiaries in safer pesticide use and pesticide first aid in conformity with Section 5.

Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for procurement and use of seed treated with pesticides, training in handling dressed seed is provided.







RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for post-harvest storage of grains involving pesticides are trained in handling, disposal, and waiting periods before the treated commodities can be consumed.


Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for activity staff

Before training

Develop or source curricula and training materials conforming to required training elements specified in Section 5.

Before training






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries

To be implemented Date:

Than periodically as needed

Ensure the correct and safe use of pesticides and PPE per label for all pesticide use under direct control, otherwise ensure per label use to the greatest degree practicable

For pesticide use under direct IP control, implement core risk mitigation measures (PPE and other precautions) per label and as specified in Table 3.

Where control is less complete, take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures.

Over LOP






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Whenever providing, supporting, or recommending pesticides for use, assure that appropriate PPE is available and, to the degree possible, require its use.

Over LOP

Whenever directly using, procuring, or supplying pesticides, assure that quality application equipment is available and local capacity for application is available and maintained.

Over LOP

People who are not wearing PPE should not enter pesticide treated areas during Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) to perform tasks that involve contact with pesticide treated

Over LOP






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




surfaces. Each pesticide label specifies a REI usually ranging from 12 to 72 hours.

Warning signs should be posted to warn people in advance about pesticide application and REI.

Over LOP

Products that are suspected to have potential to cause harm to unborn child will not be handled and applied by pregnant women. Pregnant women should not enter treated areas during application and REI.

Over LOP

Pre-harvest interval (PHI) is the time required between the last application of pesticides and the safe

Over LOP






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




harvesting of edible crops for immediate consumption. Farmers will be trained about the importance of adhering to the PHI stated on the label to ensure no chemical residues are found on harvested crops.

To the greatest degree practicable, require safe pesticide purchase, transportation, handling, storage, and disposal practices, and use and maintenance of the appropriate PPE.

Ensure that all pesticides handling follows procedures addressed by Annex C in sections C.4-C.8

Over LOP

Systematically document and monitor all activity associated with any support to pesticides, including monitoring for pesticide resistance.

Pesticide efficacy in demonstration must be evaluated

Over LOP






RESPONSIBLE PARTY




Any evidence of pesticide resistance development must be tracked and reported as detailed in Section 3.I

Over LOP

Pass-down all requirements to subcontractors and grantees

Prime contractors/grantees must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide use.

As appropriate and over LOP

Ensure that Phosphine fumigation, if supported, is conducted in conformity with USAID’s Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodities

Ensure Fumigation PEA compliance

As appropriate and over LOP


contents web viewthe purpose of this memo is to recommend that the proposed “usaid/bangladesh...

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