usaid red persuap -english

October 2009 (Third Edition) This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by International Resources Group, subcontractors to Abt Associates.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-RURAL ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION PROJECT PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) AND PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP)

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-RURAL ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION PROJECT PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) AND PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP)

October 2009 (Third Edition)

The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ································································································ 1 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ························································································ 7

1.1 Why conduct a PERSUAP? ........................................................................................ 7 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) ........................................ 8

1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 9

SECTION 2. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC COUNTRY BACKGROUND ···························· 10 2.1 Country and Project Background .............................................................................. 10

The USAID/RED Project .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 USAID/RED crops and major pests .......................................................................... 12 2.3 Best Practices for Resource Conservation during Crop Production in The

Dominican Republic ............................................................................................ 13 Resources to Conserve ................................................................................................................... 13 Conservation Practices .................................................................................................................... 13 Dominican Republic Pesticides ....................................................................................................... 18

2.4 Agrochemical System Risk Profile Indicators for The Dominican Republic .............. 18 2.4.1 Factors that increase risks from agrochemicals ...................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Factors that reduce risks from pesticides ............................................................................... 20

SECTION 3. PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER) ············································ 23 3.1 Element A: USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticides. .......................... 23

3.1.1 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2 Pesticides Containing Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC Lists: Issues and

Recommended mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 25 3.1.3 Products containing active ingredients not EPA-registered: Issues and

Recommended Mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 26 3.1.4 Very high acute toxicity and human health issues: Issues and Recommended

Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 28 3.1.5 Moderate acute toxicity: Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures ............................. 30 3.1.6 Restricted Use Pesticides: Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures ......................... 30 3.1.7 General Use Pesticides (GUPs): Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures ................ 34 3.1.8 Pesticides Found in Dominican Republic that Are Recommended and Not

Recommended For Use .................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Pesticide Procedures Element B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides .......................... 40

3.2.1 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Actions ........................................................................ 40

3.3 Pesticide Procedures Element C: Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program ............................................................... 42 3.3.1 IPM Tools and discussion of relevance to USAID/RED: Issues, analysis, and

recommended actions ....................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Pesticide Procedures Element D: Proposed method or methods of

application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. ......... 49 3.4.1 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 49 3.4.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Actions ........................................................................ 50

3.5 Pesticide Procedures Element E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards ..................................... 51 3.5.1 Analyses ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.5.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Actions ........................................................................ 51

IV PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

3.6 Pesticide Procedures Element F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use ................................................................................................. 54 3.6.1 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 54 3.6.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Actions ........................................................................ 55

3.7 Pesticide Procedures Element G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems................................................................ 55 3.7.1 Issues with biodiversity conservation and protected or endangered species ......................... 55 3.7.2 Analyses ................................................................................................................................. 57

3.8 Pesticide Procedures Element H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils. ............................. 57 3.8.1 Analyses ................................................................................................................................. 58 3.8.2 Water Contamination Potential: Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures .................. 60

3.9 Pesticide Procedures Element I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. ................................................................................... 61 3.9.1 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 61 3.9.2 Recommended Mitigation Actions .......................................................................................... 63

3.10 Pesticide Procedures Element J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide ............... 63 3.10.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 64 3.10.2 Issues and Recommended mitigation Actions: ..................................................................... 65

3.11 Pesticide Procedures Element K: Provision for training of users and applicators. .......................................................................................................... 66 3.11.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 66 3.11.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures .................................................................. 66

3.12 Pesticide Procedures Element L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide ........................................................................... 67 3.12.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 67 3.12.2 Issues and Recommended Mitigation Measures .................................................................. 67

SECTION 4. SAFE USE ACTION PLAN ······································································ 69 4.1 Immediately and Continuously .................................................................................. 69 4.2 Mitigation of RUP risks in Dominican Republic ......................................................... 72 4.3 Actions Required before February 2010 ................................................................... 72 4.4 Continuous Actions ................................................................................................... 73 4.5 DR Pesticide Legislation and Implementation of Laws and Best Practices .............. 74 4.6 Annual Activities to be Undertaken by USAID/RED Personnel ................................. 74

ANNEX 1: USAID/RED PESTICIDE AI RISK DECISION ANALYSES MATRIX ········· 75 ANNEX 2: CONSULTANT’S STATEMENT OF WORK ··············································· 99 ANNEX 3: FIELD VISITS SCHEDULE ······································································· 100 ANNEX 4: INTERNATIONAL PIC LIST ······································································ 104 ANNEX 5: EPAS BANNED/SEVERELY RESTRICTED/SEVERELY

HAZARDOUS LISTS ······················································································· 105 ANNEX 6: TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES: EPA AND WHO CLASSIFICATIONS ········ 107 ANNEX 7: RUP CRITERIA ························································································· 109 ANNEX 8: A GENERAL IPM PLANNING AND DESIGN PROTOCOL ······················ 114 ANNEX 9: MITIGATING POTENTIAL PESTICIDE DANGERS GENERAL

MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE ···························································· 120

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN V

ANNEX 9: MITIGATING POTENTIAL PESTICIDE DANGERS GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE ···························································· 120

ANNEX 10: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT GUIDE ··························· 122 ANNEX 11: BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE ························ 124 ANNEX 12 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS, AND BAITS

REGULATED BY EPA, AS EPA-LISTED ························································ 126 ANNEX 13: PESTICIDE DISPOSAL OPTIONS ························································· 129 ANNEX 14: RECORDKEEPING ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDE USE ·················· 131 ANNEX 15: PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS – USAID/RED PROJECT ······················ 137

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN VII

ACRONYMS AI Active Ingredient

BMP Best Management Practice

BT Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterial pesticide)

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

COP Chief of Party

CP3 Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention

DR Dominican Republic

CAFTA-DR Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (also DR-CAFTA)

EA Environmental Assessment

EC European Commission

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA)

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations agency)

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FIPA Investment Fund for Environmental Protection (acronym in Spanish)

FTZ Free Trade Zone

GAP Good Agriculture Practice

GODR Government of Dominican Republic

GUP General Use Pesticide

HT Highly Toxic

ICM Integrated Crop Management

IDB Inter American Development Bank

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

VIII PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

IGR Insect Growth Regulator

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IRG International Resources Group

LAC Latin America & Caribbean Bureau of USAID

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MEO Mission Environmental Officer

MRL Maximum/Minimum Residue Level/Limit

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

MT Moderately Toxic

NAT Not Acutely Toxic

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (US)

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OAS Organization for American States

PAN Pesticide Action Network

PATCA Support for the Transition to Competitive Agriculture Project (Spanish acronym)

PER Pesticide Evaluation Report

PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan

pH log of Hydrogen concentration, measure of acidity

PIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to pesticides)

POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic pesticides)

PMP Pest Management Plan

PNT Practically Non-Toxic

PPE Personal Protection Equipment

PTS Persistent Toxic Substances

PVO Private Volunteer Organization

R&D toxin Reproductive and Developmental toxin

RED Dominican Republic-Rural Economic Diversification Program

Reg 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures)

REI Re-Entry Interval (safety period after pesticide spraying)

RUP Restricted Use Pesticide

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN IX

S&C Standards and Certification

SEA Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura (Secretariat of Agriculture)

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary

ST Slightly Toxic

SUAP Safe Use Action Plan

UN United Nations

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA)

USG United States Government

VHT Very Highly Toxic

WHO World Health Organization

WTO World Trade Organization

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN XI

Acknowledgements This PERSUAP was prepared by Dr. Alan Schroeder, IRG consultant. Analyzing all of these crops, pests, GAP and IPM methods, and pesticides would have been impossible without the direct support of the world-class experts who have helped guide data collection and interpretation. Dr. Schroeder would like to thank the USAID/RED staff for their considerable assistance in the field during the formation of the study. Special thanks go to Rodolfo Camacho, Jesus de los Santos and Indhira de Jesus, former USAID/RED Natural Resources and Environmental Management Specialist, and Maximo Jerez, Juan Aracena and Pilar Ramirez for accompanying the field visits and providing expert advice on the cropping systems and inputs available. For completion of the second and third editions, special thanks go to the current USAID/RED Natural Resources and Environmental Management Specialists Luis Tolentino, and specialist consultants Jeanette Rodriguez and Sardis Medrano. Thanks also goes to Daniel Lapidus and Anne Lewandowski of IRG Headquarters and Duty Green, USAID/Dominican Republic Enconomic Policy Advisor, Odalis Perez, USAID/Dominican Republic MEO and Luis Gonzalez, USAID/Dominican Republic Economic Policy. Thanks to numerous input importers/distributors, retailers, cooperatives, certifiers and producers who patiently met with us and answered our questions. And, drivers Julio and Alexis were indispensable for moving us through the field and Santo Domingo with ease and safety. This PERSUAP was funded by IRG’s USAID/RED Program.

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The USAID Rural Economic Diversification (RED) Project is intended to help the Government of Dominican Republic’s (GODR) effort to assist small producers and processors of agricultural and wood products make a successful transition to a free market economy and participate successfully in the opportunities that Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) offers. The USAID/RED Project hopes to achieve this by developing competitive value-added clusters for agriculture and wood products produced on small farms based on market demands. To ensure environmental compliance and sustainability, IRG is providing expertise and due diligence to the clusters in terms of environmental assessments and natural resource management.

Based on IRG’s July 2008 review of the draft cluster work plans, it was recommended that a consultant conduct one comprehensive Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) that addresses the use of pesticides and other agrochemicals (fertilizers, and chemicals used in processing and packaging) for each cluster.

A PERSUAP consists of two parts, a “PER” and a “SUAP.” The Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) section uses the information collected on the pesticide system in the Dominican Republic (DR) to inform stakeholders and partners of the levels and types of risk likely to be found, and sets the stage for the specific pesticide analysis. It then analyzes integrated pest and pesticide management options in the DR, vetting them with Regulation (Reg.) 216’s special section (216.3) on Pesticide Procedures which contains 12 informational elements.

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) incorporates the conclusions reached in the PER into recommendations for plans of action, including assignment of responsibility to appropriate parties connected with the pesticide program. This PERSUAP, which supports an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for agriculture production activities for local consumption and regional export markets, is being submitted specifically to address uses of pesticides, as listed below.

The Scope of Work for this PERSUAP is attached as Annex 2. The schedule for field visits while in DR is included in Annex 3.

This study has been performed for the USAID/RED Program, implemented by Abt Associates and subcontractors International Resources Group (IRG) and CARANA Corporation, to comply with the requirements of 22 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 216 for environmental and social assessments. Beyond compliance, the PERSUAP advances another driver of best environmental and social practices – the market-driven Standards and Certification (S&C) systems such as Organic and GlobalGAP, used liberally by certain USAID/RED beneficiary farmers. Moreover, for a country like the DR, which relies heavily upon a rich but fragile natural resource base, ecosystem services provide justifications and promote the use of best practices and resources conservation. All crops and activities have implications for CAFTA-DR.

This study provides recommendations to reduce and mitigate risks, enhancing the sustainability of project interventions. The recommendations will be incorporated into USAID/RED work plans and reporting

2 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

instruments, and actively monitored. This report is a living document, to be improved as new pesticide products become available and best practices are adopted.

Using a systems approach, the entire pesticide system in Dominican Republic was analyzed for risk and to determine a risk profile, in order to provide a framework from which to evaluate USAID/RED project interventions. Using an inclusive approach, all sectors, including private (inputs importers, distributors, and farm stores), public (Ministry of Agriculture), and civil society (associations and cooperatives including farm producers, managers, and laborers) were interviewed and informed of the PERSUAPs objectives.

This study addresses products in eight value chains, all of which are listed below and updated as of June 2009. As DR-RED productive clusters evolve, the PERSUAP will be updated to reflect changes.

1. Cash crops: cacao & coffee

2. Legumes: cowpea (guandules)

3. Export & local fruits: avocado, mango, banana, pineapple, zapote, maracuya, guava, watermeolon, honey dew, cantaloupe, platano, strawberry, papaya & star fruit

4. Fresh vegetables: table tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, cucumber, pumpkins, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, eggplant, sweet potato & peppers (long sweet, square sweet, long, red & hot)

5. Packaged vegetables: potato, beet, carrot, okra & raddish

6. Fresh herbs: oregano & celery

7. Cassavas: bitter & sweet

8. Asian vegetables: Indian cucumber, Persian cucumber, fuzzy squash, long fuzzy squash, Chinese eggplant, Indian eggplant, Japanese eggplant, bitter melon & long bean

This PERSUAP has evaluated 425 active ingredients (AIs) contained in 3,122 pesticide products that have been evaluated or are registered for import and use in the DR. This PERSUAP analyzes all active ingredients of pesticides found on the list, regardless of whether they have been formally registered for import and use in the DR. This inclusive approach guards against the potential use of illegal products acquired in informal markets or left over from past seasons - a frequent occurrence in many developing countries. The pesticides list comprises: 168 AIs in insecticides/miticides/nematocides, 111 AIs in fungicides, 108 AIs in herbicides, 13 AIs in rodenticides, 2 AIs in molluscicides, 5 AIs in fumigants, 2 AIs in bactericides, 2 AIs in fruit ripening agents, and 13 AIs in disinfectants used for fruit and vegetable processing and clean-up.

Each AI was evaluated for risks by the following factors: active ingredient name, chemical class, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration status including Restricted Use Products (RUP) status with criteria for restrictions, acute human toxicity as designated by EPA and World Health Organization (WHO) systems, chronic human health issues, groundwater contamination potential, and ecotoxicity to fish, honeybees, birds, amphibians, earthworms, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects, and plankton.

Most farm stores visited had no more than 50-60 pesticide products for sale, more than half of which were green-label products (the least toxic), 10% of which were blue-label products (slightly more toxic), 10% were red-label products (very highly toxic), and about a quarter of which were yellow-label products (highly toxic). The cost of synthetic fertilizers has quintupled in the past year, putting most of them out of reach for most farmers, including those supported by the project. Instead, many are using natural fertilizers produced from


livestock manures. This greatly reduces the potential pollution risks from mineral fertilizers. The use of natural fertilizers builds soil texture and holds fertility longer than the use of synthetic fertilizers.

USAID/RED staff agronomists interviewed for this study have been trained under rigorous university plant protection and extensions systems, and have extensive experience producing commercial crops. They are well-versed in crop production methods, production constraints, Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tactics, pesticides and pesticide risk mitigation issues. However, there are still some gaps in USAID pesticide regulations which this PERSUAP addresses. USAID/RED agronomists should be champions for implementation of social and environmental best practices, promoting GlobalGAP standards regardless of certification status.

Several of the agribusiness clusters receiving grants and support are already promoting and using numerous GAP and IPM tools and techniques. These include coffee, cacao, mango, banana, and to some extent, avocado. Avocado and cassava are grown with few inputs. Crops that will present the highest risks from pesticides include all vegetables, oriental vegetables, pineapples, and watermelons, as they are generally produced using significant quantities of inputs. However, some of these are certified in other countries and could therefore be certified in the DR following GlobalGAP or Organic standards.

KEY MITIGATIVE ACTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Section 4.1 presents the pesticides that present excessive risks that need to be mitigated by avoidance, less toxic alternatives, or used in conjunction with provision of sufficient training and PPE use. This section discusses mitigative actions to be taken by the project with a timeline for targeting implementation.

Mitigation of RUP risks in Dominican Republic

Restricting the Use of RUPs and non-EPA registered pesticides: The following RUPs and Class I toxins were found being used on USAID/RED-type crops in the course of developing the Pest Management Plans, although not always being used by USAID/RED supported farmers: diazinon, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, carbofuran, endosulfan, lidane, ethoprophos, parathion, oxamyl, metaldehide, methyl bromide, acetoclor, diflubenzuron, paraquat, metamidophos, formetanate hydrochloride, methomyl, formetonate, profenofos, enamectin benzoate, fenpropathrin, chlorothalonil (see Annex 15). The following non-EPA registered pesticides were also found: benomyl, terbutryn, carbosulfan, benlaxyl, bromopropylate, dinocap, bitertanol, tridemorph, ethion, zineb, and tetradifon. It is recommended that those USAID/RED supported farmers using these pesticides immediately discontinue their use and switch to safe alternatives and the integrated pest management practices described in the PMPs (Annex 15). It is further recommended that those non-USAID/RED supported farmers using these pesticides be advised against the use of these pesticides whenever possible.

Environmental Assessment (EA): If any pesticide active ingredients are specified to be RUPs based upon the criteria “human hazard” and USAID/RED beneficiaries wish to use them, a specific EA is required to assess and mitigate such hazards.

Training/Repeated Message Enforcement and/or Paid, Subsidized or Free Applicator Certification: For pesticides containing the active ingredients pyrethrum, pyrethrin, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, DR farmers who


use these chemicals should receive training and certification on how to avoid risks to aquatic environments. To fully undersand RUP issues and transfer this knowledge to beneficiary farmers, RED project should send two staff members to University of Florida for RUP training, testing and certification for a cost of about $100 registration. One or more staff member should learn about row crops, and other staff member(s) should learn about for fruit tree crops. These staff members should then conduct a training of trainers for staff members or cluster members to ensure the use of best practices when using these pesticides. Information on RUP-use certification in Florida is found at website: http://pested.ifas.ufl.edu/restricted_use.html. Until this training is completed, cluster farmers using these pesticides should follow the best practices for these pesticides as listed on their Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and as described in more detail in Section 3.1.6 below.

Actions to be immediately

For beneficiary cluster farmers and farm laborers to use the accepted (allowable) pesticide products in the short term, users will require training and refresher training in pesticide choice and safe use, if this has not yet occurred—emphasizing which products are recommended and which should not be used, and why.

The USAID/RED team should assist each cluster in refining the crop and pest-specific Pest Management Plans—PMPs found in Annex 15 — and organizing by crop phenology or seasonality (similar to those designed for mango producers).

Provide and distribute widely Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for pesticide products that will be used extensively on project crops, choose and recommend that farmers use pesticides with low human and environmental risk profiles (see decision matrix in Table 1, MSDSs, and Labels).

Produce a quick reference guide for all of the anticipated major or primary pests/production constraints of each crop, GAPs and IPM measures that can be used to strengthen and protect the crop, soil and water, and pesticides to be used for each anticipated pest and condition, with use rates. When providing technical assistance and training, the Project should emphasize pesticide-specific safety measures, regular pesticide rotation, environmental concerns, restricted entry interval (REI), pre-harvest interval (PHI), and minimum/maximum residue levels/limits (MRLs) for export and local consumption.

During pesticide safety training of farmers, emphasize pesticide selection factors such as environment and human safety in the discussion, using information and materials in this PERSUAP, material found in MSDSs and pesticide labels, and material found on pest management websites.

Help identify a responsible person in each farmer organization who will ensure the proper storage, use and maintenance of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). This involves making sure that the equipment is cleaned and checked for damage regularly, that the equipment is not taken away from the farm, and that workers are correctly using the equipment.


Continuous Actions Project farmers should be encouraged to source inputs from farm stores that have received and use best practices training, and source pesticides only from the most reputable and reliable pesticide dealers.

Assist farmer organizations to perform basic cost comparisons to determine the most effective choice of pesticides—while simultaneously selecting those with low health and environmental impact potential.

As practical, promote the use of more green-label microbial, botanical and naturally-derived pesticides (mineral and vegetable oils, sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, bacterial extract-based pesticides sphinosad and abamectin, Metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species, and oil extracts of neem, chili pepper and garlic).

Cluster farm associations, managers and farmers should ensure that protective clothing (carbon-filter respirator mask, gloves, long-sleeved shirt and pants or Tyvec outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label) is used by any and all pesticide applicators, as a condition of employment. This clothing should be carefully selected to provide an optimum balance of worker comfort and protection.

The Project should develop a schedule for continuous training of farmers they work with in safe handling and use of pesticides – including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance, understanding information on labels, proper collection and disposal of rinsate and packaging, the importance of keeping children away from the field while spraying is occurring and kept out after spraying has occurred, avoiding the usage of pesticides in or near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers where endangered species are known to exist, ensuring pesticide applicators continue to respect laws associated for notification of beekeepers about spray activities, and utilizing pesticides with low ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach.

A baseline survey on the types of pesticides being used, frequency, and effectiveness for each crop, as well as types of farmer record-keeping, PPE used, and previous IPM trainings received will be needed to establish a baseline against which to evaluate impact.

Cluster agronomists and farm managers should establish a record-keeping system on DR-, US- and EU-permitted pesticides, a training record, a pesticide checklist with types and use rates, GAPs/IPM measures tried, PPE on hand, maintained and used, pest monitoring reports, environmental conditions and any incidences of resistance development, poisonings of people, fish, birds, honeybees, livestock, and water pollution, which is also a requirement for GlobalGAP certification and agriculture best management practices. This record-keeping should be taught to farmers who supply beneficiary clusters with produce, and the resulting data should become part of the EMR.

DR Pesticide Support the DR Secretariat for Agriculture (SEA) to update its list of registered


Legislation and Implementation of Laws and Best Practices

pesticides and reduce it to 300-400 modern internationally-accepted products, and to register the recommended pesticides found in Table 3-7.

For all clusters farms supported by the Project, encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is sought, following the Fintrac model. This is especially important for the traditional and oriental vegetables and the pineapple and watermelon sectors.

If a Central American and Caribbean pesticide container recycling facility is brought on-line during the life of the project, USAID/RED should encourage its use.

Actions to be undertaken annually

Regularly, and at minimum annually, update any changes to the list of pesticides proposed for use and communicate these changes to USAID with a note that an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary. USAID/RED Project Managers will need to report changes to less toxic products on the list of pesticides recommended to USAID as this PERSUAP is amended over the life of project. Any changes proposed will also be included in the Project’s Environmental Mitigation Report (EMR)

Write PERSUAP issues and mitigation into all work plans, especially annual work plans, on intentions to monitor progress of each cluster in implementing Safe Use Recommendations, any outstanding pesticide risk issues, any use of IPM tactics, any farm certification issues, and other risk mitigation measures to be taken.

Keep records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly, Biannual, and Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Compliance and Best Practices”.

If any farm workers are exposed continuously (more than once a week) to organo-phosphate (OP) pesticides, and show any signs of OP poisoning, they should be tested for changes in acetyl-cholinesterase levels.


SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHY CONDUCT A PERSUAP? When large-scale environmental issues became apparent in the United States in 1969, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was created to deal with them. It established a national policy to protect the environment, created a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and required that environmental impact statements be prepared for major federal actions having a significant effect on the environment. The Clean Air Act was established later that year.

During the early 1970s, CEQ developed a comprehensive environmental program which included amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, forerunners to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act as well as amendments to the pesticides legislation. The US tasked NEPA with guiding risk reduction for development activities at home, but no such guidelines were envisioned for US Government’s (USG) activities overseas until a few years later (see box).

Part 216 (also called Regulation 216) of 22 CFR states that certain environmental compliance processes and procedures must be followed on overseas projects in order to:

Respond to market demand for clean, high-quality agricultural produce, and meet import expectations

Create modern state-of-the-art development

Achieve optimal economic results with every dollar invested

Avoid harming people in both our partner countries and the US

Avert unintended negative economic growth

Reinforce practical civil society and democracy through transparency and public participation

Reduce diplomatic incidents

Engender public trust and confidence in USAID

Comply with the law

Represent good business.

According to Regulation 216, all USAID activities are subject to analysis and evaluation via – at minimum – an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), and – at maximum – an Environmental Assessment (EA).

During a USAID-funded anti-malaria pesticide spray campaign conducted in 1975, five Pakistani Ministry of Health workers died and another 2,800 were sub-lethally poisoned and hospitalized. A high-profile lawsuit by environmental groups ensued, ultimately leading USAID to develop regulations to reduce and/or mitigate risks to human health and safety, and to protect the environment. The environmental regulations codified by USAID were adapted directly from NEPA and written under Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for Foreign Assistance, Part 216. The Pakistani poisonings could have been avoided or greatly reduced with risk awareness, risk reduction training and the use of safety equipment or PPE.


Pesticides require special attention due to the risks inherent with their use. A large part of Regulation 216 –part 216.3 – is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3 requires that 12 pesticide factors be analyzed and recommendations be written to mitigate risks, to be followed up with appropriate training and monitoring. In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as official policy. IPM is strongly promoted and required as part of Regulation 216.3. Since the early 2000s, IPM has been an integral part of GAPs and is increasingly considered to constitute best management practices in agriculture.

The United States’ Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was enacted in 1947 during the rush to develop synthetic pesticides. Originally the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) had responsibility for regulating the production and sales of pesticides. In 1972, the FIFRA underwent a major revision and the responsibility for pesticide regulation was transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), where emphasis was shifted from strict regulation of production and sales to protecting environment and public health. The law required examining acute and chronic health risks, ground water contamination, and environmental impact. Over time, most other countries – the DR included – developed similar regulations for safe use.

THE PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) In the late 1990s, USAID’s Bureau for Africa developed a tool to analyze the pesticide system in any given country or territory. This “systems approach” analyzes pesticides from import through use to disposal, and develops a pesticide risk profile based on the analysis. The tool, which is called a “Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan” examines a pesticide system in a country and is submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or an Environmental Assessment.

This PERSUAP focuses on the particular circumstances of the USAID/RED program, including the pesticide system within which the USAID/RED program operates, the risk management choices available, and how a risk management plan would be implemented by USAID/RED in the field.

When the Environmental Protection Agency registers pesticide products for use, it specifies the manner in which the product can be “safely” used (that is, with an acceptably small risk), including safety equipment needed when applying the pesticide, how to apply it, the allowed uses, and best practices for storage, transport, and disposal.

In many countries, a local-level analysis and evaluation such as a PERSUAP is needed for pesticide use because farmers and other field workers are unlikely to have had sufficient training or literacy levels to effectively reduce the risks associated with using pesticides.

In allowing the use of certain pesticides in its overseas programs, USAID cannot rely on the same societal capabilities and resources that the USEPA does to assure appropriate use of the pesticide products in the United States. The preparation of a PERSUAP gives a USAID/RED program manager the opportunity to consider practical actions to reduce the risks of using pesticide products, taking into consideration the context in which the products will be used, the particular elements of the program, and the different capacities of the

From May 2006 to April 2007, the Dominican Republic ranked fourth for 593 fruit and vegetable import refusals to the United States, mostly due to pesticide contamination. Since compliance mechanisms were created to protect the environment, businesses have begun to discover that they also represent economic opportunities. Market demand and food safety are the present drivers for standards and certification systems like Organic and GlobalGAP. These systems deal heavily with pesticide safety.


partners and stakeholders involved. Further, the application of PERSUAP recommendations helps prepare project participants to be able to more rapidly adopt GlobalGAP and Organic principles.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The PERSUAP Consultant was first contacted by IRG on November 15, 2007, shortly after the USAID/RED project had been awarded. Following IRG home office staff visits to the DR in early and mid-2008, the Consultant was contracted on September 30, 2008 to perform the PERSUAP, which was completed in January 2009.

Following completion of the first edition of the PERSUAP, the USAID/RED project the scope of the USAID/RED cluster activities had expanded, requiring a Second Edition as well as the development of Integrated Pest Management Plans (see Annex 15). The Second Edition and the Pest Mangement Plans were completed in July 2009.

A systems approach was planned for determining levels of risk throughout the pesticide system in DR, within which the USAID/RED project operates. Participants of all sectors, including civil, public and private, as well as subsectors (importer/wholesaler to retailer) were interviewed and examined following the field visit schedule set out in Annex 2. Observations in the field were made by listening to explanations and answers to questions, looking for and seeing issues and Best Management Practices (BMPs), and smelling for pesticide vapors, dusts and residues, or lack thereof.

Following the first rapid, eight day field visit, the Consultant returned to the US, analyzed pesticides and crop best practices data and information, and wrote the First Edition of this PERSUAP report. The Second Edition of the PERSUAP was completed in conjunction with the Pest Mangement Plans, informed by two field visits by Dr. Schroeder, and intensive field interviews conducted by Jeanette Rodriguez and Sardis Medrano, and assisted by Luis Tolentino (see Annex 15).


SECTION 2. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC COUNTRY BACKGROUND

2.1 COUNTRY AND PROJECT BACKGROUND The Dominican Republic is located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti and west of Puerto Rico. It has a tropical climate.

After a decade of little to no growth in the 1980s, the Dominican Republic's economy boomed in the 1990s, expanding at an average rate of 7.7% per year from 1996 to 2000. Tourism (the leading foreign exchange earner), telecommunications, and free-trade-zone manufacturing are the most important sectors, although agriculture is still a major part of the economy. The Dominican Republic owed much of its success to the adoption of sound macroeconomic policies in the early 1990s and greater opening to foreign investment. Growth turned negative in 2003 (-0.4%) due to the effects of major bank frauds and to lower U.S. demand for Dominican products. The Mejía administration negotiated an International Monetary Fund (IMF) standby agreement in August 2003 but was unable to comply with its fiscal targets.

The Fernández administration obtained the required tax legislation and IMF board approval for the standby agreement in January 2005. The Dominican peso fell to an unprecedented low in exchange markets in 2003-2004, but gained strength dramatically following the election and inauguration of Leonel Fernández. Since late 2004 it has traded at a rate considered to be overvalued on a purchasing power parity basis. Inflation fell sharply in late 2004 and was estimated at 9% for that calendar year. The Fernández administration successfully renegotiated official bilateral debt with Paris Club member governments, commercial bank debt with London Club members, and sovereign debt with a consortium of lenders. It met fiscal and financial targets of the standby agreement but fell short of goals for reforms in the electricity sector and financial markets. Central Bank statistics indicate 10.7% growth for 2006 with 5% inflation. The Central Bank estimates that the economy grew at 7.9% in the first six months of 2007 with an inflation rate of 5.9%.

The Dominican Republic's most important trading partner is the United States (75% of export revenues). Other markets include Canada, Western Europe, and Japan. The country exports free-trade-zone manufactured products (garments, medical devices, etc.), nickel, sugar, coffee, cacao, and tobacco. It imports petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital goods, and foodstuffs. On September 5, 2005, the Dominican Congress ratified a free trade agreement with the U.S. and five Central American countries, known as CAFTA-DR. The CAFTA-DR agreement entered into force for the Dominican Republic on March 1, 2007. The total stock of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Dominican Republic as of 2006 was US$3.3 billion, much of it directed to the energy and tourism sectors, to free trade zones, and to the telecommunications sector. Remittances were close to $2.7 billion in 2006.


An important aspect of the Dominican economy is the Free Trade Zone (FTZ) industry, which made up $4.55 billion in Dominican exports for 2006 (70% of total exports). Reports show, however, that the FTZs lost approximately 60,000 jobs between 2005 and 2007 and suffered a 4% decrease in total exports in 2006. The textiles sector experienced an approximate 17% drop in exports due in part to the appreciation of the Dominican peso against the dollar, Asian competition following expiration of the quotas of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement, and a government-mandated increase in salaries (which should have occurred in 2005 but was postponed to January 2006). Lost Dominican business was captured by firms in Central America and Asia. The tobacco, jewelry, medical, and pharmaceutical sectors in the FTZs all reported increases for 2006, which somewhat offset textile and garment losses. Industry experts from the FTZs expect that entry into force of the CAFTA-DR agreement will continue to promote substantial growth in the FTZ sector for 2008.

An ongoing concern in the Dominican Republic is the inability of participants in the electricity sector to establish financial viability for the system. Three regional electricity distribution systems were privatized in 1998 through the sale of 50% of shares to foreign operators; the Mejía administration repurchased all foreign-owned shares in two of these systems in late 2003. The third, serving the eastern provinces, is operated by US concerns and is 50% US-owned. The World Bank records that electricity distribution losses for 2005 totaled about 38.2%, a rate of losses exceeded in only three other countries. Due to low collection rates, theft, infrastructure problems, and corruption, distribution losses remain high. The electricity sector is receiving subsidies in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Although Congress passed a law in 2007 criminalizing the act of stealing electricity, the law has not yet been fully implemented. The electricity sector is highly politicized; the prospect of further effective reforms in the sector is poor. Debts in the sector, including government debt, amount to more than U.S. $500 million. Some generating companies are undercapitalized and at times unable to purchase adequate fuel supplies.

THE USAID/RED PROJECT The overall objective of the USAID/RED Project is to encourage and facilitate the development of competitive value-added clusters for agricultural and wood products produced on small farms. Key to this objective is the selection of products based on demonstrated market demands that will guarantee a profitable market for these products once quality (including food safety) and quantity standards are met. This objective, which builds on and complements the ongoing efforts described above, is intended to increase the incomes and off-farm opportunities of small farm families, expand their production possibilities, and encourage better management of natural resources by producing and processing their products in an environmentally friendly manner. Providing equal opportunities for women producers, processors, and traders to participate in this project is also required.

This activity builds on successful efforts by Dominican private and public institutions to develop and expand market value chains (clusters) in non-traditional agricultural and wood export products. The State Secretary of Agriculture (SEA), through the Support for the Transition to Competitive Agriculture Project (PATCA) funded by the Inter American Development Bank (IDB), has successfully supported the modernization of the Dominican agricultural production and the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) system for the past three years. The USAID/RED Project focuses on the demand and marketing of non-traditional agricultural and wood commodities produced on small Dominican farms.

The project is further assisting Dominican small farm producers to diversify their production and become more competitive in the global markets, especially now that the free trade agreement for Central America, the Dominican Republic, and the United States (CAFTA-DR) entered into force in the Dominican Republic on March 1, 2007. As a result of the USAID/RED Project, over the next five years USAID expects to see


increased incomes on small farms, increased trade and investment in selected agricultural clusters, increased sustainable livelihood options, and improved management of natural resources (particularly water, soil, and forests) through increased agricultural production in an environmentally friendly (non-erosive, non-contaminating) manner. The USAID/RED Project is working in tandem with the ongoing and planned USAID development activities, particularly the CAFTA-DR Implementation Project and the Dominican Sustainable Tourism Alliance Project, as well as all other rural economic diversification projects financed by the GODR and other donors (especially, the SEA-IDB PATCA Project and the CNC-IDB Competitiveness Project).

Given that CAFTA-DR is now in force in the Dominican Republic, the GODR and the Dominican private sector are now faced with new opportunities and challenges to develop their country and reduce poverty. The Dominican agricultural sector, particularly pertaining to small farms, is now facing new challenges to survive and grow in an open market economy. Many small farmers and processors will have to find new ways to produce, process, and market their products more competitively, or to diversify their product mix to produce commodities that have a competitive advantage via organic or other certifications in the local and export markets. Another notable challenge presented by the CAFTA-DR agreement is the requirement to apply the science-based disciplines of the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures. Through interventions such as imporved natural resource management, the USAID/RED project provides support to small producers so that they can increase the competitiveness and make a successful transition to a free market economy and participate successfully in the opportunities that CAFTA-DR offers.

The USAID/RED Project builds on the successful prior USAID and IDB assistance given to the development of agricultural clusters through the National Competitiveness Council, which has focused on the development of market value chains in selected crops such as coffee, mangos, oriental vegetables, avocados, pineapples, bananas, and cacao. The USAID/RED project also serves to expand and consolidate the successful efforts of the USAID-financed Investment Fund for Environmental Protection (FIPA) agricultural projects that co-financed environmentally friendly production and processing systems for various products, including coffee, cacao, wood, pigs, and macadamia nuts. The USAID/RED Project also coordinates closely with the SEA’s $61.1 million IDB-financed PATCA Project and all other related projects.

2.2 USAID/RED CROPS AND MAJOR PESTS The following is a list of crops to be produced either conventionally, via GlobalGAP or Organic certification, or other S&C system, by USAID/RED clusters, including major pests and some of the control chemicals that farmers are already using. The list of pests and chemicals used for each is indicative, but not inclusive of every pest to be encountered and every pesticide to be used, because not all farmers have been interviewed. Many pesticide alternatives exist and are available in farm stores in the DR. Most RED-supported farmers use a smaller and more specific subset of products than non-RED supported farmers.


2.3 BEST PRACTICES FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION DURING CROP PRODUCTION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Each crop produced by USAID/RED beneficiary farmers/processors, as well as every crop grown in the DR, affects natural resources and biodiversity during production, harvest and/or packaging. These impacts on the natural resource base are influenced by topography, soil type, water source, climate, access and affordability of technology, new information and knowledge. Standards and certification systems address these impacts and effects recommending specific best management practices, in agriculture called good agriculture practices, which incorporate cleaner production and pollution prevention (CP3) concepts, biodiversity and natural resource conservation and even carbon footprint minimization. For efficiencies of scale, the myriad of S&C systems best practices have begun to merge and simplify criteria and requirements.

RESOURCES TO CONSERVE Resources include soil and soil fertility, water, energy, biodiversity, tropical forests, and recyclable man-made materials such as plastics, metals, glasses, paper and cardboards. Central to all of these is conservation of the crop by limiting crop-production constraints (mostly insects, mites, nematodes, diseases, weeds, and rodents). The conservation of natural and man-made resources is a goal of agricultural and business development programs. The agricultural production by USAID/RED beneficiaries has crop-specific conservation issues (Clay 2004), as outlined below.

CONSERVATION PRACTICES Soil Conservation: General soil conservation practices include no-tillage, conservation tillage,

terracing, green manure and cover crops, incorporation of compost and manure, use of mulches, and contour plowing (perpendicular across hillsides).

Water Conservation: Water conservation practices include many of the above soil conservation strategies, as well as minimization of losses due to evaporation or runoff by drip irrigation, chiseling compacted soils creating furrow dikes to prevent runoff, and using soil moisture and rainfall sensors to optimize irrigation schedules. Water conservation during processing includes use of shutoff valves and nozzles, reduced water, and dry processing of some products.

Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry Resources Conservation:

Biodiversity and tropical forestry conservation can be promoted, even if protected areas occur near agricultural production sites, by using sound land use and planting non-crop species of trees and other plants necessary for wildlife establishment and protection. Some S&C systems now require protection of diversity and trees. Conservation of natural resources to make plastics, glass, metals, and paper products is dealt with through recycling programs, and recycling practices are now part and parcel of S&C and CP3 systems.


Table 2-1. Crops Production: Conservation Challenges and Opportunities Crop Production Issues Processing Issues Best Practices

Coffee Coffee is produced primarily as an export cash crop.

Production issues include: conservation of primary forest habitat; soil erosion and degradation; agrochemical use and runoff; and processing effluents, water and energy use.

Processing issues include: amounts of energy and water used for coffee cherry washing, de-pulping, fermentation and drying; liquid and solid wastes disposal.

Best practices: shade-grown coffee planted under diverse over-story trees; S&C systems including Organic, Fair Trade and others; use of sulfur and copper to control diseases, and for scales (escama or cochinilla) the use of agricultural oils; good processing practices that conserve and save water, energy and solid organic wastes through composting and potential production of biogas.

Cacao Cacao, and especially organically certified cacao found in the DR, is produced primarily as a cash export crop.

Production issues include: conservation of primary forest habitat; soil erosion; and some use of agrochemicals. Average cocoa plantings remain productive for only 25-30 years, so expansion into new forests is the norm.

Processing issues include: waste water and organic materials disposal and potential use of hydrocarbon sources for oven drying.

Opportunities for improvement include use of: cacao grown under diverse over-story trees; S&C/GAP systems including Organic, Fair Trade, BioSwisse—which favors bird conservation, Biodynamic and others; and good processing practices that conserve water, energy and solid organic wastes through composting and potential production of biogas.

Banana Banana production in the DR is for export and local markets.

Potential issues include: conservation of primary forest habitat; soil erosion and degradation; agrochemical use; solid wastes; and water use.

Processing issues include: waste water and organic materials disposal and use of hydrocarbon sources for oven drying.

Opportunities for improvement include use of: S&C/GAP systems including Organic, Rainforest Alliance, Eco-Label, Fair Trade and others; and good processing practices that conserve water, energy and solid organic wastes through composting and potential production of biogas. Fully half of banana production in the DR is now certified Organic. Pest control can be accomplished with copper and sulfur oil solutions and insect pests can be controlled with neem and chili extracts. Green manure legumes can be planted between banana plants to hold soil and provide nitrogen to the soil, and organic manures are abundant and affordable in the DR. Other good practices include mulching, irrigation and drainage, thinning, rouging, propping and planting wind breaks.

Mango Mango trees grow on most tropical and subtropical soils. Saplings grow best where the soil has few rocks and permits numerous

Production issues include: conservation of primary forest and transitional habitats; agrochemical use and runoff; irrigation water

Processing issues include: amounts of energy and water used for mango thermal treatment and washing; liquid and solid wastes

Opportunities for improvement include use of: In areas with insufficient rainfall, mango trees can be watered with drip irrigation, conserving water. Copper and sulfur oil solutions can be used in place of synthetic fungicides to control Anthracnose and Cercospora diseases, whereas agricultural oils can be used to control scales (escama or cochinilla). Quantities of organic fertilizers are available


Crop Production Issues Processing Issues Best Practices branch roots to anchor the tree and protect it from hurricane-force winds common in the DR.

use and conservation; and processing effluents.

disposal. throughout the DR and are very cost-effective when compared with mineral fertilizers which have quadrupled in cost over 2008. Weeds can be controlled by mechanical cutting in properly planted and spaced orchards. Mature mango trees help prevent erosion. In many places, mango processing wastes can be composted and used to make biogas.

Cassava Cassava is generally produced on marginal areas with relatively infertile soils that can tolerate drought well. As such, it is a food security crop for poor people living on these marginal areas, and can be processed into cassava bread.

Production issues include: habitat conversion and especially soil erosion and degradation.

Processing issues include: solid wastes disposal; conservation of energy for grinding and drying.

Opportunities for improvement include: no-till and polyculture (intercropping) production possibilities. Green manure legumes can be planted which will hold soils on steep-planted slopes, and contribute nitrogen to the soil. Maintaining soil quality may also reduce the need to shift cultivation and clear new land. In the DR, cassava is produced for making casabe, hard bread made from cassava starch. Processing wastes can be composted for return to the cropped area.

Avocado Avocado production issues include: conservation of primary forest habitat; soil erosion; and some use of agrochemicals.

Processing issues include: amounts of water used for cleaning; recycling of packaging materials.

Opportunities for improvement include: For small to medium producers, avocado can be inter-cropped with fruit-bearing shrubs and annual vegetables to help conserve biodiversity and reduce pest populations. Biological control works well in avocado orchards to prevent and manage pests, such that few agrochemicals are needed, and then only on spot-treatment bases. Mulches can be used to build and hold soil structure. Pruning is used to eliminate and manage Anthracnosis. Proper irrigation and mowing prevent weed build-up. Sanitation is important to collect dropped fruit and keep it away from rodents, as well as eliminate sources of pests and disease inocula.

Oregano Oregano production has few biological constraints due to its high content of the natural antibiotic compounds carvacrol and thymol. Oregano essential oil containing these and other compounds has a

Processing issues include: conservation of energy used for drying; recycling of packaging materials.


Crop Production Issues Processing Issues Best Practices number of known potent biological activities, such as antioxidant, fungicidal, antibacterial, insecticidal, herbicidal and nematicidal capabilities. Oregano can be interplanted with other crops as a pest-repelling and pest-controlling IPM technique. And, there may be markets for its extracts and oils as natural pesticides.

Watermelon Watermelon production issues include: Watermelon production presents numerous environmental and conservation challenges. Soil degradation and salinization are prominent among those.

Processing issues include: amounts of water used for cleaning; recycling of packaging materials.

Opportunities for improvement include: Cover crops and green manure crops restore soil fertility and retain soil. Watermelon has numerous pest constraints, with the potential for intensive use of agrochemical inputs. The following Integrated Crop Management (ICM) techniques help resolve some environmental and conservation challenges: Improved soil preparation techniques and timing; drip irrigation installation; increased plant populations with uniform densities; use of starter solution and biological controls; dedicated fertilization programs and fertigation for improved nutrition; weed control inside and around the crop to reduce pest and disease pressure (particularly from neighbors); pest and disease monitoring with timely and efficient control applications when necessary; implementation of GAPs based on the GlobalGAP protocol, including controls, follow-up and monitoring of the crops with records, improved infrastructure and environmental and social considerations; and sampling systems for harvest estimates, quality assessments, dates and projections.

Vegetables The production of traditional and oriental vegetables for local markets presents some of the greatest challenges for market growers and processors.

Production issues include: intensive use of agrochemical inputs, several of which have exceptional toxicities and risks to human health and environmental resources; intensive tillage leading to erosion

Processing issues include: food safety issues; solid wastes disposal; conservation of water and energy for cleaning, packaging and chilling; recycling of packaging materials.

Opportunities for improvement: Many of the IPM techniques discussed above can be used to reduce pesticide use. Further, GlobalGAP outlines numerous techniques for managing production quality constraints.


Crop Production Issues Processing Issues Best Practices and soil degradation; inefficient use of water; and sanitation/food safety.

Zapote production has few environmental conservation issues and constraints. As such, it was not studied for these factors.


Many of the best practices for the above crops were described in the 2002 report prepared by Abt Associates entitled: “Proyecto de Políticas Nacionales de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales: Diagnóstico Ambiental y Análisis Económico/Fiscal”.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PESTICIDES The government of the Dominican Republic (lists 3,122 evaluated pesticide products containing 425 active ingredients. This PERSUAP analyzes all active ingredients of pesticides found on the list, regardless of whether they have been formally registered for import and use in the DR. This inclusive approach guards against the potential use of illegal products acquired in informal markets or left over from past seasons—a frequent occurrence in many developing countries.

The pesticides list comprises many different categories of AIs. An analysis of all of the following AIs can be found in the Table in Annex 1.

Table 2-2. Active Ingredients in Pesticides

Category of Pesticide Number of Active

Ingredients

Insecticides/Miticides/Nematocides 168 Fungicides 111 Herbicides 108 Rodenticides 13 Disinfectants* 13 Fumigants 5 Mulluscicides 2 Bactericides 2 Fruit and Ripening Agents 2

*Used for fruit and vegetable processing and clean-up

2.4 AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE INDICATORS FOR THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC In every country, there exist factors that increase or decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system. These risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors That Increase Risks from Agrochemicals” and “Factors that Reduce Risks From Agrochemicals.” The majority of export crops being promoted by USAID/RED, such as coffee, cacao, bananas, avocados and to a lesser extent mango, uses relatively few or tightly controlled (S&C systems-recommended) varieties and quantities of agrochemical inputs, and thus have fewer risks associated with them. However, in the traditional and oriental vegetable, pineapple, and watermelon production sectors, the risks are generally greater—especially for crops grown for local markets without S&C system GAP drivers.

2.4.1 FACTORS THAT INCREASE RISKS FROM AGROCHEMICALS The PERSUAP identified the following ongoing practices that increase risk inherent in the cropping and input systems found in Dominican Republic.

The presence of exceptionally toxic pesticide active ingredients found on the international PIC list (Annex 4) and/or EPA’s banned/severely restricted/severely hazardous pesticide lists (Annex 5), and with red-banded


labels which are being used and should not continue to be used—especially on greenhouse and field vegetables/oriental vegetables, pineapples and watermelons. These include the following pesticides:

methomyl (insecticide found in almost every store1);

aluminum phosphide (insecticide stored as a product fumigant);

carbofuran (insecticide used as a soil pest treatment);

methamidophos (insecticide and PIC chemical);

monocrotophos (insecticide and PIC chemical);

endosulfan (recently recommended as a POPs Treaty candidate);

ethoprophos and oxamyl (a nematicide);

certain formulations of thiodicarb, chlorpyrifos, and methiocarb (a molluscicide that was also found in red-banded label products);

The official list of 3,122 pesticide products provides information on whether a pesticide is permitted or banned from the DR. Although exceptionally inclusive, the list is large, cumbersome, and likely to be difficult for farmers to navigate and comprehend. By comparison, Eastern European countries, such as Macedonia, Albania, and Republic of Georgia—which actively seek markets for their fruits and vegetables in Western Europe—have limited the number of pesticide products that are approved and included on published lists to an average of 300. It is common for countries to have separate lists of pesticides that are banned or no longer permitted for import and use.

Due to the itinerant nature of the Dominican labor force, much of it coming from impoverished Haiti, many farm workers as well as some farmers have not had adequate training in safe pesticide understanding and use. One Haitian was observed on a project pineapple farm applying a mixture of micronutrients and dimethoate (a Class II toxin) without appropriate safety equipment. Following application, he proceeded to cook lunch without washing.

Many DR farm laborers and some farmers are not sufficiently literate and therefore cannot read pesticide labels or other warning media (for those that are sufficiently literate, many pesticide labels and warning signs in farm stores appeared in both Spanish and Creole).

Very little personal protective equipment (PPE) - especially carbon-filter masks- was found to be available for sale in farm input stores, probably reflecting insufficient demand.

Interviews revealed that most DR farmers will not use PPE even if it is affordable and available. This is especially true of vegetables for local consumption, and less so for crops produced under the control of S&C-GAP systems for export.

Lack of knowledge by many farmers and most farm laborers of all the human health risks of individual or classes of pesticides.

The fact that the Dominican Republic, as recently as 2007, has ranked fourth in terms of numbers of US fruit and vegetable import shipment refusals, mostly due to pesticide residue contamination2.

1 An empty container from methomyl was found in one of the project’s beneficiary’s greenhouses—an enclosed environment which magnifies inhalation and other risks.


The SEA could not rapidly produce a list of products they register for import into the DR, and such a list is not available on a publicly accessible website, reflecting a lack of access to information for farmers and an inability of the GODR to use and transfer best management practices. . This is especially risky for a sector that regularly exports treated produce.

S&C systems for export of produce to Europe or the US do not select or use local laboratories to do soil, water, and pesticide residue analyses because local laboratories are not sufficiently equipped or accredited/certified.

Increases in the use of herbicides may pose increasing risks to groundwater and thus human drinking water contamination, as well as weed resistance.

Overuse, improper applications, and routine use of the same pesticides (or chemical) increases risk of pest resistance.

Lack of knowledge of when to use a specific pesticide during the life cycle of the pest leads to ineffective pest control, waste of funds, and potential human hazards.

2.4.2 FACTORS THAT REDUCE RISKS FROM PESTICIDES The PERSUAP identified the following ongoing practices that help reduce risks inherent in the cropping and input systems found in Dominican Republic:

More than half of the pesticide products available in almost all farm input stores visited bore the green-banded label, indicating low toxicity. A small percentage of stores contained blue-banded labels (low toxicity) and about one-quarter contained yellow-banded labels (high toxicity). Most shops had no more than four or five red-label (very highly toxic) products available, and relatively low inventories of those. However, some were being sold in five-liter bottles—whoever is using them is doing so in large quantities.

Many shops had professionally packaged green-label biological pesticides (e.g. neem oil, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), oils with copper and sulfur, and extracts of garlic and chili pepper) made in the DR for both organic and conventional markets.

Biologically derived, highly effective and organic-approved insecticide products were less expensive than their more toxic counterpart products. One example is sphinosad, an extract from a soil bacterium. Many newer nicotinoid insecticides are also now available.

All of the farm input stores visited had current (unexpired) products for front-shelf sales (although some expired products and damaged bottles were kept out of sight in storage inventory).

All farm input stores visited were well organized with pesticides stored in plastic bottles (as opposed to breakable glass or rustable metal containers), organized on shelves by type, and kept above tiled (easy to clean and non-absorbent) floors. Bottles were unopened, and there were no balances for subdividing and selling small portions of pesticides. All of these are BMPs for pesticide storage.

At the farm stores, pesticides are, in general, not being subdivided from bulk containers to small unlabelled plastic bags or empty drink bottles.

2 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34080.pdf


Several farm input stores had additional BMPs such as a bucket of sawdust and fire extinguishers ready to contain pesticide spills and fires, as well as recommended signage (e.g. no smoking permitted).

All farm input stores and large distributors were well lit, clean and well ventilated so that pesticide odor could not be detected. One store had long plastic sheets hanging in front of the shelves for added protection.

One farm input store in Mao was very neatly and cleanly divided into two separate sections/rooms—one for organic banana production inputs, and the other for conventional banana production inputs.

The majority of Dominican Republic exporters will have to follow the requisite European and US standard systems in order to reach those markets. Many export-oriented farms are being organized following S&C systems such as GlobalGAP, Organic, and Fair Trade. These systems require recommended IPM measures and tend to produce reduced-risk pesticide products.

As mineral fertilizers and pesticides become more costly, they become increasingly unaffordable for small-holder farmers to use (petroleum-based products are further exposed to oil price fluctuation risk). The cost for mineral-base fertilizers has increased 4-5 times in the past year, putting them out of reach of most farmers. When the price of oil rises, small-holder farmers will purchase more organic fertilizers, locally produced and green-label pesticide products that do not contain petroleum-based ingredients.

The increasing availability of small, single-use sachets and smaller bottles of pesticides (as opposed to one-and five-liter bottles) with labels containing important and potentially life-saving information (in Spanish as well as some in Creole) that are marketed by the formal pesticide importer/distributor sector. These small quantities and labels help resolve on-farm pesticide quantity storage and use issues.

No illegal or internationally banned products or active ingredients from the chlorinated hydrocarbon group were found in any of the farm input stores or distributors visited. However, one chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide that was found in farm stores—endosulfan —is currently under review to be internationally banned or restricted.

Labeling and packaging integrity of all pesticide containers from importers/distributors was sufficiently sound; none were opened, leaking, or containing degraded and illegible labels.

Most of the pesticide sellers understood many crop production constraints, pesticides/dosages to use against the constraints, risks that come with pesticide use, and the need for PPE (though this needs to increase).

There was little evidence of pesticides losing their efficacy, due to product adulteration, low quality generic ingredients, or development of resistance. However more in depth monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will need to be done by USAID/RED staff to qualify and quantify this.

There was little to no field evidence of human, domestic animal or environmental poisoning (like fish kills) collected from interviews with pesticide sector actors. According to pesticide importers/distributors, past human poisonings resulted from exposure to the highly toxic fumigant aluminum phosphide, when users did not following proper BMPs and PPEs.

Some clusters—like mango for instance—have developed or are in the process of developing best practices fact sheets and posters on GAPs, constraints, and constraint management for each crop throughout the season.


Although there are many encouraging findings in the pesticide wholesale and retail systems, as well as on S&C farms observed in the DR, there still remain some issues that can increase the risk for errors to occur. This situation increases the risk of exposing farmers, laborers, farm family members, and even international consumers to dangerous poisons, and polluting their environment. Thus the pesticide risk profile for the Dominican Republic is higher than might be encountered in more developed countries, though it is rapidly changing for the better as S&C-GAP systems are being implemented and EU rules for import tolerances are adopted. Extra care will be needed to effectively emphasize and implement mitigation measures that work.


SECTION 3. PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER)

This part of the PERSUAP report addresses pesticide choices, environmental and human health issues, biodiversity, conservation, and recommendations according to the twelve Regulation 216.3 Pesticide Procedures, discussed below.

3.1 ELEMENT A: USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES. USAID’s implementing partners working overseas are effectively limited to using pesticide active ingredients registered in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on similar use because a few of the pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar pests and pest situations.

The USEPA Registration Status categories are: never registered, active registration, and cancelled registration. Recently, the USEPA has favored using “registered” or “not registered” As the two principal registration classes. Moreover, some active ingredients (AIs) are labeled for Restricted Use Pesticides”. In the US, the active ingredients that are labeled RUPs can only be sold to and used by, certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification. USEPA criteria for determining if a particular pesticide is classified as restricted include a determination that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label. Thus, USAID considers such RUP pesticides very carefully.

THE 12 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES Element A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

Element B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Element C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

Element D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

Element E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

Element F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

Element G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

Element H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

Element I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

Element J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

Element K. Provision for training of users and applicators.

Element L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide


Pesticide AIs in specific products must also be registered for legal import by the target countries, often in Europe. One caveat is that pesticides that have lost active registration status are often permitted to clear the retail system, and can be found on farm store shelves for 2-3 years during the clearing process period (most pesticides have an expiration date of two years after the manufacture date). There is a risk that a product that has suddenly lost active registration status or been cancelled by the EPA or European Union (EU)/European Commission (EC) for serious environmental or human health risk issues may be used during this clearing period and ultimately – if tested – detected upon import from the target country, risking shipment rejection.

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the acute toxicity and hazards (risks) of different compounds vary greatly. Acute toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a pesticide product whereas hazard refers to the risk of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance (or risk) of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Both of these are influenced by the formulation and concentration of the pesticide product.3

The USEPA classifies pesticides according to actual toxicity of the formulated products, taking– formulation types and concentrations into account, thus making the formulated product less toxic than the active ingredients alone. This method of classifying toxicity levels is more representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the World Health Organization (WHO) acute toxicity classification system is based on the active ingredient only (see Annex 6 for a comparison of USEPA and WHO acute toxicity classification systems).

Pesticide products desired for use on project beneficiary farms must be registered by the government of the country in which activities are planned. The DR currently has 3,122 evaluated pesticide products, according to a list provided by SEA to USAID/RED.

The increasing availability and use of relatively low acute mammalian toxicity (EPA Classes III and IV and WHO Classes III and U) products with blue and green label bands, organic-certified products from natural sources like oils, soaps, sulfur, copper, plant and microbe extracts, products with low environmental impact, and GAPs are leading to a revolution in agricultural production. Although natural products and low toxicity pesticides may work more slowly than conventional synthetic pesticides, they have been proven to be as effective and with lower human health and environmental risks.

3.1.1 ANALYSIS Since the early 2000s numerous highly toxic and persistent pesticides have been imported to, and used in the DR. This study found few of these pesticides remaining in the retail system, showing that improvements are underway. The study also found no instances of obsolete (expired) pesticides being sold on store shelves (though some older damaged bottles were observed in one store back-room inventory, awaiting an appropriate disposal solution). One troubling factor was the difficulty encountered in receiving a list of evaluated and actively registered pesticides permitted for import and use on specific crops. Several requests were made to the SEA to obtain the list, which took the SEA a long time to produce. . This information is not readily available and accessible to the public either in paper form or electronically.

3 Pesticides are registered in the US as formulated products (the active ingredientplus additives like carriers, emulsifiers, stabilizers, enhancers, adhesives and other ingredients, formulated as either an emulsifiable concentrate, granule, wettable powder, or other formulation). Theythey may also be registerd just as the technical active ingredient (AI, close to 100% without most of the above additives), but this is rare.


As discussed above in the country analysis, risks with pesticide importation, sale, and use are a result of several factors including:

The list of SEA registered pesticide products is not easily accessible to the public but especially to farmers and producers, demonstrating that the GODR is not employing BMPs in relation to pesticide information sharing and management. This is a serious risk factor in the use of pesticides in the DR and for the export of treated produce.

The list of 3,122 pesticide products evaluated for use or permitted/not permitted in the DR, though exceptionally inclusive, is large and cumbersome for farmers to navigate and comprehend. A more concise list of permitted products and a separate list of restricted or banned products would facilitate understanding and better decision making at the farm level.

The presence of exceptionally toxic pesticide active ingredients found on the international PIC list (Annex 4), and/or EPA’s banned, severely restricted, or severely hazardous pesticide lists (Annex 5), and with red-banded labels which are being and should not continue to be used especially on greenhouse and field vegetables, oriental vegetables, pineapples and watermelons. These include the insecticides: methomyl (found in almost every store), aluminum phosphide (a stored product fumigant), carbofuran (a soil pest treatment), methamidophos (PIC chemical), monocrotophos (PIC chemical), endosulfan (just recommended as a POPs Treaty candidate), ethoprophos, and oxamyl (a nematicide). Additionally certain formulations of thiodicarb, chlorpyrifos, and methiocarb (a molluscicide) were also found in red-banded label products. Many farm laborers are not literate and therefore cannot read pesticide labels or warning media (many pesticide labels and warning signs are now in both Spanish and Creole to help resolve this).

Lack of knowledge by many farmers of all of the human health risks of pesticides and lack of understanding of risks specific to different types or classes of pesticides.

S&C systems for export of produce to Europe or the US do not use local laboratories to do soil, water, and pesticide residue analyses because local laboratories are not sufficiently equipped or accredited/certified.

3.1.2 PESTICIDES CONTAINING ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ON POPS AND PIC LISTS: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES Although the DR decreed, in the early 2000s, that most organochlorine ingredients were banned , including those on the POPs list as well as most on the PIC list, there is a possibility that that some obsolete stocks of these still exist in the country. Pesticides with active ingredients listed below in Table 3-1, should not under any circumstances be used on crops, and should be carefully stored until disposal solutions become available.


Table 3-1. Pesticides Containing Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC Lists

Pesticide Types Active Ingredients Insecticide Active Ingredients on the POPs list

aldrin chlordane dieldrin endrin heptachlor

Insecticide Active Ingredients on the PIC list

aldrin chlordane chlordimeform dieldrin heptachlor lindane methamidophos methyl-parathion monocrotophos parathion phosphamidon

Fungicide Active Ingredients on the PIC list

binapacryl captafol

Herbicide Active Ingredient on the PIC list 2 4 5-T (tirchlorophenoxyacetic acid)

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POPS AND PIC PRODUCTS

• USAID/RED and its beneficiaries should never use products containing these POPs and PIC chemicals listed above. USAID does not recommend or permit the use of internationally banned or restricted pesticide products on USAID-funded projects (except for the highly controlled use of DDT for malaria management).

• Given the high rates of rejection of DR fruit and vegetable exports due to the presence of banned and unacceptably high pesticide residues, one priority for SEA should be to update and reduce the list of evaluated pesticides to 300-400 modern permitted products, eliminating remaining PIC products and restricting or eliminating access to products with high toxicities and persistence. Pesticides that are banned or no longer registered could be included on another list.

3.1.3 PRODUCTS CONTAINING ACTIVE INGREDIENTS NOT EPA-REGISTERED: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES The following products were found on the SEA list of 3,122 evaluated products and identified in rural and urban farm stores, mentioned in interviews, found on website sources on the DR, or with major agrochemical distributors in the DR. These should not be used by USAID/RED or its beneficiaries—as they are either prohibited for use in the US or they have not yet been evaluated for risk by the USEPA. Some of the more risk-prone AIs will undoubtedly be removed from the European Union registration in the near future, so their use should be avoided—especially as many alternate products are available. Conversely, some newer products may clear USEPA testing and be approved. Given the fluid situation of agrochemical registrations, the USAID/RED project should update and amend it on an annual basis.


Table 3-2. Active Ingredients not Registered by EPA

Insecticide/Miticide/Nematocide

acrinathrin cyhexatin (miticide) parathion allethrin demeton-S-methyl (mix) phenthoate aldrin diafenthiuron phosalone alpha cypermethrin dibromocloroproane (DBCP) phosphamidon anilofos dieldrin phoxim azinphos ethyl dienochlor pirimiphos-ehtyl bendiocarb endrin prothiofos benfuracarb EPN (insecticide, miticide) prothoate bitertanol ethion (insecticide, miticide) pyridafenthion bromopropylate (miticide) fensulfothion quinalphos bufencarb mixture flucythrinate teflubenzuron butoxycarboxim fonofos tetradifon (miticide) cadusafos formothion thiocyclam carbosulfan heptachlor thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate cartap hydrochloride isofenphos-methyl thiometon chlordane leptofos thionazin (nematacide) chlordecone mephosfolan tolfenpyrad chlordimeform (miticide) methoxychlor triazophos chlorfluzuron mevinphos vamidothion chromafenozide monocrotophos Verticillium lecanii miral (isazofos)

Fungicide Active Ingredients

8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate dithianone oxadixyl anilazine dodemorph pencycuron benalaxyl dodemorph acetate polyoxin benomyl (benlate) edifenphos prochloraz binapacryl epoxiconazol procymidone blasticidin-S fenoxaprop-ethyl propineb Bordeaux mixture fenpropimorph pyrazophos captafol (cis isomer) fentin (triphenyltin) acetate tolclofos-methyl carpropamid guazatine tolylfluanid chinomethionat (oxythioquinox) hexaconazole tricyclazole cyclosulfamuron iprobenfos tridemorph dimethirimol iprovalicarb validamycin dinobuton oil (tea tree) zineb dinocap

Herbicide Active Ingredients 2 4 D ester ethafluralin naptalem


2 4 D amine ethoxysulfuron nitralin 2 4 5-T (tirchlorophenoxyacetic acid) fluchloralin oxadiargyl anilofos flufenoxuron piperofos bifenox fluorodifen pretilachlor butaclor flusilazole profoxydim clefoxidim haloxyfop(-P-)methyl propaquizafop cyclosulfuramon isopropalin pyrazosulfuron-ehtyl dalapon-sodium isoprothiolane pyribenzoxim dichloroprop-P ioxynil terbutryne dinitramine merphos thenylchlor diphenamid methabenzthiazuron tiocarbazil

Rodenticide Active Ingredients cumatetralyl flocoumarfen

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NON-EPA REGISTERED PRODUCTS USAID/RED and its beneficiaries should not use products containing these above non-(EPA)-registered active ingredients, and instead use one of the many alternate products. USAID does not permit the use of non-EPA registered pesticide products on USAID-funded projects.

3.1.4 VERY HIGH ACUTE TOXICITY AND HUMAN HEALTH ISSUES: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES Several of the pesticides found with distributors and in rural farm stores in the DR, and included in the USAID/RED Program Pesticides Decision Matrix (Table 1, with WHO and EPA acute toxicities of only Ia or Ib and I, respectively as well as some products banned or targeted strongly by environmental groups in several countries) contain active ingredients, with the possible exception of copper compounds, that are too toxic for farmers to use, as follows:

Table 3-3. Pesticide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib

Insecticide/Miticide/Nematocide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib

aldicarb (temik) endrin miral (isazofos)

azinphos ethyl EPN (insecticide, miticide) naled

azinphos methyl ethoprop(hos) oxamyl (nematocide)

butoxycarboxim fenamiphos oxydemeton-methyl

cadusafos fensulfothion parathion

carbofuran flucythrinate parathion-methyl

chlorfenvinphos fonofos phorate

coumaphos formetanate hydrochloride phosphamidon

cyhexatin (miticide) isofenphos-methyl propargite

demeton-S-methyl (mix) methamidophos terbufos

dichlorvos (DDVP) methidathion thiometon


dibromocloroproane (DBCP) methomyl triazophos

dicrotophos methyl-parathion vamidothion

disulfoton mevinphos zeta cypermethrin

endosulfan monocrotophos

Fungicide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib4

aluminum phosphide chlorothalonil imazalil

anilazine dodine methyl bromide

captafol (cis isomer) fenpropimorph TCMTB (busan)

captan fentin hydroxide

Herbicide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib5

diclofop-methyl fomesafen napropamide

fluorodifen hexazinone picloram

Rodenticide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib

brodifacoum cumatetralyl flocoumarfen

bromethaline difenacoum salmocumarin

bromodiolone difethialone warfarin

chlorophacinone diphacinone zinc phosphide (fumigant)

coumaphos

Molluscicide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib

methiocarb (except EPA class III products)

Fumigant Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib

aluminum phosphide methyl bromide zinc phosphide

metam sodium magnesium phosphide

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIGHLY TOXIC PRODUCTS With the exception of processing facility chemicals and copper compounds, the project should not use WHO Class Ia or Ib and/or EPA Class I and other risk-prone products containing these above active ingredients on USAID/RED beneficiary farms, due to increased and inordinately high risk to farmers, their families, bystanders, and produce consumers. USAID/RED project farmers should use PPE and provide it to the laborers who work for them, and should receive sufficient training to alter behavior patterns (which includes most vegetable farmers in the DR).

Less acutely toxic pesticide products are readily available in the DR, and should be used in place of products containing the active ingredients listed in Table 3-3, above.6 (Solar sterilization can be accomplished with black plastic, labor and the hot DR sun, instead of highly toxic fumigants and pesticides.

4 Possible exceptions to this list of fungicides would be cCopper compounds, which are generally used at exceedingly low rates, and which are unlikely to be ingested due to bitter taste; and EPA acute toxicity classes II or III (not I) products containing imazalil or metalaxyl-M. 5 Possible exceptions to this list of herbicides would be EPA acute toxicity class III (not I) products containing napropamide or picloram. 6 The University of California IPM website (www.ipm.ucdavis.edu), is an excellent source for crop specific recommendatuions


Fumigation of stored agricultural products, using aluminum or zinc phosphide, or metam sodium, requires highly trained and certified workers—the average farmer should not attempt this. Very high-tech breathing apparatus and strict training are required, neither of which are currently available or used in the DR.

Effective processing facility chemical choices, for which there are few alternatives, are almost all EPA Class I toxins, which are highly corrosive to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Therefore, they should only be used by personnel wearing gum rubber boots and gloves, goggles especially for pouring and mixing, and a carbon-filter respirator.

The USAID/RED project can use the Universities of Florida and California IPM websites as references for producing the EMR checklist and PMPs.

3.1.5 MODERATE ACUTE TOXICITY: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES All pesticide products that have at least acute WHO and EPA toxicity ratings of II (see Table in Annex 1) for at least some products that contain the stated active ingredient are considered to be too toxic for use, unless they receive proper, robust, and repeated training and proper use of PPE. Therefore the project should not use products containing active ingredients with WHO and/or EPA Class II (see Table 1, acute toxicity ratings until farmers have received sufficient (training and follow-up supervision to ensure that they will use best safe use practices) and personal protective equipment at all times.

3.1.6 RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES The EPA has developed a system for dealing with pesticides with inordinate risks to human health and/or environment. In the United States, farmers who wish to purchase and use RUPs must receive specialized training and become certified. This is to increase awareness of the risks and requisite mitigation measures. Only specialized Certified Applicators, or those under their direct supervision, are allowed to use the product for purposes covered under their certification. Furthermore, in the US, some states may require that active ingredients not listed on the Federal list be classified as “restricted” in their states due to environmental concerns.

The EPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label.

Products are classified as restricted for several reasons including, but not limited to, the following:

Fetotoxicity – causes adverse effects on the fetus;

Mutagenicity – causes genetic changes in the organism which may be passed on to its next generation;

Oncogenicity – causes tumors (not necessarily malignant);

Carcinogenicity – causes cancer;

Teratogenicity – causes birth defects;

Accident history;

Ground and surface water concerns;


Causes adverse effects on wildlife, avian, or aquatic organisms, including fish and shellfish;

Presents a human inhalation hazard, dermal toxicity, corrosiveness to eyes, or acute oral toxicity hazard;

Presents concerns about worker exposure;

Presents hazard to non-target organisms;

Presents hazards to honeybees.

Regulation 216, under section 216.3b, Pesticide Procedures, part 1, Project Assistance, subpart (i) recognizes Restricted Use Pesticides as follows (italics inserted):

“When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact.”

The interpretation of “without restriction” is that approved pesticides will not be RUPs, regardless of RUP criteria or basis. It is important to note that RUPs may be designated as such, by EPA, due to either: (1) Inordinate risk (hazard) to users; (2) Inordinate risk to the environment; or (3) In some cases, both. Regulation 216 considers this distinction and deals with it in subparts (ii) and (iii) as follows (italics inserted):

“(ii) When a project includes assistance for the procurement or use, or both, of any pesticide registered for the same or similar uses in the United States but the proposed use is restricted by the USEPA on the basis of user hazard, the procedures set forth in §216.3(b)(1)(i) above will be followed. In addition, the Initial Environmental Examination will include an evaluation of the user hazards associated with the proposed USEPA restricted uses to ensure that the implementation plan which is contained in the Project Paper incorporates provisions for making the recipient government aware of these risks and providing, if necessary, such technical assistance as may be required to mitigate these risks. If the proposed pesticide use is also restricted on a basis other than user hazard [for example for risk to environment], the procedures in §216.3(b) (l) (iii) [below] shall be followed in lieu of the procedures in this section.”

In other words, for pesticide active ingredients that are RUP due to user hazard (as opposed to environmental hazard) and the user hazard is evaluated via an Environmental Assessment (EA), a RUP may be used if the following can be shown:

1) The recipient government is made aware of the risks involved, and

2) Required technical assistance can mitigate these risks.

These criteria will be very difficult to achieve in the DR, but this does not preclude USAID/RED from attempting to mitigate risks from RUPs, in addition to making recipient governments aware of such risks.

Regulation 216 goes on and continues to consider RUPs in subpart (iii) as follows (italics inserted):

“(iii) If the project includes assistance for the procurement or use, or both of:

(a) Any pesticide other than one registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction or for restricted use on the basis of user hazard; [as opposed to environmental hazard] or


(b) Any pesticide for which a notice of rebuttable presumption against re-registration, notice of intent to cancel, or notice of intent to suspend has been issued by USEPA,

The Threshold Decision will provide for the preparation of an Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement, as appropriate (§216.6(a)). The EA or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) shall include, but not be limited to, an analysis of the factors identified in §216.3(b) (l) (i) above.”

No further distinction is made in Regulation 216 for RUPs that are designated as such on the basis of risk to environment.

Several pesticides being imported to the DR have active ingredients that are listed as RUPs by the USEPA (listed below and found in Annex 1) for either risk to environment, human health or both. For RUP criteria of these active ingredients in specific formulations and uses, see Annex 7.

Table 3-4. USEPA RUP Chemicals on the Dominican Republic Evaluated List

Insecticide Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

acrinathrin dicrotophos lambda cyhalothrin (miticide)

aldicarb (temik) diflubenzuron Methamidophos

allethrin emamectin benzoate Methidathion

alpha cypermethrin Endosulfan (according to EXTOXNET) Methomyl

azinphos methyl endrin methyl-parathion

beta-cyfluthrin EPN (also miticide) Monocrotophos

beta cypermethrin esfenvalerate oxamyl (nematocide)

bifenthrin etofenprox oxydemeton-methyl

carbofuran ethoprop(hos) Parathion

chlordane fenamiphos parathion-methyl

chlordimeform (miticide) fenbutatin oxide Permethrin

chlorfenvinphos fenpropathrin Phenothrin

chloropicrin (fumigant) fensulfothion Phorate

chlorpyrifos (ethyl) fenthion (also avicide) Phosphamidon

coumaphos fenvalerate piperonyl butoxide

cypermethrin fipronil Prallethrin

cyfluthrin (beta) flucythrinate Profenofos

fluvalinate pyrethrum (pyrethrins mix)

demeton-S-methyl (mix) fonofos Terbufos

diazinon gamma cyhalothrin Tetramethrin

dibromocloroproane (DBCP) isofenphos-methyl zeta cypermethrin

1, 3 dichloropropene Fungicide Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

aluminum phosphide fentin hydroxide methyl bromide


Herbicide Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

alachlor diclofop-methyl paraquat amitrole isoxaflutole

Rodenticide Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

brodifacoum coumaphos zinc phosphide (fumigant) Molluscicide Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

metaldehyde methiocarb Fumigant Active Ingredients Classified by EPA as Restricted Use Products

aluminum phosphide methyl bromide magnesium phosphide metam sodium

Most synthetic pyrethroid active ingredients, including those extracted from plants like permethrin (a mix of pyrethrins) as well as pyrethrin alone are labeled RUP for agricultural use in the USA due mostly to aquatic ecotoxicity. EPA's RUP classification takes into account scale of production on USA farms--often hundreds of hectares--a scale rarely matched overseas in developing countries. Synchronous and intensive use by American farmers of a RUP chemical on hundreds of hectares near a watershed can indeed lead to negative impacts, so USA farmers need to know how to mitigate those impacts through RUP training and certification. For farmers producing on 10 hectares or less (such as the majority of farmers in the Dominican Republic) the small patches of land are scattered and pesticide application is likely to be asynchronous, greatly diminishing the potential risks.

USAID/RED farmers using these pesticides on 10 hectares or less should adhere to the following recommendations, as described in the MSDS for pyrethroids:

• Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

• Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas. Drift and runoff from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring areas.

• Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment wash water.

• A safe distance (minimum of 50 to 100 feet recommended) from wells and surface water must be kept.

The usage of synthetic as well as plant-extracted pyrethroids may present several advantages to farmers in the DR: they are relatively cheap, provide rapid pest knock-down, degrade relatively quickly in the environment and are generally not highly acutely toxic to humans. The key to their safe use is to understand and minimize risks to aquatic habitats and use recommended PPE.

Thus, this PERSUAP requests that exceptions found in Regulation 216, under section 216.3b, Pesticide Procedures, Part 1, Project Assistance, subparts (ii and iii) be invoked to permit the use by USAID/RED supported farmers of a limited number of pyrethroid RUPs. Namely, plant-extracted pyrethroids pyrethrum and pyrethrin as well as synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, which are used on many


crop-pest combinations. None of these are highly acutely toxic to humans. Further information on RUP use certification in Florida is found at website: http://pested.ifas.ufl.edu/restricted_use.html.

MITIGATION OF RUP RISKS IN THE USA, AS ENFORCED BY THE EPA As noted above, farmers in the US who wish to purchase and use RUPs must receive (and pay for) specialized training and certification to increase awareness of the risks and ways that can be used to mitigate these risks. These Certified Applicators, or those under their direct supervision, must follow the pesticide label instructions and only use the product for purposes covered under their certification. Farmers in the US that use pesticides in large quantities tend to farm relatively large hectarage, and can afford this training. Thus, scale is an issue that lends itself to the RUP program.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RUPS Environmental Assessment (EA): If any pesticide active ingredients are specified to be RUPs based upon the criteria “human hazard” (see Annex 7) and USAID/RED beneficiaries wish to use them, a specific EA is required to assess and mitigate such hazards. All use of RUPs that are classified as RUPs due to inordinate human toxicity must be stopped immediately and alternatives for pest control (such as IPM, general use pesticides, and/or botanicals) should be implemented until an EA is performed.

Training/Repeated Message Enforcement and/or Paid, Subsidized or Free Applicator Certification: For pesticides containing the active ingredients pyrethrum, pyrethrin, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, DR farmers who use these chemicals should receive training and certification on how to avoid risks to aquatic environments, and use PPE. To fully undersand RUP issues, and transfer this knowledge to beneficiary farmers, USAID/RED project should send at least two staff members to University of Florida for RUP training, testing and certification for a cost of about $100 registration. One staff member should study row crops and the other fruit tree crops. Information on RUP use certification in Florida is found at the following website: http://pested.ifas.ufl.edu/restricted_use.html.

3.1.7 GENERAL USE PESTICIDES (GUPS): ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES The following mitigation measures for GUPS should be followed regularly throughout the project:

USAID/RED beneficiary clusters should continue to work with groups linked to farm stores that have received and utilize best practices;

USAID/RED beneficiaries should continue to source pesticides from well-managed stores that do not sell illegal products or products containing very highly toxic active ingredients;

For USAID/RED beneficiary farmers to use the accepted and allowable pesticide products in the short term, users will require refresher trainings in pesticide safe use, emphasizing which products are recommended and which should not be used, and why. Training will introduce beneficiary farmers to:

o pesticides not permitted for use associated with USAID funding;

o pesticides that the project recommends;

o pesticides that might be used with significant training and certification, and

o Safe Pesticide Use practices including use of basic PPE.


GAP measures including IPM tools and tactics may ultimately reduce the need for the quantities of pesticides used presently, increase the use of less toxic alternatives, and encourage safe use. For USAID/RED beneficiary farmers to learn about GAP/IPM techniques being used in other countries, USAID/RED project staff should provide trainings (and follow-up trainings) to introduce these practices as possibilities for future season use. Training will introduce beneficiary farmers to:

o IPM philosophy;

o GAP measures that include tools and tactics used commercially on the same crops in other tropical or sub-tropical countries.

Regularly, and at minimum annually, update any changes to the list of pesticides proposed for use and communicate these changes to USAID with a note that an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary. USAID/RED Project Managers will need to report changes to less toxic products on the list of pesticides recommended to USAID as this PERSUAP is amended over the life of project.

Include in annual work plans and reports a section on environmental compliance and a subsection on pesticide issues that addresses the status of USAID/RED management and farmers in addressing all of the issues covered in this section.

The following measures should be taken immediately:

USAID/RED beneficiaries shall obtain Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) from pesticide importers/distributors for pesticide products that will be used extensively on project crops. Copies of MSDSs will provide beneficiary field managers, agronomists, and farmers with a source of accurate information on risks and risk mitigation measures for each product, and what measures to take in case of an accidental spill, fire, or poisoning. MSDS information can also be used during training.

Produce quick reference guides and/or posters for all of the anticipated major or primary pests/production constraints. The guides should include a list of GAPs, IPM measures that can be used to strengthen and protect crops, pesticides to be used on the project for each anticipated pest, including use rates, safety measures, environmental concerns, and restricted entry interval (REI) and minimum/maximum residue levels/limits (MRLs) for export and local consumption. Crops should be grouped according to phenology and beneficiary clusters. A quick reference guide of GAP, IPM and pesticide choices will be useful for USAID/RED staff, beneficiary field staff, extension agents and literate farmers to refer to in the field as they make decisions.

All remaining pesticides not included under any of the categories above, even those in EPA acute toxicity classes III and IV, present acute and chronic human health and environmental risks (see decision matrix in Table in Annex 1). It is important to recall that “dose alone determines the poison,” so a high dose of a relatively non-highly toxic pesticide may increase risks to human health and environmental resources.

3.1.8 PESTICIDES FOUND IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC THAT ARE RECOMMENDED AND NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE The pesticides found in Table 3 -5 are recommended for use by USAID/RED participant farmers in the Dominican Republic. They were chosen on the basis of a thorough literature review of well respected U.S. and Dominican Republic University sponsored websites and expert opinions. They were selected based on international best practices and availability within the Dominican Republic. These pesticides are recommended only as a last resort after all other integrated pest management practices and organic methods


have been tried. The pesticides found in Table 3-6 are pesticides that were found being used by DR farmers and are not safe for use and must be discontinued immediately. These pesticides were found as the result of field observations and interviews. The pesticides found in Table 3-7 were also found during field observations and interviews– they are safe for use but not currently registered in the Dominican Republic. It is recommended that these pesticides become registered so that farmers can continue to use them. All information from Tables 3-5, 3-6, and 3-7 are also incorporated in Annex 15 as part of the Pest Management Plans.

Table 3-5. Recommended Pesticides

Pesticide Recommended for use under USAID/RED

Type of Pesticide Trade Name(s)

abamectin insecticide/miticide Affirm, Agri-Mek, Avermectin, Avid, MK 936, Vertimec, and Zephyr

acetamiprid insecticide/miticide Assail, Intruder, Tristar acibenzolar fungicide Actigard azoxystrobin fungicide Abound, Amistar, Azoxy, Bankit, Banner,

Cruiser, Dynasty, Heritage, Ortiva, Priori, Prevel, Protégé, Quadris, Renown, Sporgard

Beauveria basiana insecticide/miticide Conidia, Nativo, Brocavec, Cebio-pest, Brocaril, Agronova, Bioexpert, Botani-gard, Mycotrol Balance, Mycotrol O, Brocaril, Mycotrol I

bifenazate insecticide/miticide Acramite, Floramite boric acid insecticide Advantage, Cobra, Croak, Eco-2000 BT (also known as Bacillus thuringiensis, kurstaki, aizawai products)

insecticide/miticide Acrobe, Bactospeine, Berliner (variety kurstaki), Certan (variety aizawai), Dipel, Javelin, Leptox, Novabac, Teknar (variety israelensis), Thuricide, and Victory

carbaryl insecticide/miticide Adios, Bugmaster, Carbamec, Carbamine, Crunch, Denapon, Dicarbam, Hexavin, Karbaspray, Nac, Rayvon, Septene, Sevin, Tercyl, Torndao, Thinsec and Tricarnam

carbendazim insecticide/miticide / fungicide Abisol, Fungisol, Imisol, Intace, Mergal, Polyphase, Preventol

carfentrazone - ethyl herbicide Aim, Cyclone, Powerzone, Stingray, Rage, Teamwork, Speedzone

clethodim herbicide Cletodime, RE-45601, Mana Arrow and Select clomazone herbicide Command, Commence, Gamit, Magister, and

Merit copper hydroxide insecticide/miticide and fungicide Badge, Blue Shield, Champ, Champion, Cobra

crush, Cobra rod, Junction, Kentan, Kocide, Nucop, Spin out

copper oxychloride fungicide Badge, Coc, Copper black, Cuproquim, Microsperse, Oxycop, Root Trim

copper sulfate fungicide Agritox, Basicap, BSC Copper Fungicide, CP Basic Sulfate and Tri-Basic Copper Sulfate

cryolite insecticide/miticide Cryolite (aka sodium aluminum fluoride) cymoxanil fungicide Curzate, Tanos, Evolve cypermethrin* Insecticide, miticide Ammo, Cybush, Cynoff, Cyperkill, Demon deltamethrin insecticide/miticide Butoflin, Butoss, Butox, Cislin, Crackdown,




Cresus, Decis, Decis-Prime, K-Othrin, and K-Otek

dicofol insecticide/miticide Acarin, Cekudifol, Decofol, Dicaron, Dicomite, Difenilo, Difol, Hilfol, Kelthane, and Mitigan

dimethoate insecticide/miticide Cekuthoate, Chimigor 40, Cygon 400, Daphene, De-Fend, Demos NF, Devigon, Dicap, Dimate 267, Dimet, Dimethoat Tech 95%, Dimethopgen, Ferkethion, Fostion MM, Perfekthion, Rogodan, Rogodial, Rogor, Roxion, Sevigor, Trimetion

diuron herbicide Crisuron, Diater, Di-on, Direx, Karmex, and Unidron

fenitrothion insecticide/miticide Accothion, Agrothion, Bay 41831, Cyfen, Cytel, Dicofen, Fenstan, Folithion, Kaleit, Mep, Metathion, Micromite, Novathion, Nuvanol, Pestroy, Sumanone, Sumithion, and Verthion

ferbam fungicide Carbamate flonicamid insecticide Beleaf, F 1785, F 6305 fosetyl aluminum fungicide Aliette, Autograph, Legion, Linebacker glyphosate herbicide Gallup, Landmaster, Pondmaster, Ranger,

Roundup, Rodeo, and Touchdown hexythiazox insecticide/miticide Hexygon, Onager, Savey imidacloprid insecticide/miticide/fungicide Admire Pro I, Merit, Admire, Confidor, Winner,

Advantage, Advise). When used for seed treatments, it is sold under the trade names Akteur, Amigo, Baytan Secur, Chinook, El Hombre, Escocet, Gaucho, Gaucho Blé, Gaucho CS, Gaucho Maícero, Gaucho MZ, Gaucho Orge, Gaucho Primo, Gaucho T, Gaucho MT, Gaucho XT, Genesis, Faibel, Ferial Blé, Férial Orge, Imprimo, Manta Plus, Monceren Extra, Monceren G, Monceren GT, Montur, Prestige, Prestige M, Raxil Secur, Seed-one, Sibutol Secur, Yunta and Zorro FS 236. When used on citrus, coffee, cotton, fruits, grapes, potatoes, rice, soybeans, sugarcane, tobacco and vegetables as an insecticide spray, it is sold under the trade names Admire, Confidor, Connect, Evidence, Leverage, Muralla, Provado and Trimax.

indoxacarb insecticide/miticide Steward, Avaunt iprodione fungicide Chipco 26019, DOP 500F, Kidan, LFA 2043,

NRC 910, Rovral, and Verisan lambda-cyhalothrin* Insecticide/miticide Demand, Karate, Warrior malathion insecticide/miticide Celthion, Cythion, Dielathion, El 4049,

Emmaton, Exathios, Fyfanon and Hilthion, Karbofos and Maltox

mancozeb fungicide Dithane, Dithane-Ultra, Fore, Green-Daisen M, Karamate, Mancofol, Mancozeb, Mancozin, Manzate 200, Manzeb, Manzin Nemispor, Nemispot, Policar, Riozeb, and Zimaneb, Ridomil Gold




metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam)

fungicide Apron, Criser, Dividend, Dynasty, Hurricane, Quadris, Subdue, Ultra-flourish, one of 2 chemicals in Ridomil

metalaxyl fungicide Apron, Metastar, Raxil, Sebring, one of 2 or 3 chemicals in Vortex, Stiletto, Trilex, Titan

methoxyfenozide insecticide/miticide Intrepid metiram insecticide/miticide, fungicide Arbatene, NIA 9102, Polyram, Polyram-Combi,

and Zinc metiram metribuzin herbicide Bay 94337, Bay DIC 1468, Lexone, Sencor,

Sencoral, and Sencorex neem insecticide/miticide (aka azadirachtin) Align, Azatin and Turplex oxytetracycline bactericide Biostat B pendimethalin herbicide AC 92553, Accotab, Go-Go-San, Herbadox,

Penoxalin, Prowl, Sipaxol, Sovereign, Stomp and Way-Up

petroleum oil, ‘mineral oil’

insecticide/miticide 435 oil, 4554 oil, Acme dormant oil spray, Bonide horticulture oil, BVA spray, Clean Crop Superior 7 oil, Drexel 415/455 oil, Griffen 435/455 oil, Pure spray, Sun Spray, Summit

phosmet I insecticide/miticide Appa, Decemthion, Fesdan, Imidan, Kemolate, Prolate, PMC and Safidon

propiconazole fungicide Alamo, Banner, Bazooka, Brightwood, Bumper, Concert, Inspire, Instrata, Mycostat, Orbit, Polyphase, Ppz 1.55, Premier, Propibio, Quilt, Safetray, Stratego, Tilt

pymetrozine insecticide Endeavor, Fulfill pyraclostrobin fungicide Bas 500/516/56, Cabrio, Coronet, Headline,

Honor, Insignia, Multiva, Pageant, Pristine, Stamina

pyrethrin* insecticide/miticide Buhach, Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium, Ofirmotox, Insect Powder, Dalmation Insect Flowers, Firmotox, Parexan and NA 9184

pyrethrum* Insecticide/miticide Dragon, Drione, Pyrenone, Pyrocide pyriproxyfen insecticide/miticide Enforcer, Esteem, Evercide, Farnam, Nylar,

SPV, Unicorn rotenone insecticide/miticide Chem-Fish, Cuberol, Fish Tox, Noxfire,

Rotacide, Sinid, Tox-R, Curex Flea Duster, Derrin, Cenol Garden Dust, Chem-Mite, Cibe Extract and Green Cross Warble Powder

carbaryl insecticide/miticide Sevin 80S I spiromesifen insecticide/miticide Bsn 2060, Forbid, Oberon tebuconazole fungicide Absolute, Folicur, Gaucho, Orius, Provost,

Raxil, Sativa thiabendazole fungicide Apl-Luster, Arbotect, Mertect, Mycozol, TBZ,

Tecto, and Thibenzole thiamethoxam insecticide/miticide Actara, Adage-maxim, Avicta, Centric, Cruiser,

Durivo, Endigo, Flagship, Helix, Meridian, Optigard, Platinum, Voliam

thiodicarb insecticide/miticide Larvin




thiophanate methyl fungicide 26/36, Evolve, Sysstar, Systec, Tops, Topsin thiram fungicide AAtack, Arasan, Aules, Fermide 850, Fernasan,

FMC 2070, Hexathir, Mercuram, Micropearls, Nomersan, Pomarsol, Puralin, Rezifilm, Rhodiasan Express, Spotrete, Tersan, Thiosan, Thiotex, Thiramad, Thirame, Thiuramin, Thirasan, Tirampa, Tiuramyl, TMTC, TMTD 50 Borches, Trametan, Tuads, and Tulisan

triadimefon fungicide Bayleton F triadimenol fungicide Baytan, Gustafson baytan, Trilex advanced Trichoderma spp. insecticide/miticide Binab T, T-22 trifloxystrobin fungicide Absolute, Armada, Compass, Distinguish,

Dyna-shield, Flint, Gem, Prosper, Stratego, Tartan, Trilex, USF

*these pesticides are RUPs and the mitigation recommendations for their use is described on pp.33-34

Table 3-6. Ingredients that Should Not Be Used

Pesticide Active Ingredients Found in DR that Should Not Be Used By USAID/ RED Beneficiary Farmers benomyl - not EPA registered chlorpyrifos – RUP terbufos (Counter) - Class I, RUP carbofuran (Furadan) - Class I, RUP endosulfan (Thiodan) - Class I, RUP lindane - PIC and POP, RUP, not registered by EPA for agricultural use ethoprophos (Mocap) - Class I, RUP diazinon (Basudin) - Class 1, RUP parathion - Class I, RUP oxamyl (Vydate) - Class I RUP carbosulfan (Marshal) - Not EPA registered metaldehyde - RUP monocrotophos - PIC chemical, Class I, RUP methyl bromide - Class I toxin, RUP, Montreal Protocol chemical acetochlor – RUP diflubenzuron – RUP

zineb - Not EPA registered paraquat (Grammoxone) - RUP methamidophos - Class I, RUP terbutryn - Not EPA registered benlaxyl (Galban/Tairel-M) - Not EPA registered formetanate hydrochloride (Dicarsol, Carzol) - Class I, RUP profenofos - RUP tetradifon - Not EPA registered bromopropylate - Not EPA registered dinocap - Not EPA registered ethion (Comando) - Not EPA registered bitertanol (Baycor) - Not EPA registered emamectin benzoate – RUP fenpropathrin (Danitol) - RUP tridemorph (Calixin) - Not EPA registered methomyl - Class I, RUP chlorothalonil – Class I and II

Table 3-7. Recommended Pesticides if Registered in DR Pesticide Recommended For Use Once Registered in DR


kaolin insecticide Taenure, Tick‐ex

Metarrhyzium anisopliae insecticide Acquire H

Myrothecium verrucaria nematicide/insecticide Agb 9008, Agb 9017, Ditera

potassium bicarbonate fungicide Agricure, Armicarb, Bi‐carb, Kaligreen


Pesticide Recommended For Use Once Registered in DR


spinetoram insecticide Delegate, Radiant, GF‐1587/1629/1640

spirotetramat insecticide Movento

3.2 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDES This procedure generally refers to the economic and/or environmental rationales for choosing a particular pesticide. With the increase in S&C-GAP systems required for access to export markets, these rationales are changing rapidly. This is a positive development in terms of risk reduction. Best practices and USAID regulations—which promote IPM as policy—dictate that the least toxic and effective pesticide should be selected. As discussed above, until recently the criteria for selection of pesticides have most often been availability, effectiveness (efficacy), and price, whereas environmental and human safety criteria has been neglected. Farmers have historically chosen pesticides that defeat pests quickly and visibly, and the importance of this concern has been reflected in both USAID and previous best practices models.

Farmers using S&C-GAP systems for export crops focus more on factors such as human safety and low environmental impact, by necessity as much as by choice. Such lower-toxicity pesticides may take longer to act, but they are effective. Another factor of importance is the abeyance of pesticide-specific post-harvest intervals (PHIs), which can be influenced by choosing products with rapid post-application break down or environmental degradation. Lastly, it is important for importers to take into account the “reliability” of the pesticide- both stated quantity of AI as well as absence of toxic synthesis byproducts. Risks are minimized when buying from reputable manufacturers, importers and distributors. This is especially true for countries like the DR which import significant quantities of pesticide products from China, India and Pakistan.

3.2.1 ANALYSIS USAID/RED vegetable cluster partners indicated that the most important bases for pesticide selection in the DR are “cost” and “efficacy.” The persistence of exceptionally toxic red-label products for sale in farm stores is one indication of this. Alternatively, clusters growing crops for export markets, such as mangoes, bananas, cacao, coffee and avocadoes, indicated ‘worker safety (toxicity levels)’ and ‘environmental safety’ as important selection factors. Product quality reliability was indirectly identified as a selection factor by owners of agrochemical stores. To conclude, although cost and efficacy are still important factors, environment and human safety factors are increasingly considered by exporters and owners of agrochemical stores.

3.2.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS DR farm agronomists and managers directly involved with the USAID/RED Program were found to have a high level of understanding of identification of local pests, of integrated non-pesticide methods of pest management, as well as different types of available pesticides.

Since cost and efficacy are the important factors associated with the selection of pesticides on vegetable farms and greenhouses, workers are continually trying to locate the most effective active ingredient at the lowest price, including some high-risk red-label products. As more vegetable production comes under GAP systems, pesticide selection criteria will begin to shift to include farmer and environmental safety. Farm store owners often serve the role of extension agents by identifying pests and recommending control measures, and can play a positive role in recommending less-toxic alternatives to red-label products. More specifically, they


can explain that such less-harmful agents work just as well, albeit at a relatively slower pace. On-site in-country practice corroborates this trend; most of the farm stores visited had selections of green-label pesticide products usable on organic crops, and store owners understood their advantages. Farmers accustomed to producing crops under Organic or GlobalGAP systems understand these products and the criteria used for their justification.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS Clusters receiving grants from and working with the USAID/RED Program should consider:

Very strong emphasis needs to be placed on cluster farmers to use pesticides with low human-acute toxicity. Table 3.5 lists recommended pesticides that were selected based upon their low acute toxicity, low ecotoxicity levels, and status as EPA and DR registered. They are the pesticides highlighted in green in Annex 1. The only RUPs that are recommended are pyrethrum, pyrethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhclothrin, and they are only recommended for use under special circumstances - the basis for selection/justification is located on pages 32 and 33 of Section 3.1.6. These four pesticides are listed in yellow in Annex 1. Table 3.6 lists those pesticides that were found being used in the DR and are prohibited from use on USAID/RED due to their high acute toxicity and/or ecotoxicity levels and/or RUP status. These pesticides are highlighted in red in Annex 1. Table 7 lists those pesticides that should be recommended as soon as they are registered in the DR. As they have not yet been registered in the DR, they are not listed in Annex 1.

Fruits and vegetables produced for export (as well as those for local consumption) should use pesticide products which break down rapidly after application to reduce food-borne pesticide residue issues, only after IPM methods have been first implemented. PHIs also need to be respected so that pesticides have sufficient time to break down before harvest.

During USAID/RED pesticide safety training of beneficiary farmers, USAID/RED trainers should discuss additional pesticide selection factors that utilize information and materials in this PERSUAP, material found in MSDSs and on pesticide labels, and material found on pest management websites (e.g. University of California IPM site7). Such training can emphasize the importance of using less toxic green- and blue-label products and that patience is required to allow for less toxic alternative to take effect.

USAID/RED project and cluster agronomists should use their expertise to perform basic simple economic analyses comparing pesticides from different acute toxicity classes to determine the most judicious choices—taking into account factors such as hazards to human health and environmental impact potential.

USAID/RED project and cluster agronomists should promote the use of more green-label microbial, botanical, and naturally-derived pesticides when practical (e.g., mineral and vegetable oils, sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, bacterial extract-based pesticides sphinosad and abamectin, Metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species, and extracts of neem, chili pepper and garlic).

Training of farm store owners on GAP, IPM, and proper application of acceptable pesticides is needed so that they can give accurate information to farmers. Consider inviting farm store owners to USAID/RED Project trainings.

7 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/


3.3 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS, OR COULD BE, PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM USAID promotes the training, development and use of integrated approaches to pest management tools and tactics whenever possible. For example, see pest management tools and practices recommended in Annex 15 (Pest Management Plans).

This section discusses how the proposed pesticide use can be incorporated into an overall IPM strategy. Increasingly, GAP systems like those found in the DR are subsuming IPM tactics into their own regimens of best and highly recommended practices.

Good crop management practices can strongly affect IPM, and good agronomic or cultural practices are the most basic and often the most important prerequisites for an effective IPM program. A healthy crop optimizes both yield potential and capacity to prevent, and tolerate pest damage.

3.3.1 IPM TOOLS AND DISCUSSION OF RELEVANCE TO USAID/RED: ISSUES, ANALYSIS, AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS As noted, IPM tools and techniques are becoming a subset of GAPs. The use of GAPs ensure the production of strong, vigorous plants (that can resist or tolerate pest damage), while IPM focuses on decreasing risks from certain pests and other constraints to production.

GAPs emphasize maintaining proper plant health, and thus prevention of problems, through use of:

Quality hybrid pest- and constraint-resistant treated seed;

Proper land preparation and tillage such as sowing in raised-bed plantings;

Soil fertility testing, monitoring and management;

Water and soil moisture testing and management to avoid salinity, bacterial and chemical contaminants, and soil-borne diseases;

Nutrient management through use of combinations of biological and mineral fertilizers;

Organic matter management through use of manures, composting, and mulching;

Proper pesticide choice, storage, use and disposal.

IPM is a philosophy and practice of considering and using any and all possible pest management techniques and tools including:

Pest scouting, monitoring, and identification for precision decision-making;

Cultural methods that promote pest avoidance and a healthy plant that can better tolerate or resist pests. These methods include, but are not limited to, use of resistant varieties, early/late plantings/harvestings, crop rotation, pruning, destruction of crop residues, pest refuge plants near fields, and GAP practices.

Natural pest control by encouraging and protecting parasitoids, predators, and pest diseases (i.e. planting predator-attracting plants/flowers);

Mechanical weed or insect pest control using manual, hoe and machine practices;


Chemical practices such as use of judicious, knowledgeable, and safe application of synthetic and ‘natural’ (derived from nature; extracted from plants, microbes, and other organisms) pesticides.

The following are IPM uses to be used while permitting the safe integration of pesticides with farmers’ traditional cropping and pest management systems.

IPM Uses Examples

Natural chemical methods: Attractants, repellents, sterilants and growth inhibitors

Genetic methods: Propagation and release of sterile or genetically incompatible pests

Regulatory means: Plant and animal quarantines, suppression and eradication programs

The strongest selling points for IPM beyond the health and environmental benefits are:

IPM is more effective then synthetic pesticides in the long run;

IPM is less damaging to essential soil health and nutrient cycling;

IPM generally requires less capital (but more labor) investment;

IPM can be used preventatively to eliminate or minimize the need for “responsive” controls (e.g. applying pesticides after a pest outbreak occurs to an already damaged area).

A General IPM Planning and Design Protocol developed by scientists from the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and extensionists for horticulture can be found in Annex 8.

The DR strongly restricts the importation of exotic (non-native) parasites and predators. No biological control companies that produce parasites and predators for purchase currently exist in the DR, but are not legally restricted. Several ‘natural’ pesticides composed of living microbes or their extracts are registered for import and use in the DR. These include Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), Bacillus spaericus, Beauveria basiana, Metarhizium species, Trichoderma species, Verticillium lecanii; and abamectin (avermectin) and sphinosad, respectively.

From 1989 to 1994, USAID funded a fruit and vegetable IPM program in the DR, with four regional offices. Crops covered included tomato, cabbage, eggplant, cucumber, melon, potato, sweet potato, and citrus. The International Potato Research Center (CIP) worked on sweet potato pests (whiteflies and thrips) in the DR and Cuba from 1992 to 2000. One DR university laboratory has experience working with Trichogramma species egg parasites to control the cassava worm. These generally effective IPM efforts focused principally on the introduction and use of pheromone traps, as well as the importation and release of biological control agents like parasites and predators. For instance, the papaya mealybug and pink mealybug were successfully eradicated from the DR in the early 2000s using imported parasites.


ANALYSIS OF GAP/IPM PRACTICES IN THE DR AND CONSTANZA Of these possible GAP and IPM techniques, interviews with USAID/RED agronomists and farmers show possible tools and techniques USAID/RED beneficiaries are using, planning to use, and are not using:

Table 3-8. IPM Tools that are used in DR on USAID/RED cropping systems Tools Used in Moncion yucca

and other location root crops?

Used in Constanza & Santiago vegetables?

Used in Zafarraya vegetables?

Used for fruit tree crops in Bani, Mao, Cambita, pineapple in Cotui?

Used in Jarabacoa cash crops coffee & cacao?

Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing

Yes, by S&C systems, but limited use by vegetable growers

Yes, by almost all farmers Yes, by almost all farmers Yes, by many farmers Yes, by almost all farmers

Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant variety

Yes, by most farmers Yes, almost all farmers Yes, almost all farmers Yes, almost all farmers Yes, almost all farmers

Seed treatment with pesticides

For seed, yes, for cuttings, no

Yes, almost all commercially-available seeds that require treatment

Yes, almost all commercially-available seeds that require treatment

N/A N/A

Soil moisture measurements

Very little Done by feel and experieince, not by tensiometers, some test for salts; some on larger farms/corporate S&C farms

Done by feel and experieince, not by tensiometers, some test for salts

Some certified farms Little

Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)

Yes, especially as costs for mineral fertilizers increase

Yes, almost all purchase and use both mineral and manure fertilizers

Yes, almost all purchase and use both mineral and manure fertilizers

Little, some nitrogen-fixing plants used

Some, some composting of coffee cereza

Use of purchased mineral fertilizers

Yes, but reduced Yes, but reduced Yes, but reduced Yes, but reduced Not on organic farms

Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers

Yes, limited Yes Yes Little Little

Crop rotation No, almost non-existent for cassava, Yes, for row crop roots

Yes, almost every farmer practices rotation to manage pests and soil fertility

Yes, almost every farmer practices rotation to manage pests and soil fertility

N/A N/A


Tools Used in Moncion yucca and other location root crops?





Use of green manure crops

No, not encountered No, because there is no soil resting period between crop plantings; plantings are one after the other

No, because there is no soil resting period between crop plantings; plantings are one after the other

Some nitrogen-fixing plants used around mango trees

No

Early/late plantings/harvestings to avoid pests

No No, because consecutive rotated plantings are continuous, and not necessarily by calendar

No, because consecutive rotated plantings are continuous, and not necessarily by calendar

No No

Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests

No Almost none in the field, all surface area is cropped, techniques not well known; eggplant was used as whitefly trap crop in greenhouse tomatoes

Almost none in the field, all surface area is cropped, techniques not well known

No No

Pruning and sanitation of diseased plants/trees

Some for root row crops. For yucca, no, but could be used to reduce virus-infected branches

Yes, dead plants are removed, dead strawberry leaves, fruit and plants are pruned out weekly

Yes, some diseased plants weeded out and discarded.

Yes, mangoes and avocadoes are center-pruned to create light and air movement repellent for many pests and diseases, and diseased branches are pruned out

Yes, some heavily-diseased branches pruned out.

Planting parasite-attracting plants on field margins

No, not observed No, technology is not well understood, or used

No, technology is not well understood, or used



Farmer ability to correctly identify pests

Some, but could be more Yes, almost all farmers can identify major diseases and pests

Yes, almost all farmers can identify major diseases and pests



Purchase and use of parasitoids to attack major pests

No, only experimental donor-funded (=subsidized) use recorded

No, because of strict import restrictions for living organisms (farmers want this, but cannot get it)

No, but could be done especially in greenhouse production (strict import restrictions need to change)

No, but biocontrol has high potential in stable orchard situations (strict import restrictions need to change)

No, but biocontrol has high potential in stable orchard situations (strict import restrictions need to change)







Use of pheromone traps to monitor insect levels

Some, pheromone traps are used for sweet potato weevil, but for other crops, no

No, the technology is not perceived as available or cost effective

No, but could be used in greenhouses

No, but could be used Yes, for broca on coffee

Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall insect levels

Yes, sweet potato weevil No, same as above No No Yes, for coffee borer

Use of pheromone inundation to confuse moth mating

No No, same as above No No No

Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage

Some, could be increased Yes, most of the farmers and their laborers are in the field and monitor daily

Yes Yes, particularly in certified export mango and banana production

Yes, especially on organic farms

Farm use of a locked storage building for pesticides

Some project farmers use these, but they are not well marked with warning signage

Yes, but most farmers lock the pesticides to protect them from theft, than to follow BMPs (GAPs)

Some project farmers use these, but they are not well marked with warning signage

Yes, especially on certified farms


Ability of farmers to correctly identify predators, parasites and pest diseases

Some, but very limited No, farmers do not rely on predators, parasites and pest diseases (PPPs) for control

Little, farmers do not rely on predators, parasites and pest diseases (PPPs) for control

Some Some

Do things to encourage predator/parasite build-up

No

No, concepts and techniques are not well known, and will depend on area-wide acceptance for success

No Yes, on organic and certified systems, No for others

Yes, on organic and certified systems, No for others

Mulching with organic materials or plastic to control weeds

No No, for most crops; Yes, for (high-value) strawberries,

No Some in early banana N/A

Mechanical weed control by machine cultivation, hoe, or by hand, if plots are sufficiently small

Some in orchards, by machine, and hoe (but no hand) weeding for other crops like vegetables

Yes, by hand for large weeds, by hoe for smaller plants

Yes Not cost effective for orchards

Not cost effective for coffee orchards







Use of herbicides for weed control—

Yes Yes, but limited Yes, but limited Yes No on organic farms, yes for others

Exclude insect pests by using vegetable tunnels and micro-tunnels

Yes, but very limited (and costly)

Yes, but limited (and costly); used only for high-value crops like strawberries

Yes, for greenhouses, only for high value field crops

Yes, some fruits are bagged

No

Mechanical insect control by hand picking larvae, pupae or adults

No, not practical on larger hectarages due to costs of labor

Not done; not practical for the amount of hectarages planted




Use of synthetic (made in a laboratory) insecticides, miticides, nematocides, molluscicides for pest control

Yes, but could evolve toward slower-acting blue- and green-banded label products, especially natural botanical and microbial products





Use of synthetic (made in a laboratory) fungicides for control of fungus

Yes Yes Yes Yes, Yes

Spot treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides

No, because farmers have experience showing that small, localized outbreaks are indicative of imminent larger outbreaks



Some fruit crop farmers use, especially on certified farms


Crop stalks, crop residue, diseased branches and dropped fruit composting at end of season

Little used on row root crops

No, home-made composting technology is not well known or used

No, home-made composting technology is not well known or used

Limited to and observed in certified mango and banana plantations

Yes, this is done for both coffee and cacao







Apply local artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethrum/ pyrethrin, garlic, chili peppers, other) to kill pests

Yes, as these are commercially available, but very limited artisanal (on-farm) production exists

Purchased products include neem oil, garlic oil, chili pepper oil, rotenone, pyrethrin /pyrethrum, but no artesanal production





In conclusion, several of the USAID/RED agronomists and beneficiary farmers, whether or not they understand the IPM philosophy fully, do know about, and use numerous GAP and IPM tools and tactics. Additional tools and tactics could be added to the repertoire of each, through research and training, including the production of crop- and pest-specific field-oriented Pest Management Plans (PMPs) including GAP and IPM measures and best practices.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS USAID/RED agronomists should assist each cluster with the production of crop and pest-specific PMPs

organized by crop phenology or seasonality. A good example of this is the existing PMP produced in poster form for mango farmers.

During training and field visits by USAID/RED, enhance understanding of, and emphasis on Integrated Pest Management philosophy, tools, and techniques, choosing least toxic alternatives wherever possible and using synthetic pesticides as last resort.

3.4 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT. This section examines pesticide application processes. It elaborates the risks associated with the application equipment and methodologies, as well as measures that should be taken to ensure safe use for each application type.

3.4.1 ANALYSIS Many small- and medium-holder vegetable farmers in the DR still use hand-pump and motorized backpack sprayers with hand-held lances for application. These devices are prone to leaks and thus present applicator exposure risk. Some orchards and plantations use tractor-drawn vertical and horizontal boom sprayers, as well as fixed mixing tank and pump sprayers with long hoses attached to hand-operated application lances. Farmers with more complex application equipment keep hand-pump backpack sprayers for limited “spot” applications of specific chemicals such as herbicides for areas missed by boom applications. Aerial application of pesticides has continued, especially for application of oils to banana plantations and for rice production.

Pesticides enter the body through the nose and mouth as vapors; through the skin and eyes via leaky sprayers, during mixing, spillage/splashing, and spray drift; and through the mouth by accidental splashing, ingestion of food, or via cigarettes.

Backpack sprayers, used more intensively by the poorest farmers, leak at almost every junction (filler cap, pump handle entry, exit hose attachment, lance attachment to the hose, as well as at the lance handle) and these leaks soak into exposed skin. Clothing serves to wick and hold these pesticides in contact with skin, and to concentrate them use after use, until the skin is washed. Workers also walk through areas already sprayed, which soaks their clothing with pesticides. Mitigation actions include understanding and putting into place sprayer equipment maintenance procedures and proper spray techniques that reduce sprayed area walk-through, in addition to frequent washing of application clothing.

Other sprayers not directly in constant contact with the applicator, like tractor-pulled sprayers, produce an organic chemical mist that can be inhaled if the winds are sufficiently high and the applicator or tractor driver


is not wearing cartridge and pre-filter respirators necessary for filtering organic chemical vapors. A mitigation action in this instance includes purchase, maintenance, and use of these respirators, and to practice application only in the early morning when honeybees do not forage and there is no wind or strong sun.

3.4.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS Some likely reasons that many farm workers in the DR do not use PPE to reduce pesticide exposure risks include:

1. Farm workers either discredit or do not completely understand the potential health risks associated with pesticides; since they may have never been sub-lethally poisoned, they continue to take risks.

2. Climatic conditions (particularly heat) make it uncomfortable to use the equipment. This is exacerbated by the fact that pesticides are not always applied in the early morning hours when it is recommended due to the lack of wind).

3. Appropriate PPE equipment, such as cartridge and pre-filter respirators necessary for filtering organic chemical vapors, is generally not available.

4. Farmers may not understand the warning labels or pictograms provided on the pesticide labels, since there is a high level of illiteracy and lack of effective training. Illiteracy is especially prevalent among older, rural generations.

International best practices for safe use of pesticides require that appropriate PPE is used. Most pesticide companies list best practice or display pictograms showing PPE that is required for use of that product on each pesticide label. S&C systems for trade in agricultural commodities also require the use of appropriate PPE. Training should emphasize these facts as well as pictogram displays. If individual PPE ownership is too expensive, groupings of farmers (via cooperatives, clusters, or associations) could purchase PPE for use or rental by members, thus reducing the per-farm cost of ownership. Some general mitigation measures to ensure safe pesticide use are contained in Annex 9.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS Ensure that protective clothing is available to famer workers involved with pesticide use. This includes such

equipment as carbon-filter respirator masks, gloves, long-sleeved shirt and pants, or Tyvek® outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label. This clothing should be carefully selected to provide an optimum balance of worker comfort and protection8. Examples of safety equipment to be used for each type of pesticide are found in Annex 10.

For each beneficiary cluster that is associated with pesticide use, identify a member who will ensure the proper storage, use, and maintenance of PPE and check for leaks and maintenance of spray equipment. This involves making sure that the equipment is regularly cleaned and checked for damage, that the equipment is not used outside the cluster or cooperative, and that workers are using the equipment correctly.

8 Farm workers in particular may wish to use light, disposable overalls. Many brand names exist, such as Tyvek® Coveralls, that

could be provided at about $8 a pair in farm stores.


Set out a schedule for continuous training in safe handling and use of pesticides—including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, understanding information on labels, and proper disposal of packaging.

Ensure that children are kept away from the field during and after spraying.

3.5 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS This section of the PERSUAP examines the acute and chronic toxicological risks associated with the proposed pesticides. This section refers to the Table in Annex 1 which contains a list of pesticide active ingredients–-with human and environmental risks identified – that are currently registered for importation and use and may therefore be encountered in the DR. This section also discusses measures designed to mitigate any identified toxicological hazards.

3.5.1 ANALYSES USAID/RED beneficiary farm managers, farmers, and pesticide system actors were asked about human and environmental poisonings. Pesticide distributors had the most information on this. They noted that human pesticide poisonings had occurred more frequently in the past, especially with the use of the highly toxic fumigant aluminum phosphide for stored products. Other chemicals that are frequently encountered in the DR farm stores have shown human poisoning risks in other countries, so they should be watched closely. For instance, in the Benin cotton sector, farmers are routinely poisoned to death by endosulfan and its residues on vegetables9. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 220,000 deaths from acute pesticide poisoning occur per year globally10.

No instances of environmental (bird or fish) poisonings have been documented in the DR, even though roughly half of all North American land birds that migrate do so to just five countries, including the DR11. A pesticide decision matrix containing information on acute and chronic human and environmental toxicological risks are listed for each pesticide active ingredient in the Table in Annex 1. There are several ways to mitigate exposure to humans and the environment. Some of the best examples are outlined below.

3.5.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS Acute and long-term toxicological hazards—human and environmental—associated with the USAID/RED project’s beneficiary’s potential pesticide uses exist, particularly in vegetable production.

MITIGATION OF HUMAN TOXICOLOGICAL EXPOSURES Most pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge regarding the safe handling of pesticides. The time spent learning about safer operating and handling procedures is an investment in the health and safety of oneself, one’s family, and others. Pesticides can enter the body in four

9 http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403 10 http://magazine.panna.org/spring2006/inDepthGlobalPoisoning.html 11 http://www.abcbirds.org/newsandreports/act_songbirds.pdf


major ways: through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes. The checklist below gives ways to avoid these various routes of overexposure to pesticides.

Kind of exposure to avoid

Means of avoiding overexposure

Dermal (skin) exposure Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding dermal exposure

Use recommended protective clothing and other equipment as listed on the label

Do not re-enter the area until deposit has dried or re-entry interval is past

Oral (mouth) exposure Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding oral exposure

Never eat, drink, or smoke, chew tobacco while working with any pesticide

Wash thoroughly with soap and water before eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing tobacco

Do not touch lips to contaminated objects (such as nozzles)

Do not wipe mouth with contaminated hands or clothing

Do not expose food, beverages, drinking vessels, or cigarettes to pesticides

Wear a face shield when handling concentrated pesticides

Respiratory (lungs) exposure

Read the label to find out if respiratory protection is required

If respiratory protection is required, use only an approved respiratory device

Stay upwind during application

Eye exposure Read the label to find out if eye protection is required

If eye protection is required, use goggles to protect eyes or a face shield to protect eyes and face

Keep pesticide container below eye level when pouring

In addition to these common-sense measures, there is a way to ensure protection against exposure to pesticides by the type of clothing required for different classifications of acute toxicity. Toxicity classes are provided for each DR pesticide AI in the Table in Annex 1. Effective risk reduction is achieved by following the protective clothing guide and environmental risks noted on the product label (usually via pictograms), the MSDS, and in Annex 10. The EPA system for determining acute toxicity of pesticides (as well as the European WHO system) is included as Annex 6 to this PERSUAP.

Most environmental pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge regarding the safer handling of pesticides. The time spent learning about safer procedures and how to use them is an investment in the protection and conservation of resources and organisms that provide essential and valued environmental services to the crop, farm environment, farmer and ultimately consumer. These resources and some of the benefits they provide are identified in the table below:

Critical Resource Beneficial Function Quality clean water Plant irrigation/nutrition, produce processing and drinking water services Rich soil microbial/chemical health Pest management and plant nutrition services Fish Human food, ecosystem web functioning and services Honeybees Crop pollination services Birds Field pest management services Amphibians Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services Earthworms Proper soil fertility and friability services Mollusks Human food and aquatic ecosystem services


Crustaceans Human food and aquatic ecosystem services Aquatic insects Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services Plankton Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services

MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGICAL EXPOSURES Toxicological exposures can be mitigated by adhering to the following do’s and don’ts:

Do’s

Use IPM practices in crop production

Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish and wildlife

Protect field borders and other noncrop habitats from pesticide

Completely cover pesticide granules with soil, especially spilled granules at the ends of rows

Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent

Read and follow pesticide label instructions

Properly dispose of chemical containers

Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray zone around national parks or other protected areas

Warn apiary owners of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives

Don’ts

Do not spray over ponds and drainage ditches

Never wash equipment or containers where rinse water could enter ponds or streams

Do not use pesticides with potential or known groundwater risks near ground drinking water sources, or where the water table is less than 2 meters, and on sandy soils

Do not apply pesticides in protected parks

Do not use aerial applications near sensitive habitats

Do not spray when wind speeds are more than 8 to 10 mph

Do not apply granular pesticides in fields known to be frequented by migratory waterfowl

Do not apply insecticides from 10 am to 4 pm when honeybees are foraging; insecticides are best applied early in the morning when it is cool with no wind, and when honeybees do not forage

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS Train producers on pesticide-safe BMPs

For each group or cluster of farmers/farm managers to be trained, identify the pesticides most likely to be used on their specific crops, and then identify the human health risks associated with each by using


information on pesticide labels, in the attached Table in Annex 1, and on MSDSs. Be sure to cover these risks and ways to mitigate them for each chemical.

Provide training on, and follow basic first aid for, pesticide overexposure

Train farm managers and farmers on basic pesticide overexposure first aid, while following recommendations found in Annex 11, as well as any special first aid information included on labels and MSDSs for commonly-used pesticides.

Avoid damage to the environment through training on recognizing and avoiding non-target impacts

For pesticides likely to be used for each crop cluster, identify specific environmental issues associated with each product and AI and train farmers how to identify and mitigate such risks by learning to “read” the safety pictograms contained on the label and MSDS. Information is also compiled, by AI, in the Table in Annex 1.

3.6 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE FOR THE PROPOSED USE This section of the PERSUAP requires information similar to that provided previously, but more specific to the actual conditions of application and product quality. This section considers the potential for use of low -quality products as well as the development of pest resistance to proposed pesticides, both of which will decrease effectiveness (efficacy).

3.6.1 ANALYSIS DR agriculture has a reasonably long history of pesticide use, and pesticides are widely available and affordable to most farmers. Additionally, there are increasingly numerous pesticide products being imported from China and found available in the farm stores visited. Although many of the Chinese companies produce products of reasonable quality, there are concerns with companies that do not. Products from inferior companies may contain unwanted, and often highly toxic, by-products or low quality active ingredients which perform less effectively. Individual farmer education appears to be limited and farmers rely heavily upon consultation from agronomists in pesticide stores. The combination of these factors can cause under- and over-dosing, and can lead to resistance to pesticides.

Fortunately, many of the USAID/RED clusters focus on limited chemicals or organic inputs. The exception to this is the vegetable cluster. No instances of decreased or decreasing efficacy of pesticide products were discovered in interviews. However, they likely do exist due to the intensity of pesticide applications in the vegetable sectors. Many farm agronomists understood the concept of pest resistance to pesticides and how to mitigate this through “pesticide rotation” techniques and choice of quality products. Best practices entail regularly changing the pesticide active ingredient as well as ensuring that the class and thus mode of action of the pesticide is regularly changed.

Most of the pesticides chosen by cluster agronomists and farmers are selected using effectiveness as one of the primary criteria. Pesticide import and distribution representatives noted that under- and over-dosing are the primary concerns with lack of effectiveness and potential development of resistance.


3.6.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS The vegetable farmers interviewed had limited understanding of pesticide resistance issues. Individual farmers’ reliance on agronomist-pesticide shop owners could contribute to this problem due to a potential conflict of interest; shop owners are simultaneously selling products and advising farmers which products to use. The greatest concern is that individual farmers who do not have direct, unbiased advice from a trained agronomist, may be improperly using pesticides or applying incorrect dosages. This could lead to pesticide resistance.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS USAID/RED agronomists and others performing training and capacity-building for USAID/RED clusters should include a pesticide program, educating farmers on which types of pesticides to use, the most reliable brand names, regular pesticide rotation, and correct dosages. This should be documented in their PMPs, with regular follow-up over time.

Individual farmers should be trained to monitor for the development of pest resistance, and farm agronomists should be aware of it during their field visits to their farms.

USAID/RED agronomists should pay special attention to signs of the development of resistance by noting reduction in efficacy of pesticide products, and mitigate this by recommending other products, especially those from other pesticide classes with different modes of action.

3.7 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS. This section examines the potential effect of the pesticides on organisms other than the target pest (i.e., the effect on honeybee colonies in the production areas and risks to endangered and other species). Non-target species of concern include birds, fish, aquatic organisms, and beneficial insects. The potential for negative impact on non-target species should be assessed and appropriate steps should be identified to mitigate adverse impacts; and this should be included in the EMR. The Table in Annex 1 shows the relative risks of each pesticide active ingredient to non-target organisms, so that informed product choices can be made if non-target organism are at risk.

3.7.1 ISSUES WITH BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PROTECTED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES A USAID tropical forestry and biodiversity (118/119) analysis performed in 2002 for the DR identified critical protection issues. This study found that pesticide contamination, watershed degradation, soil erosion, solid and liquid waste disposal and management, water and air pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss are serious concerns. The invasion of protected area lands by agricultural users occurs in some remote parks, such as in Parque Nacional los Haitises, north of Monte Plata.

The DR’s mountain ranges, valleys, deserts, lakes, and islands serve as home to 5,600 plant species. Thirty-six percent of the country's floral species are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else on the planet—out of these, 301 endemic orchids have been identified. The Dominican Republic even has an endemic palm tree called the “manacle palm.”


Of the 303 bird species living in the country, 27 are endemic, including the yellow and brown Hispaniola woodpecker and the narrow-billed tody. Many of the birds are also listed as endangered or threatened throughout the world. One bird listed as critical is the Ridgway's hawk.

The national parks are also home to over 300 species of butterflies and 33 land mammals, including the endangered solenodonte, a small shrew-like mammal that eats ants. The hutia, a small gerbil-like rodent, is also rarely seen. Much larger animals like the American crocodile, reaching lengths of 15 feet, and the rhinoceros iguana which grows to four feet are also found in the DR.

Several marine areas have been classified as national parks and many animals have found refuge here where 14 percent of the world's coral reefs reside. Six of the world's seven marine turtles live in the DR including the mammoth leatherback which can grow to over six feet and weigh 800 pounds. In addition, the endangered Antillean manatee, humpback whale and bottlenose dolphin are often observed in the Dominican Republic's bays.

The DR has 83 protected areas as follows: 19 national parks, six scientific reserves, 32 natural monuments, 15 natural reserves, two marine sanctuaries and nine protected parcels of islands.

Major National Parks in the DR are as follows:

1. Parque Nacional Del Este in the southeast of the island between La Romana and the mouth of the Yuma River. Includes the Caribbean island Isla Saona. Some 110 different birds and dolphins live in the park.

2. Parque Nacional El Choco and Las Cuevas de Cabarete, only two kilometers from Cabarete. The park includes numerous indigenous orchids.

3. Parque Nacional Jaragua in the extreme southwest of the DR. The park contains 130 different birds and 4,500 year-old Taino paintings.

4. Parque Nacional Armando Bermúdez in the mountains of the Cordillera Central. Contains the highest mountains of the Caribbean (Pico Duarte, La Pelona, Loma la Rucilla, and Yaque).

5. Parque Nacional José Del Carmen Ramírez in the center of the island, near San Juan de la Maguana, close to the mountain Loma de la Viuda.

6. Parque Nacional Los Haitises at Samana bay. This park contains 700 different plant species and up to 110 different bird species.

7. Parque Nacional Monte Cristi in the northwest of the Republic, close to Haiti border. The park contains coastal lagoons, beaches, mangrove swamps, and a 237-meter limestone mesa, which provides a habitat for an indigenous plant species called Sabia montecristini as well as several indigenous reptile species.

8. Parque Nacional Isabel De Torres in Puerto Plata.

9. Parque Nacional Isla Cabritos on Cabritos Island in the Enriquillo Lake, in the southwest, close to Haiti.

10. Parque Nacional Sierra De Baoruco, near Enriquillo Lake and the town of Barahona.

11. Parque Nacional Pérez Rancier in Valle Nuevo, close to the town of Constanza.


12. Cueva de las Maravillas, close to San Pedro de Macorís on the south coast. This park contains Taino paintings.

3.7.2 ANALYSES An interactive map showing the locations of DR national parks that can be used to locate proximity to USAID/RED sties can be found at: www.drpure.com/index.php?topic=Map. National parks near USAID/RED sites are at increased risk from pesticide contamination, watershed degradation, soil erosion, solid and liquid waste disposal and management, water and air pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.

Since most of the USAID/RED clusters involve either organic or carefully-used pesticide inputs under S&C systems, risks to environment and biodiversity are likely to be limited. Coffee production may impact cloud forest Montana La Humeadora, Santo Domingo’s main water source. Contamination from quantities of pesticides is likely to be an issue in parks near Contanza, like Reserva Cientfica Valle Nuevo. Future oriental vegetable production near La Vega may impact rivers flowing from the area.

Other places at risk may include coffee production areas around Jarabacoa that lie near or in the Reserva Cientifica Casabito as well as Parque Nacional Armando Bermúdez or Parque Nacional José Del Carmen Ramírez in the mountains of the Cordillera Central, the important source of headwaters for 12 of the country’s most important rivers. Effluent from banana and cassava production around Mao could impact important mangrove parks like Parque Nacional Monte Cristi. Serious topsoil losses from steep slopes planted to cassava, without green cover, can pollute nearby streams.

RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS Use GAPs and avoid using highly toxic or persistent pesticides in or near national parks and where endangered species are known to exist.

Use erosion control mechanisms on all project sites and especially those near national parks or where water catchments lead to any DR rivers.

Where project farms lie on a watershed, use the pesticide decision matrix in the Table in Annex 1 to choose products with low aquatic impacts.

Investigate the use of botanical, microbial and biological controls, where practical.

Ensure pesticide applicators respect best practices for notification of beekeepers when applications will occur and apply pesticides when honeybees do not forage, such as early in the morning.

3.8 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT H: CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED, INCLUDING CLIMATE, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS. In general, in addition to element G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of groundwater resources.


3.8.1 ANALYSES Climate: According to the Library of Congress12: “The Dominican Republic has primarily a tropical climate, with more diurnal and local variations in temperature than seasonal ones, and with seasonal variability in the abundance of rainfall. The average annual temperature is 25° C, ranging from 18° C at an altitude of over 1,200 meters to 28° C at an altitude of 10 meters. Highs of 40° C are common in protected valleys, as are lows of zero in mountainous areas. In general, August is the hottest month, and January and February are the coldest ones.”

Seasons, however, vary more as a function of rainfall than of temperature. Along the northern coast, the rainy season lasts from November through January. In the rest of the country, it runs from May through November; May is the wettest month. The dry season lasts from November through April; March is the driest month. The average annual rainfall for the country as a whole is 150 centimeters. This varies, however, from region to region, and ranges from 35 centimeters in the Valle de Neiba to 274 centimeters in the Cordillera Oriental. In general, the western part of the country, including the interior valleys, receives the least rain.

Tropical cyclones—such as tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes—occur on the average of once every two years in the Dominican Republic. Over 65 percent of the storms strike the southern part of the country, especially along the Hoya de Enriquillo. The season for cyclones lasts from the beginning of June to the end of November; some cyclones occur in May and December, but most take place in September and October. Hurricanes usually occur from August through October. They may produce winds greater than 200 kilometers per hour and rainfall greater than 50 centimeters in a twenty-four-hour period.”

Geography: According to Wikipedia13, “The Dominican Republic is situated on the eastern part of the second-largest island in the Greater Antilles, Hispaniola. It shares the island roughly at a 2:1 ratio with Haiti. The whole country measures an area of approximately 49.000km², making it the second largest country in the Antilles, after Cuba. Its area is roughly equivalent to that of the US states of Vermont and New Hampshire combined. The country's capital and greatest metropolitan area, Santo Domingo, is located on the southern coast.

There are many small offshore islands and cays that are part of the Dominican territory. The two largest islands near shore are Saona in the southeast and Beata in the southwest. To the north, at a distance between 100 and 200 km, are three extensive, largely submerged banks, which geographically are a southeast continuation of the Bahamas: Navidad Bank, Silver Bank and Mouchoir Bank. Navidad Bank and Silver Bank have been officially claimed by the Dominican Republic.

The country's mainland has four important mountain ranges. The most northerly is the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern Mountain Range"), which extends from the northwestern coastal town of Monte Cristi, near the Haitian border, to the Samaná Peninsula in the east, running parallel to the Atlantic coast. The highest range in the Dominican Republic—indeed, in the whole of the West Indies—is the Cordillera Central ("Central Mountain Range"). It gradually bends southwards and finishes near the town of Azua de Compostela on the Caribbean coast. The Cordillera Central is home to the four highest peaks in the West Indies: Pico Duarte (3,098m above sea level), La Pelona (3,094m), La Rucilla (3,049m) and Pico Yaque (2,760m).

12 http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/19.htm 13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic


In the southwest corner of the country, south of the Cordillera Central, there are two other ranges. The more northerly of the two is the Sierra de Neiba, while in the south the Sierra de Bahoruco is a continuation of the Massif de la Selle in Haiti. There are other, minor mountain ranges, such as the Cordillera Oriental ("Eastern Mountain Range"), Sierra Martín García, Sierra de Yamasá and Sierra de Samaná.

With mountain ranges running parallel to each other, the Dominican Republic boasts a number of valleys and plains. In between the Central and Septentrional mountain ranges lies the rich and fertile Cibao valley. This major valley is home to the city of Santiago de los Caballeros and most of the farming areas in the nation. Rather less productive is the semi-arid San Juan Valley, south of the Cordillera Central. Still more arid is the Neiba Valley, tucked between the Sierra de Neiba and the Sierra de Bahoruco. Much of the land in the Enriquillo Basin is below sea level, with a hot, arid, desert-like environment. There are other smaller valleys in the mountains such as the Constanza, Jarabacoa, Villa Altagracia and Bonao valleys.

The Llano Costero del Caribe ("Caribbean Coastal Plain") is the largest of the plains in the Dominican Republic. Stretching north and east of Santo Domingo, it contains many sugar plantations in the savannahs that are common here. West of Santo Domingo its width is reduced to 10 km as it hugs the coast, finishing at the mouth of the Ocoa River. Another large plain is the Plena de Azua ("Azua Plain"), a very dry region in Azua Province. A few other small coastal plains are in the northern coast and in the Pedernales Peninsula.”

Hydrology: “Four major rivers drain the numerous mountains of the Dominican Republic. The Yaque del Norte is the longest and most important Dominican river. It carries excess water down from the Cibao Valley and empties into Monte Cristi Bay, in the northwest. Likewise, the Yuna River serves the Vega Real and empties into Samaná Bay, in the northeast. Drainage of the San Juan Valley is provided by the San Juan River, tributary of the Yaque del Sur, which empties into the Caribbean, in the south. The Artibonito is the longest river of Hispaniola and flows westward into Haiti.

There are many lakes and coastal lagoons; the largest lake is Lago Enriquillo, a saline lake at 40m below sea level, the lowest point in the West Indies. Other important lakes are Laguna de Rincón or Cabral, with freshwater, and Laguna de Oviedo, a lagoon with brackish water.”

The map below shows the major watersheds and hydrology of the DR.


PESTICIDE ADSORPTION AND LEACHING POTENTIALS Each pesticide has physical characteristics, such as solubility in water, ability to bind to soil particles and be held (absorbed) by soil so they do not enter the soil water layers and the ground water table, and their natural breakdown rate in nature. This data can be found for the pesticides proposed for use on the USAID/RED projects by checking each pesticide on the Pesticide Action Network (PAN) website: www.pesticideinfo.org or the Footprint website: sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/. To find information for a particular pesticide one has to look up the active ingredient, not product names.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater, and pesticides with an adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than nine days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

3.8.2 WATER CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter, and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will enter it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high water table is the most risky situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater contamination potential for each pesticide active ingredient evaluated by SEA for import and use in the DR is provided in the Table in Annex 1.

MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS Utilize pesticides with low ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach.

As one of the criteria for selection of pesticides, determine the potential for risk of surface and ground water contamination at each site (see Annex 1) and choose pesticides based upon little contamination potential.

Reduce farming practices which promote erosion, and use erosion control practices where this cannot be avoided. Since transport of pesticides absorbed to soil particles is a likely transportation route to waterways, techniques should be employed to reduce farm erosion (such as employing ground covers between vine rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, using drip irrigation).

Pay particular care when spraying near waterways, so that pesticides do not enter water. Since water is a particularly valuable in many of the project areas, applicators must pay special attention and care to preserving this resource.


Investigate and promote the use of additional IPM measures including natural pesticides to replace synthetic pesticides and to reduce use of synthetic pesticides.

3.9 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT I: AVAILABILITY OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS. This section identifies less toxic as well as non-synthetic pesticide options for control of pests and their relative advantages and disadvantages.

3.9.1 ANALYSIS Dominican Republic has a long list of evaluated products, thus alternatives for most uses are available. Non-chemical methods (IPM tools and technologies) are listed under Element C above.

In addition to being a potent non-selective and relatively persistent contact herbicide that is criticized heavily by the environmental community, paraquat is designated by EPA as a RUP chemical due to “human toxicological data, other hazards, as well as use and accident history.” For these reasons, this PERSUAP recommends against its use. Alternatives are listed in the table below.


The table below compares alternatives with Paraquat. When several LD 50s were mentioned, the lowest possible combination was used.

Table 3-9. Paraquat Alternatives

Herbicide: Gramoxone (Paraquat)

Glufosinate-ammonium (Basta)

Glyphosate (Roundup)

Hexazinone (Velper)

Triclopyr Imazapyr (Arsenal)

2,4 D Fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade)

Effect Contact, not selective

Non-selective, contact with some systemic action

Systemic, not selective

Systemic Systemic, affects mainly woody or broadleaf plants

Non-selective, systemic

Systemic, affects mainly broadleaf weeds

Selective, affects grasses

Effect visible after

Hours 10 days 5 days After rainfall

7 days 7 days 7 days 14 days

LD50 oral on rats in ppm

130 416 5,600 1,690 680 About 1,500 525 3,065

LD50 dermal on rabbits in ppm

280 2000 >5,000 >5,278 >4,000 >400 1,400 2,400

Half life in soil > 1000 days

7 days 47 days 90 days 46 days 11 days 7 days < 7 days

Ground water Potential to contaminate groundwater

No high risk for groundwater

Does not leach appreciably

Potential to contaminate groundwater

Potential to be mobile

No high risk for ground water

Detected in ground water supplies in at least five States in the US and in Canada

No appreciable risks

Toxic to fish Slightly to moderately

Low Nontoxic Slightly Practically nontoxic

Slightly Some formula-tions highly toxic, others not

Highly to moderately toxic


NATURAL AND BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES There exist pesticide active ingredients that are derived from natural or biological sources, and are hereby identified as being potentially useful on project sites:

• Earth elements like cryolite and kaolin clay, not (yet) being used in the DR;

• Inorganic elements and compounds like forms of copper and sulfur, iron phosphate, calcium hydroxide, phosphorous acid, sodium bicarbonate and sodium tetrathiocarbonate found to be used to some extent (and could be used more) in the DR;

• Compounds derived from plants like neem oil (azadirachtin), pyrethrum with pyrethrins, garlic oil and chili pepper oil being used in the DR;

• Microbes like Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), Bacillus spaericus, Beauveria basiana, Metarhizium species, Trichoderma species, and Verticillium lecanii found being used in the DR;

• Microbial-derived products like Spinosad and Abamectin (Avermectin) found being used in the DR.

• Mineral and vegetable oils found being used in the DR;

• Fatty acids in insecticidal soaps found being used in the DR.

There are international and local companies that can provide support in organic and natural controls, should the project’s beneficiaries so choose. These companies specialize in many, if not most of the pests encountered in Dominican Republic.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS Biological controls are available commercially from two large international companies, Koppert of The Netherlands (www.koppert.com) and Biobest of Belgium (www.biobest.be). Koppert provides many biological controls against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of pesticides on biological organisms. Biobest of Belgium provides many of the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leaf hoppers.

3.9.2 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS Try biological and natural pest controls, as practical. All the resources are provided in this PERSUAP to do this. The websites given provide direct links to companies producing biological controls and Annex 12 to this PERSUAP provides botanically extracted products evaluated by EPA. Compare these with synthetic pesticides for economic purposes and effectiveness.

3.10 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT J: HOST COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE, AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE This section examines the host country’s existing infrastructure and human resources for managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is inadequate, the proposed action—use of pesticides—could result in greater risk to human health and the environment.


3.10.1 ANALYSIS According to an analysis by the American Embassy Agricultural Attaché, in a 2007 USDA Foreign Agriculture Service Annual Country Report on the DR, under the section titled Pesticide Registration: “In general, the Dominican Republic accepts United States and the European Union Standards for Pesticides and other contaminants regulations. The Dominican Public Health Secretariat is responsible for assuring that the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) in foodstuff remains at acceptable levels. Nonetheless, due to the limitations at the Secretariat and laboratories that can perform such analysis, the regulatory frame is very weak.

Outside the Ministry of Agriculture, there is very little information on pesticides registration in the Dominican Republic. Nonetheless, the SEA is responsible for registration of, manufacturing of, commercial sales of and distribution of pesticides in the country. SEA internal Ruling 322-1988 Regulates the Use and Control of pesticides contained in Law 311, which Regulates the Manufacturing, Packaging, Storing, Importing and Commercial Sales of Pesticides and Similar Products, issued on 22/05/1968.

Commercial and local manufactured pesticides must be registered at Pesticide Registration Unit at the Plant Health Department, Secretary of Agriculture with appropriate documentation. The company registration procedure can move in two directions: as a representative (no warehouse) and as a distributor (warehouse and technical personnel).

A representation company must register for a fee (US$ 265) with an appropriate form (documents include copies of the Company’s legal constitutional credentials, Commercial Name registration from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the represented Company information and affidavit and its legal representative information [lawyer]) and then register the products individually for a five-year term. This procedure requires 1-2 weeks. After the company’s product has been registered, each product file has to be deposited for a five-year period for a second fee a product fee of US$ 150, and half of this amount thereafter for the renewal of a five-year term. The product registration fee with all the appropriate documentation in place takes 3-6 months to process.

In case of a distribution company for Importing or manufacturing pesticides (documents include copies of the Company’s legal constitutional credentials, Commercial Name registration from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the represented Company information and affidavit and its legal representative information [lawyer] an information of their technical director), again the company must register first as a pesticides supplier for a fee (US$ 625). This procedure requires after all the required documentation, 3-6 weeks. After registering the company, each product has to be registered for a five-year period for a second fee (US$ 150) and half of this amount thereafter for the renewal of a five-year term. The product registration fee with all the appropriate documentation in place takes 3-6 months to process.

All products for registration require laboratory testing. Due to local laboratory facilities limitations, documentation to ensure conformity to import standards and test results is generally sufficient to fulfill the requirements. For product sample shipments, upon cluster request, Pesticide Registration Unit must issue an import authorization before arrival. This document must be presented at customs before release of the samples.

In principle, the Pesticide Registration Unit should monitor the distribution at the retail/wholesaler level, but due to infrastructure limitations, the ministry does it on a case-by-case basis.”


3.10.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS: At present, SEA, when queried for information on pesticide registration, still shows a list of over 3,000 pesticide products evaluated, as discussed above. Most developing countries doing export business with EU countries and the US have no more than 300-400 modern pesticide products that are actively evaluated, registered, and listed. However, most farm stores had no more than 50-60 products for sale; the task of revising the list of registered products should not be so daunting.

For a country where Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) is not generally used, there are some very toxic products being sold in quantity, all of which leads to increased risk. These include insecticides: methomyl (found in almost every store), aluminum phosphide (a risk-prone stored product fumigant), carbofuran (a soil pest treatment), methamidophos (PIC chemical), monocrotophos (PIC chemical), endosulfan (just recommended as a POPs Treaty candidate), ethoprophos and oxamyl (a nematicide). Certain formulations of thiodicarb, chlorpyrifos, and methiocarb (a molluscicide) were also found in red-banded label products. An empty container of methomyl (Lannate) was observed in one USAID/RED-supported greenhouse growing specialty cucumbers for export. There are numerous choices of less toxic products that can—and should—be used for USAID/RED (see section 3.9 above).

DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDES According to the Organization for American States (OAS), stockpiles of obsolete pesticides in the Caribbean, including the DR, have not been properly inventoried and dealt with. Further, there are no proper storage places for the obsolete pesticides, many of which are in damaged containers, among the primarily private sector importer/distributor ports, warehouses, plantations, and farm stores. Many countries, such as the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago, have yet to carry out an inventory of sites contaminated by persistent toxic substances (PTS). Lastly, there are no proper pesticide disposal facilities present in the Caribbean to deal with the issue of obsolete pesticides once they have been inventoried.

Damaged pesticide containers were observed in the back-room inventory of one farm store visited—it was in fact the best managed farm store visited. They were waiting for a disposal solution to be developed.

DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDE CONTAINERS Discussions with the DR pesticide system actors indicate that they understand the issue of the final disposition of empty pesticide containers, even if a permanent solution has not been forthcoming. The present solution is to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use sachets can lead to the formation of toxic furans and dioxins, and is not recommended. Most of the Caribbean and Central America is awaiting a facility that will properly clean and recycle these plastic bottles. Such a facility is under active discussion by pesticide manufacturers and distributors.

GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple-rinsed over a pesticide mixing pit, and then properly stored in plastic drums in the field or storage shed, to await disposal. Empty pesticide containers were observed scattered throughout one of the pineapple plantations visited. Annex 13 provides pesticide and container best practices disposal options.

RECOMMENDED MITIGATION ACTIONS

• Encourage SEA to update its list of registered pesticides and reduce it to 300-400 modern internationally-accepted products.


• Absolutely no POPs or PIC chemicals should be used on USAID/RED cluster fruit and vegetable production. This includes methamidophos (PIC chemical), monocrotophos (PIC chemical), and endosulfan (recommended as a POPs Treaty candidate).

• Do not permit, recommend, or use red-label pesticide products on USAID/RED-supported cluster production. Plenty of less toxic alternatives exist.

• Do not permit, recommend, or use yellow-label (EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II) pesticide products on USAID/RED clusters, unless producers and laborers (pesticide applicators) wear sufficient (as recommended by the pesticide label and MSDS) PPE as a condition of employment.

• Encourage the use of green and blue label pesticide alternatives, which exist in large numbers in farm stores visited.

• For all clusters farms supported by USAID/RED, encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with pesticide storage, use, and disposal, whether or not certification is sought. This is especially important for the traditional and oriental vegetables and the pineapple sectors.

• If a Central American and Caribbean pesticide container recycling facility is brought on-line during the life of the project, USAID/RED should encourage its use.

3.11 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT K: PROVISION FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS. USAID recognizes that safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

3.11.1 ANALYSIS Training in GAP/IPM and Safe Pesticide Use are of paramount importance for DR farmers and farm laborers using pesticides. All of the USAID/RED staff agronomists are highly trained and understand the issues with pesticide safety. They should serve as excellent trainers for farmers who provide agricultural products. And, the project is in the process of working with the USDA to provide such training to cluster participants. Training will be especially important for farmers not using one of the S&C systems; these include vegetables, pineapples, and watermelons.

3.11.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES Additional and refresher training are superb means for affecting distributor, rural farm shop owner, and farmer behavior patterns, now, as they begin to understand and use S&C systems to reach niche markets, and before additional risky behaviors become set.


• Continue to implement Pesticide Safe Use training for beneficiary staff and farmers. Training can occur via a train-the-trainer format, whereby farm supervisors are trained for two days, followed by training for actual applicator and laborer staff for the following half-day. PPE can be provided as part of the training package.


• Develop a course in GAPs and IPM measures that can be adopted by USAID/RED cluster farmers, especially on vegetables and fruits, and subsidize some of the more expensive measures, with a system for decreasing subsidies over time so that they become part of the farmers costing system and thinking.

3.12 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES ELEMENT L: PROVISION MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH PESTICIDE Evaluating the risks and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended.

3.12.1 ANALYSIS Proper pesticide management has economic, safety, and environmental advantages, which are fully recognized and incorporated into GlobalGAP and other S&C systems. Notwithstanding S&C systems used for a crop or cluster, keeping records on quantities and types of pesticides used, making notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides, and recording pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for each USAID/RED beneficiary producer.

In addition, many of the USAID/RED project clusters are either already in the process of or looking toward GlobalGAP certification and, in doing so, will need to greatly improve their inventory and other pesticide documentation standards. Records of cluster farmers, as well as USAID/RED staff agronomists, will need to make note of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing; a strategy then needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

3.12.2 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES Review of the information gathered on current pesticide management plans on GAP-certified farms shows that agronomists and staff are well-trained and experienced. On non-GAP-certified farms, pesticide use documentation is often incomplete or not retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record-keeping will allow seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production, and maintenance of safety equipment.

The following aspects could be included in the record keeping system:

• Dominican Republic and EU regulation compliance: A list of Dominican Republic and EU laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the law, and dates the laws come into (or exited) force.

• A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are allowed in Dominican Republic, the EU, and other countries to which they export. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.

• GAPs/IPM measures tried/used: Agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least one new IPM measure per annum and document its success or failure. Agronomists should use contacts in the industry, agricultural research organizations or from university to stay in touch with current IPM techniques.


• Personal protective equipment: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained, or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.

• Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if properly trained by farmers.

• Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record-keeping system (for example, precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures, and others).

Information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID/RED, and USAID/RED should report on this progress in safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.

MONITORING SHOULD COMMENCE BY BENEFICIARY CLUSTERS FOR:

• Resistance: Although not encountered on the rapid field visit, pesticide resistance development among pests has likely occurred and could eventually occur more, and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer works as it once did.

• Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues.

• Farm animal and livestock deaths.

• Any incidences of water pollution.

• Fish, bird, wildlife, or honeybee kills.


• Site managers/agronomists should develop a record-keeping system, which is also a requirement for GlobalGAP and other certification systems. Cluster site managers/agronomists will be responsible for developing a record-keeping system. It is highly recommended that records be kept in an electronic format for easy editing, updating, and modification. An example of such a system is included in Annex 14 and can be made available in digital format for agronomists to modify as needed.

• USAID/RED staff put plans for monitoring the environmental and human health impact of production activities, following recommendations found in this PERSUAP into the Annual Action Plans.

• USAID/RED project staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in quarterly, biannual, and annual reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Compliance and Best Practices.”


SECTION 4. SAFE USE ACTION PLAN

The following is a safe use action plan of recommendations for USAID/RED beneficiary clusters and farmers to mitigate risks and implement agriculture best management practices (most of which are also GlobalGAP certification requirements) where pesticide use is involved. Note that many of these recommendations, with the possible exception of specific particularly toxic pesticides—most of which have less toxic alternatives available—are already being implemented by some of the clusters as they prepare for GlobalGAP certification.

Therefore, special attention must be focused on these problematic pesticide active ingredients—many of which, especially Class I acute toxins, are being phased out of use by EU regulations for imported produce. In addition, pesticide active ingredients not permitted by EPA may not be permitted on imported produce.

4.1 IMMEDIATELY AND CONTINUOUSLY The following should never be used:

Pesticides containing Active Ingredients on the POPs and/or PIC Lists. The DR-registered insecticide Active Ingredients on the POPs list include:

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor. DR-registered insecticide Active Ingredients on the PIC list include: aldrin, chlordane, chlordimeform, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, methamidophos, methyl-parathion, monocrotophos, parathion and phosphamidon. DR-registered fungicide Active Ingredients on the PIC list include: binapacryl and captafol. DR-registered herbicide Active Ingredient on the PIC list includes: 2 4 5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid).

Insecticide/miticide/nematocide Active Ingredients Not EPA registered. Insecticide/miticide/nematocide Active Ingredients not registered by EPA include:

acrinathrin, allethrin, aldrin, alpha cypermethrin, anilofos, azinphos ethyl, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bitertanol, bromopropylate (miticide), bufencarb mixture, butoxycarboxim, cadusafos, carbosulfan, cartap hydrochloride, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform (miticide), chlorfluzuron, chromafenozide, cyhexatin (miticide), demeton-S-methyl (mix), diafenthiuron, dibromocloroproane (DBCP), dieldrin, dienochlor, endrin, EPN (insecticide, miticide), ethion (insecticide, miticide), fensulfothion, flucythrinate, fonofos, formothion, heptachlor, isofenphos-methyl, leptofos, mephosfolan, methoxychlor, mevinphos, monocrotophos, miral (isazofos), parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos-ehtyl, prothiofos, prothoate, pyridafenthion, quinalphos, teflubenzuron, tetradifon (miticide), thiocyclam, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate, thiometon, thionazin (nematacide), tolfenpyrad, triazophos, vamidothion or Verticillium lecanii.


Fungicide Active Ingredients Not EPA registered. Fungicide Active Ingredients not registered by EPA include:

8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, anilazine, benalaxyl, benomyl (benlate), binapacryl, blasticidin-S, Bordeaux mixture, captafol (cis isomer), carpropamid, chinomethionat (oxythioquinox), cyclosulfamuron, dimethirimol, dinobuton, dinocap, dithianone, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, edifenphos, epoxiconazol, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenpropimorph, fentin (triphenyltin) acetate, guazatine, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, iprovalicarb, oil (tea tree), oxadixyl, pencycuron, polyoxin, prochloraz, procymidone, propineb, pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl, tolylfluanid, tricyclazole, tridemorph, validamycin or zineb.

Do not use herbicide Active Ingredients Not EPA registered. Herbicide Active Ingredients not registered by EPA include:

2 4 D ester, 2 4 D amine, 2 4 5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), anilofos, bifenox, butaclor, clefoxidim, cyclosulfuramon, dalapon-sodium, dichloroprop-P, dinitramine, diphenamid, ethafluralin, ethoxysulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenoxuron, fluorodifen, flusilazole, haloxyfop(-P-) methyl, isopropalin, isoprothiolane, ioxynil, merphos, methabenzthiazuron, naptalem, nitralin, oxadiargyl, piperofos, pretilachlor, profoxydim, propaquizafop, pyrazosulfuron-ehtyl, pyribenzoxim, terbutryne, thenylchlor or tiocarbazil.

Rodenticide, bactericide or processing disinfectant or ripening agent Active Ingredients Not EPA registered. These rodenticide Active Ingredients not registered by EPA include:

cumatetralyl and flocoumarfen. Bactericide Active Ingredient not registered by EPA includes: validamycin. And, Processing Disinfectants and Ripening Agents not registered by EPA include: calcium carbide (ripening) and crystal (gentian) violet (disinfectant).

WHO Class Ia or Ib and/or EPA Class I and other risk-prone products containing the following active ingredients on USAID/RED beneficiary farms (due to inordinately high risk to farmers, their families and bystanders). Insecticide/miticide/ nematocide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib include:

aldicarb (temik), azinphos ethyl, azinphos methyl, butoxycarboxim, cadusafos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, coumaphos, cyhexatin (miticide), demeton-S-methyl (mix), dichlorvos (DDVP), dibromocloroproane (DBCP), dicrotophos, disulfoton, endosulfan, endrin, EPN (insecticide, miticide), ethoprop(hos), fenamiphos, fensulfothion, flucythrinate, fonofos, formetanate hydrochloride, isofenphos-methyl, methamidophos, methidathion, methomyl, methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, miral (isazofos), naled, oxamyl (nematocide), oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phorate, phosphamidon, propargite, terbufos, thiometon, triazophos, vamidothion or zeta cypermethrin.

Fungicide Active Ingredients with acute toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib which includes:

aluminum phosphide, anilazine, captafol (cis isomer), captan, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, dodine, fenpropimorph, fentin hydroxide, imazalil, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), methyl bromide or TCMTB (busan). Exceptions to this list of fungicides are: copper compounds, which are generally used at exceedingly low rates, and which are unlikely to be ingested due to bitter taste; and EPA acute toxicity classes II or III (not I) products containing imazalil or metalaxyl-M.


Herbicide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib including:

diclofop-methyl, fluorodifen, fomesafen, hexazinone, napropamide and picloram. Possible exceptions to this list of herbicides would be: EPA acute toxicity class III (not I) products containing napropamide or picloram.

Rodenticide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib including:

brodifacoum, bromethaline, bromodiolone, chlorophacinone, coumaphos, cumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone, flocoumarfen, salmocumarin, warfarin or zinc phosphide (fumigant).

Molluscicide Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib including

and

Fumigant Active Ingredients with Acute Toxicity Classifications of EPA I or WHO Ia or Ib including aluminum phosphide, metam sodium, methyl bromide, magnesium phosphide or zinc phosphide.

methiocarb (except EPA class III products)

aluminum phosphide, metam sodium, methyl bromide, magnesium phosphide or zinc phosphide.

Products containing active ingredients with WHO and/or EPA Class II, yellow label (see Table in Annex 1, MSDS, Label)

acute toxicity ratings until farmers have received sufficient (to set or change behavior in favor of best safe use practices) safety training and use PPE.

Products with the following Active Ingredients that have been designated by EPA as Restricted Use Pesticides —unless they are not included on any of the above lists and if the following mitigation measures for RUPs shown here are followed:

Insecticides acrinathrin, aldicarb (temik), allethrin, alpha cypermethrin (with training can be used by USAID/RED farmers), azinphos methyl, beta-cyfluthrin, beta cypermethrin, bifenthrin, carbofuran, chlordane, chlordimeform (miticide), chlorfenvinphos, chloropicrin (fumigant), chlorpyrifos (ethyl), coumaphos, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin (beta), demeton-S-methyl (mix), diazinon, dibromocloroproane (DBCP), 1, 3 dichloropropene, dicrotophos, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, endrin, EPN (also miticide), esfenvalerate, etofenprox, ethoprop(hos), fenamiphos, fenbutatin oxide, fenpropathrin, fensulfothion, fenthion (also avicide), fenvalerate, fipronil, flucythrinate, fluvalinate, fonofos, gamma cyhalothrin, isofenphos-methyl, lambda cyhalothrin (miticide—with training could be used by USAID/RED farmers), methamidophos, methidathion, methomyl, methyl-parathion, monocrotophos, oxamyl (nematocide), oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, permethrin, phenothrin, phorate, phosphamidon, piperonyl butoxide, prallethrin, profenofos, pyrethrum (pyrethrins mix—with training could be used by USAID/RED farmers), terbufos, tetramethrin or zeta cypermethrin;


Fungicides aluminum phosphide, fentin hydroxide or methyl bromide; Herbicides alachlor, amitrole, diclofop-methyl, isoxaflutole or paraquat; Rodenticides brodifacoum, coumaphos or zinc phosphide (fumigant); Molluscicides metaldehyde or methiocarb; and Fumigants aluminum phosphide (used as fungicide), zinc phosphide (used as rodenticide), metam sodium, methyl bromide or magnesium phosphide.

4.2 MITIGATION OF RUP RISKS IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC EA: If any pesticide active ingredients are specified to be RUPs based on the criterion “human hazard” and USAID/RED beneficiaries wish to use them, a specific EA is required to assess and mitigate such hazards.

Training/Repeated Message Enforcement: For RUPs that pose a risk to the environment and natural resources, training is the best method for enforcing the message that certain targeted pesticides need to be used with care, especially near aquatic environments.

Paid, Subsidized, or Free Applicator Certification: This measure would not likely work well until the Dominican Republic has pesticide applicator certification systems set up, for reasons of scale. DR farming systems are very small in scale compared with American farming systems, and farmers do not (yet) have the resources or motivation to encourage such a certification system.

4.3 ACTIONS REQUIRED BEFORE FEBRUARY 2010 It is recommended that the following actions be implemented first because of the opportunities they present for mediating risks to farmers and farm laborers if they are quickly implemented. They take time and repetition to accomplish; therefore they need to begin as soon as possible.

For beneficiary cluster farmers to use the accepted (allowable) pesticide products in the short term, users will require training and refresher training in pesticide choice and safe use, if this has not yet occurred—emphasizing which products are recommended and which should not be used, and why.

USAID/RED assist each cluster with the production of crop and pest-specific Pest Management Plans—PMPs—organized by crop phenology or seasonality (like the one already produced in poster form for mango producers).

Beneficiary cluster agronomists should obtain from pesticide importers/distributors Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for pesticide products that will be used extensively on project crops, and recommend that their farmers use pesticides with low human and environmental risk profiles (see decision matrix in the Table in Annex 1, MSDSs, and Labels). Beneficiary cluster agronomists share this information with farmers and laborers they serve.

Beneficiary cluster agronomists produce a quick reference guide for all of the anticipated major or primary pests/production constraints of each crop, GAPs, and IPM measures that can be used to strengthen and protect the crop, soil and water, and pesticides to be used for each anticipated pest and condition, with use rates. In addition, cluster agronomists can emphasize that farmers practice pesticide-specific safety measures, regular pesticide rotation, environmental concerns, REI, pre-harvest interval, and minimum/maximum residue levels/limits for export and local consumption.


During pesticide safety training of farmers, include additional pesticide selection factors such as environmental and human safety in the discussion; information and materials in this PERSUAP, material found in MSDSs and pesticide labels, and material found on pest management websites can be used to emphasize the importance of these additional pesticide selection factors.

Beneficiary cluster agronomists and farmers in associations should identify a responsible person who will ensure the proper storage, use, and maintenance of PPE. This involves making sure that the equipment is cleaned and checked for damage regularly, that the equipment is not taken away from the farm, and that workers are correctly using the equipment.

4.4 CONTINUOUS ACTIONS Beneficiary cluster farmers source inputs from farm stores that have received and utilize best practices training, and source pesticides from the most reputable and reliable pesticide companies.

Beneficiary cluster agronomists should perform basic simple economic analyses comparing pesticides to determine the most effective choice—while simultaneously selecting pesticides with low health and environmental impact potential.

As far as practical, promote the use of more green-label microbial, botanical and naturally-derived pesticides (mineral and vegetable oils, sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, bacterial extract-based pesticides sphinosad and abamectin, Metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species, and oil extracts of neem, chili pepper, and garlic).

Beneficiary cluster farm associations, managers, and farmers ensure that protective clothing (carbon-filter respirator mask, gloves, long-sleeved shirt and pants or Tyvec outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label) is used by any and all pesticide applicators, as a condition of employment. This clothing should be carefully selected to provide an optimum balance of worker comfort and protection.

USAID/RED agronomists set out a schedule for continuous training of farmers they work with in safe handling and use of pesticides, including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance, understanding information on labels, proper collection and disposal of rinsate and packaging, the importance of keeping children away from the field while spraying is occurring and kept out after spraying has occurred, avoiding using pesticides in or near national parks where endangered species are known to exist and head waters leading to any of the DR’s rivers, ensuring pesticide applicators continue to respect laws associated for notification of beekeepers about spray activities, and utilizing pesticides with low ground water contamination potential (see Annex 1) where water tables are high or easy to reach.

Beneficiary cluster agronomists and farm managers should begin to develop a record-keeping system on the DR-, US- and EU-permitted pesticides; a training record; a pesticide checklist with types and use rates; GAPs/IPM measures tried; PPE on hand, maintained, and used; pest monitoring reports; environmental conditions and any incidences of resistance development; poisonings of people, fish, birds, honeybees, livestock; and water pollution, which is also a requirement for GlobalGAP certification and agriculture best management practices. This record-keeping should be taught to farmers who supply beneficiary clusters with produce.


4.5 DR PESTICIDE LEGISLATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS AND BEST PRACTICES Encourage the DR Secretariat for Agriculture to update its list of evaluated pesticides and reduce it from over 3,000 products to 300-400 modern internationally-accepted products.

For all clusters farms supported by USAID/RED, encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is sought, following the Fintrac model. This is especially important for the traditional and oriental vegetables and the pineapple sectors.

If a Central American and Caribbean pesticide container recycling facility is brought on-line during the life of the project, USAID/RED should encourage its use.

4.6 ANNUAL ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY USAID/RED PERSONNEL USAID/RED regularly and at minimum annually, update any changes to the list of pesticides proposed for use and communicate these changes to USAID with a note that an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary. USAID/RED Project Managers will need to report changes to less toxic products on the list of pesticides recommended to USAID as this PERSUAP is amended over the life of project.

USAID/RED project staff members write PERSUAP issues and mitigation into all work plans, especially annual work plans, on intentions to monitor progress of each cluster in implementing Safe Use Recommendations, any outstanding pesticide risk issues, any use of IPM tactics, any farm certification issues, and other risk mitigation measures to be taken.

USAID/RED project staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in quarterly, biannual, and annual reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Compliance


ANNEX 1: USAID/RED PESTICIDE AI RISK DECISION ANALYSES MATRIX

insecticides/miticides Human Health Issues

Active Ingredient Class EPA Reg RUPs Acute tox Chronic tox Issues G-water Ecotox

WHO EPA fish bees birds amphib worm molusk crust aqu ins planktn

abamectin (avermectin) microbial yes no none II, III R&D toxin no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT acetamiprid chloro-nicotinyl yes no none III none no data NAT MT NAT acephate OP yes no III III cancer-possible potential MT HT MT ST ST ST acephate banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country acrinathrin pyrethroid no yes U IV endocrin disruptor no data MT ST MT MT MT aldicarb (temik) carbamate yes yes Ia I endocrin disruptor known MT HT HT MT MT allethrin pyrethroid no yes III III endocrin disruptor no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT allicin (garlic extract) botanical yes no III none no data VHT HT HT MT MT MT VHT VHT ST aldrin organochlorine no no II endocrin disruptor R&D toxin aldrin on POPs, PIC and WHO obsoletes lists, and banned/restricted/canceled in 50 countries, not legal for import into 100 countries

alpha cypermethrin pyrethroid

no yes none II & III Cancer-possible no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

amitraz formamdine yes no III II cancer-possible no data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST R&D toxin amitraz banned/restricted/cancelled in 1 country ammonium thiosulfate inorganic yes no none III none no data anilofos OP no azadirachtin (neem oil) botanical yes no none III none no data ST NAT NAT MT MT azinphos ethyl OP no Ib I none no data VHT HT HT HT HT VHT azinphos-ethyl banned/restricted/canceled in 4 countries azinphos methyl OP yes yes Ib I none potential HT HT MT MT HT MT VHT VHT MT azinphos-methyl banned/restricted/canceled in 3 countries Bacillus spaericus microbial yes none III none no data Bacillus thuringiensis-BT microbial yes no none III none no data PNT NAT NAT ST ST Beauveria basiana microbial yes no none III none no data

Color Key: Green highlight – recommended for use in USAID/RED project Red highlight – those pesticides currently in use that must be immediately discontinued Yellow highlight – those pesticides that can only be used with training (see pp.33-34)


insecticides/miticides continued Human Health Issues



bendiocarb carbamate no yes II II, III R&D toxin no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT benfuracarb carbamate no II none none no data HT HT HT HT HT beta-cyfluthrin pyrethroid yes yes II III Endocrin-suspect no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT

beta cypermethrin pyrethroid

yes yes II & III Cancer-possible no data HT HT ST HT

bifenazate (miticide) hydrazine carboxylate yes no III none no data HT MT MT MT MT

bifenthrin pyrethroid

yes yes II II & III cancer-possible no data VHT HT MT HT

endocrine suspect

R&D toxin bitertanol azole no U none no data MT PNT PNT PNT MT MT boric acid inorganic yes no none III none no data NAT NAT PNT ST bromopropylate (miticide) benzilate no no III, U IV none no data MT ST MT MT MT MT MT bufencarb mixture carbamate no none none none no data buprofezin IGR yes no U III cancer possible no data MT ST MT NAT MT butoxycarboxim carbamate no no Ib II none no data ST MT ST carbaryl carbamate yes no II III cancer-probable potential MT HT PNT MT VHT ST HT HT MT Endocrin-suspect cadusafos OP no Ib none none no data HT HT HT HT HT HT capsacine (chili pepper extract) botanical yes no III none no data carbendazim benzimidazole yes no U III cancer-possible no data MT NAT ST ST ST HT Endocrin-suspect carbendazim banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country carbofuran carbamate yes yes Ib I & II none potential MT HT HT ST MT MT HT HT VHT carbofuran banned/restricted/cancelled in 4 countries; on EPA's severely restricted list carbosulfan carbamate no no II II none no data HT HT HT HT HT carbosulfan use cancelled by EU as of December 31, 2007 due to several concerns cartap hydrochloride nereistoxin no no II II None MT MT

chlordane organochlorine no yes II II, III known carcinogen no data HT HT HT MT HT HT MT VHT VHT encocrin disruptor chlordane on POPs and PIC lists, and banned/restricted/canceled in 42 countries, not legal for import into 95 countries





chlordecone organochlorine no II known carcinogen no data HT MT MT MT HT HT HT R&D toxin endocrin disruptor chlordecone on WHO obsolete pesticide list, and banned/restricted/canceled in 11 countries chlordimeform (miticide) formamadine no yes II, III known carcinogen no data Mt ST Mt ST encocrin disruptor chlordimeform on PIC and WHO obsolete pesticide lists, and banned/restricted/canceled in 33 countries, not legal for import 102 countries chlorfenapyr pyrazole yes no II III cancer-possible no data HT HT HT chlorfenvinphos OP yes yes Ib I, II none no data HT HT HT MT MT HT chlorfluzuron benzoyl urea no no U none none no data ST MT ST MT HT chloropicrin (fumigant) unlcassified yes yes II none potential VHT MT HT chlorpyrifos (ethyl) OP

yes yes II II & III endocrine suspect no data HT HT HT MT PNT MT VHT HT MT

chromafenozide IGR no none none MT MT ST MT clothianidin guanidine yes no none III none no data ST HT ST ST

copper hydroxide inorganic yes no II II & III none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

coumaphos OP yes yes Ib I none no data MT HT MT HT MT

cypermethrin pyrethroid

yes yes none II & III Cancer-possible no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

cyromazine triazine yes no U III none known ST NAT cyfluthrin (beta) pyrethroid

yes yes II II & III Endocrin-suspect no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT

cyhexatin (miticide) organotin no none I R&D toxin-yes no data VHT ST VHT VHT cyhexatin banned/restricted/canceled in 16 countries cyromazine triazine yes no U III none known MT ST MT MT MT NAT deltamethrin (decamethrin) pyrethroid

yes no II II & III none no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT

demeton-S-methyl (mix) OP no yes Ib I endocrin disruptor no data MT HT HT MT VHT MT HT HT diazinon OP yes yes II III R&D toxin potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT diafenthiuron unclassified no U none no data HT MT MT MT MT dichlorvos (DDVP) OP yes no Ib I Cancer-possible no data MT HT HT HT endocrine suspect





dibromocloroproane (DBCP) halogenated organic no yes Ib I known carcinogen known MT MT ST ST HT VHT MT R&D toxin endocrin disruptor DBCP banned/restricted/canceled in 6 countries 1, 3 dichloropropene halogenated organic yes yes none I, II known carcinogen known MT ST MT VHT MT MT MT (nematicide) 1, 3 dichloropropene banned/restricted/canceled in 5 countries dicofol (miticide) organochlorine yes no III III Cancer-possible no data HT NAT ST MT MT HT MT MT endocrine suspect dicrotophos OP yes yes Ib I cancer-possible potential MT HT HT HT HT MT dicrotophos banned/restricted/canceled in 3 countries diflubenzuron benzoyl urea yes yes U III none no data ST NAT PNT NAT NAT NAT ST MT dieldrin organochlorine no no none II cancer-known no data VHT HT ST HT HT MT VHT HT HT Endocrin-suspect dieldrin banned/restricted/cancelled in 51 countries; on POPs and PIC lists dimethoate OP yes no II II Cancer-possible potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT dienochlor organochlorine no III none no data HT ST MT dienochlor banned/restricted/cancelled in 1 country; on WHO obsolete pesticide list dinotefuran nitroguanidine yes no III none no data MT HT MT disulfoton OP yes no Ia I & II none potential MT MT HT MT HT disulfoton banned/restricted/cancelled in 4 countries emamectin benzoate botanical yes yes none I & III none no data HT MT HT HT HT endosulfan organochlorine yes yes II I & II Endocrin-suspect no data VHT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT MT endosulfan banned/restricted/cancelled in 57 countries, proposed for POPs and PIC lists endrin organochlorine no yes Ia I endocrin disruptor no data VHT HT HT HT VHT VHT R&D toxin endrin on POPs and WHO obsolete pesticides lists, banned/restricted/cancelled in 27 countries





EPN (insecticide, miticide) OP no yes Ia I none no data MT MT MT HT VHT VHT esfenvalerate pyrethroid yes yes II II, III endocrine suspect no data VHT HT ST VHT ST HT ethion (insecticide, miticide) OP no II none no data MT MT MT ST VHT VHT VHT etofenprox pyrethroid yes yes U III Cancer-possible no data HT HT MT MT HT endocrine disruptor etoxazole (miticide) IGR yes no III none no data MT MT MT MT HT ethoprophos OP yes yes Ia I known carcinogen potential MT MT HT MT MT ethoprophos banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country fenamiphos OP yes yes Ib I none potential HT HT HT MT VHT MT fenbutatin oxide organotin yes yes U III endocrin disruptor no data VHT NAT MT MT HT VHT R&D toxin fenitrothion OP

yes no II II & III Endocrin-suspect no data MT HT MT MT MT MT VHT HT MT

fenpyroximate unclassified yes no II none no data HT MT MT MT HT

fenpropathrin pyrethroid yes yes II II & III endocrine suspect no data VHT VHT VHT VHT

fensulfothion OP no yes none I, IIII none potential HT HT VHT fensulfothion on WHO obsolete pesticides list, banned/restricted/cancelled in 2 countries fenthion (insecticide, avicide) OP yes yes II II none potential MT MT VHT VHT HT HT VHT VHT fenthion banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country fenvalerate pyrethroid yes yes II III Endocrin-suspect no data VHT HT ST HT VHT HT HT HT VHT fipronil pyrazole yes yes II II, III Cancer-possible potential HT HT HT HT HT endocrine suspect flonicamid pyridine yes no II, III none no data MT MT MT flucythrinate

pyrethroid no yes Ib I, II, III endocrine suspect no data VHT HT ST VHT VHT VHT

fluvalinate pyrethroid yes yes U none endocrine suspect no data VHT NAT ST VHT HT R&D toxin fonofos OP no yes Ia I, II none potential HT MT MT MT HT VHT VHT fonofos banned, restricted or cancelled in 3 countries, on WHO obsolete pesticide list formetanate hydrochloride formamadine yes no Ib I none potential MT HT HT ST HT MT formothion OP no II none potential ST MT ST ST





gamma cyhalothrin pyrethroid yes yes III III, IV endocrine suspect no data HT HT ST HT heptachlor organochlorine no II known carcinogen no data HT ST MT MT MT HT VHT VHT HT R&D toxin endocrin disruptor heptachlor on POPs, PIC and WHO obsoletes lists, banned/restricted/canceled 38 countries, not legal for import 93 countries hexythiazox (insects & mites) IGR yes no U III cancer possible no data HT NAT MT MT MT

hydramethylnon unclassified yes no III III cancer-possible no data HT MT MT MT R&D toxin

imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl

yes no II II & III none potential NAT MT VHT

indoxacarb oxadiazine yes none III none no data MT HT HT NAT MT

isofenphos-methyl OP no yes Ib II & III none no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT

isofenphos-methyl on WHO obsolete pesticide list

lambda cyhalothrin (miticide) pyrethroid

yes yes II II & III endocrine suspect no data VHT HT PNT VHT VHT VHT VHT

leptofos OP no none none none no data MT ST ST MT VHT limonene (Ctirex) citrus extract yes no III none no data MT MT ST lindane organochlorine yes no II II Cancer-probable potential HT HT ST MT MT MT MT VHT MT Endocrin-suspect lindane on PIC list; banned, restricted or cancelled in 39 countries; illegal for import into 65 countries lufenuron benzoyl urea yes no none III none no data MT ST MT MT HT ST

malathion OP

yes no III II & III Cancer-possible potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT

Endocrin-suspect mephosfolan OP no none none no data HT HT HT mephosfolan banned, restricted or cancelled in 2 countries, on WHO obsolete pesticide list Metarhizium spp microbial yes no none III none no data NAT NAT NAT methamidophos OP yes yes Ib I none potential ST ST VHT MT methamidophos banned/restricted/canceled in 13 countries; PIC chemical methidathion OP yes yes Ib I & II Cancer-possible potential MT ST HT ST ST HT VHT ST





methoxyfenozide diacylhydrazine yes no U III none potential MT MT ST ST HT MT methomyl carbamate yes yes Ib I, III Endocrin-suspect potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT methoprene IGR yes no III IV none no data ST ST NAT ST HT VHT MT methoxychlor organochlorine no U III endocrin disruptor no data HT MT MT HT methoxychor banned/restricted or canceled in 4 countries methyl isothiocyanate unclassified yes no II I cancer probable potential HT HT

methyl-parathion OP yes yes Ia I endocrin disruptor potential MT MT MT MT MT ST VHT VHT MT methyl-parathion on PIC list; banned/restricted or canceled in 19 countries; not legal for import to 43 countries metiram dithiocarbamate yes no U III Cancer-probable no data ST PNT ST MT R&D toxin-yes no data mevinphos OP no Ia I endocrin disruptor potential HT HT HT MT HT VHT VHT monocrotophos OP no yes Ib I none no data ST HT HT MT MT MT HT monocrotophos banned/restricted or canceled in 18 countries; not legal for import to 46 countries; PIC chemical mineral oil petroleum yes no none III none no data NAT miral (isazofos) organothiphosphate no Ib none potential HT MT HT MT isazofos listed by WHO as obsolete pesticide naled OP II I MT HT HT HT novaluron benzoyl urea yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT HT oxamyl (nematocide) carbamate yes yes Ib I none no data ST HT VHT HT ST MT oxydemeton-methyl OP yes yes Ib I & II R&D toxin potential ST HT HT MT MT HT HT parathion OP no yes Ia I & II cancer-possible potential MT HT HT MT MT ST HT VHT HT endocrin toxin parathion on PIC list; banned/restricted or canceled in 23 countries; not legal for import to 50 countries parathion-methyl OP yes yes Ia I endocrin disruptor potential MT MT MT MT MT ST VHT VHT MT parathion-methyl on PIC list; banned/restricted or canceled in 19 countries; not legal for import to 43 countries permethrin pyrethroid yes yes II III cancer-possible no data VHT VHT PNT ST ST ST VHT MT MT Endocrin-suspect phenothrin pyrethroid yes yes U III endocrin disruptor no data VHT ST HT VHT VHT





phenthoate OP no II II endocrin disruptor no data HT HT MT MT HT VHT VHT phorate OP yes yes Ia I none potential HT HT HT MT ST MT VHT VHT phosalone OP no no II II none potential HT PNT ST MT HT

phosmet OP

yes no II II & III Cancer-possible potential MT VHT MT NAT ST HT MT HT

phosphamidon OP no yes Ia I cancer possible potential NAT HT HT NAT HT ST HT HT VHT endocrin disruptor phosphamidon on PIC list; banned/restricted or canceled in 11 countries; not legal for import to 46 countries phoxim OP no no II none none no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT piperonyl butoxide pyrethrin synergist yes yes U IV Cancer-possible potential MT MT ST HT MT MT MT MT MT endocrine suspect pirimicarb carbamate yes no II II none no data NAT PNT ST MT pirimiphos-ehtyl OP no Ib none none no data HT HT pirimiphos-ethyl listed by WHO as obsolete pesticide pirimiphos-methyl OP yes no III III none no data MT HT MT prallethrin pyrethroid yes yes II III endocrin disruptor no data VHT VHT profenofos

OP yes yes II II & III none potential HT VHT VHT VHT

propargite unclassified yes no none I cancer-probable no data HT PNT HT NAT HT R&D toxin propetamphos OP yes no Ib II none no data MT HT HT propoxur

carbamate yes no II II & III Cancer-probable no data MT HT VHT ST NAT ST HT ST MT

propoxur banned/restricted/cancelled in 2 countries prothiofos organothiphosphate no II III none no data MT MT ST HT HT prothoate OP no none none none no data MT pymetrozine triazine yes no III likely carcinogen potential

endocrine disruptor

pyridaben (miticide) unclassified

yes no II II & III none no data VHT HT ST MT HT VHT

pyridafenthion OP no III none none no data MT HT HT MT VHT pyrethrum (pyrethrins mix) botanical extract yes yes II III Cancer-possible no data HT HT ST MT HT





pyriproxyfen IGR (JH mimic) yes no U II & III none no data MT MT MT MT MT VHT quinalphos OP no no II II none no data HT HT HT MT rotenone botanical yes no II III none no data HT HT HT HT MT MT MT MT soap (insecticidal) fatty acids yes no none II & III none no data MT spinosad microbial yes no U III none no data MT HT PNT ST HT MT spiromesifen tectronic acid yes no none III none no data HT ST MT MT sulfluramid (miticide) sulfonamid yes no III III none no data MT NAT MT tebufenozide diacylhydrazine yes no U III none potential MT ST ST MT HT MT teflubenzuron IGR no U IV none no data ST MT ST ST HT HT HT HT HT temephos OP yes no U II & III none no data ST MT MT NAT HT VHT HT terbufos OP yes yes Ia I none no data VHT MT MT HT VHT VHT tetrachlorvinphos (miticide) OP yes no U III cancer-likely no data MT MT MT MT HT endocrine suspect tetradifon (miticide) bridged diphenyl no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT NAT ST ST MT tetramethrin pyrethroid yes yes U III cancer-likely no data VHT HT NAT HT MT endocrine suspect thiamethoxam neonicotinoid yes no none III Cancer-probable no data PNT HT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT thiodicarb carbamate yes no II II Cancer-probable no data MT MT PNT MT VHT HT thiocyclam nereistoxin no II none none no data HT MT MT thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate nereistoxin no II none none no data HT MT HT HT HT thiometon OP no Ib II none no data MT HT ST thionazin (nematacide) OP no none none none no data HT tolfenpyrad pyrazine no none none none triazophos OP no Ib none none no data HT MT HT MT HT Trichoderma spp microbial yes no U III none no data trichlorfon OP yes no II II & III cancer-possible no data ST PNT HT ST ST MT MT MT ST trichlofon banned/restricted/canceled in 2 countries vamidothion OP no Ib none no data NAT HT MT Verticillium lecanii microbial no none no data zeta cypermethrin pyrethroid yes yes Ib II, III Cancer-possible no data VHT VHT NAT NAT VHT VHT VHT endocrine suspect


fungicides Human Health Issues



8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate quinoline no no none II, III none no data acibenzolar-s-methyl benzothiadiazole yes no III III none potential MT MT MT MT MT aluminum phosphide inorganic yes yes none I none no data HT HT HT MT ammonium thiosulfate inorganic yes no none III none no data anilazine triazine no none I endocrin disruptor potential HT HT HT MT HT MT MT MT R&D toxin azoxystrobin strobin yes no U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT benalaxyl xylylalanine no U none none no data MT MT ST MT MT benomyl (benlate) benzimidazole no no U III Cancer-possible no data HT PNT MT ST HT NAT ST

Endocrin-suspect

cancelled by EPA; dustable powder mixes of benomyl (7%), carbofuran & thiram subject to interim PIC procedure binapacryl dinitrophenol no none none none no data VHT MT HT VHT HT

binapacryl on PIC list & WHO as obsolete pesticide; banned/restricted/canceled 19 countries; not legal for import to 33 countries blasticidin-S biopesticide no Ib II none no data MT MT ST Bordeaux mixture inorganic no III none no data HT MT MT MT MT

bromuconazole azole yes no II II & III none no data MT MT ST ST MT MT MT

bromuconazole banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country

captafol (cis isomer) thiopthalamide no no Ia I, II, III known carcinogen no data HT MT NAT ST MT ST ST

captafol on PIC list

captan thiopthalamide yes no none I, II, III known carcinogen no data HT NAT PNT MT MT NAT MT MT

captan banned/restricted/canceled in 8 countries carbendazim benzimidazole yes no U III cancer-possible no data MT NAT ST ST ST HT Endocrin-suspect carbendazim banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country

carboxin oxathiin yes no U II & III R&D toxin no data MT MT NAT MT NAT

carpropamid unclassified no U none none no data MT MT MT





chinomethionat (oxythioquinox) dithiocarbamate no III II & III known carcinogen no data HT MT MT MT ST MT VHT

R&D toxin chinomethionat banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country chlorothalonil unclassified yes no none I & II Cancer-probable potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT chloroneb substituted benzene yes III none no data MT NAT MT chlorineb on WHO obsolete pesticide list citric acid anhydrous organic acid yes none III none no data NAT NAT

copper hydroxide inorganic yes no II II & III none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

copper oxychloride inorganic yes no none I, II, III none no data MT MT MT MT

copper sulfate Inorganic yes no II I & III none no data MT HT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST cyclosulfamuron sulfanyl urea no U none none no data MT MT MT MT MT cymoxanil unclassified yes no III III none no data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST cyproconazole azole yes no III III Cancer-possible no data MT MT MT MT MT dazomet unclassified yes no III III none potential ST PNT ST MT HT HT dicloran (DCNA) substituted benzene yes no U II none potential MT MT MT MT MT MT dicloarn banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country dimethirimol pyrimidine no U none none no data MT MT dimethomorph morpholine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT ST dinobuton dinitrophenol no II none none no data VHT MT dinocap dinitrophenol no no III III R&D toxin no data HT MT ST MT HT VHT dinocap banned/restricted/canceled in 2 countries dithianone pyrimidine no III none none no data HT MT MT MT MT ST MT MT dodemorph morpholine no U none none no data MT MT dodemorph acetate morpholine no U none none potential MT MT MT Mt dodine guanidine yes no III I none potential HT NAT ST MT MT edifenphos OP no Ib none no data MT MT HT





epoxiconazol triazole no none none cancer likely no data MT MT MT MT epoxiconazole banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country etridiazole (terrazole) azole yes no III III known carcinogen no data MT MT ST MT endocrin disruptor famoxadone unclassified yes no U III none no data HT MT ST HT febuconazole triazole yes no U III cancer-possible potential ST PNT ST HT HT VHT HT Endocrin-suspect

fenamidone unclassified yes no none II & III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

fenoxaprop-ethyl pheonoxypropionate no none III R&D toxin no data MT NAT NAT MT MT HT fenoxaprop-ethyl listed by WHO as obsolete pesticide

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid yes no none II & III none no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT

fenpropimorph morpholine no III I none no data MT MT MT MT MT fentin (triphenyltin) acetate organotin no II none endocrine disruptor no data MT MT HT HT VHT HT ST VHT VHT fentin hydroxide organotin yes yes II I known carcinogen no data MT MT HT MT HT NAT VHT known R&D toxin endocrine disruptor ferbam dithiocarbamate yes U III none no data HT MT MT MT MT HT HT HT fluopicolide benzamid yes III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT flutolanil oxathiin (anilide) yes no U III none potential ST ST MT ST ST MT ST ST

folpet thiophthalimide yes no U II & III cancer-known no data HT PNT ST HT MT ST HT MT

folpet banned/restricted/canceled in 4 countries fosetyl aluminum unclassified yes no none III none potential NAT ST ST MT NAT MT guazatine guanidine no II none none no data MT MT MT MT MT guazatine banned/restricted/canceled in 2 countries hexaconazole azole no no U IV cancer-possible no data MT HT NAT MT MT NAT





iprobenfos OP no III none none no data MT MT MT MT ST ST

imazalil imidazole yes no II I, II, III Cancer-likely no data MT NT PNT

R&D toxin

imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl

yes no II II & III none potential NAT MT VHT

iprodione dicarboximide yes no U III Cancer-probable potential MT NAT ST HT isoprothiolane phosphorothiolate yes no III III MT ST iprovalicarb unclassified no U none Cancer-probable no data MT ST MT MT kasugamycin biopesticide no U none no data ST ST MT ST ST kasugamycin banned/restricted or canceled in 1 country mancozeb dithiocarbamate yes no U III Cancer-possible no data MT MT ST HT NAT Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin-yes mandipropamid mandelamide yes none III none no data MT MT ST MT MT maneb carbamate yes no U III Cancer-known no data MT NAT PNT ST ST HT Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin-yes metalaxyl

benzanoid yes no III II & III none potential ST PNT PNT ST

metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam) phenylamide yes II II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT methyl bromide halogenated organic yes yes none I R&D toxin no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT metiram dithiocarbamate yes no U III Cancer-probable no data ST PNT ST MT R&D toxin-yes no data myclobutanil azole yes no III III R&D toxin MT ST MT MT MT HT oil (mineral) petroleum yes no none III none no data NAT oil (parafin) petroleum yes no none III none no data NAT oil (tea tree) botanical no none none none no data oils (vegetables-soy, canola..) botanical yes no III none no data





oxadixyl anilide no III III Cancer-possible no data NAT NAT MT oxycarboxin carboxamide yes no U III none no data MT NAT MT ST MT PCNB (quintozene) substituted benzene yes no III Cancer-possible no data MT VHT Endocrin-suspect PCNB banned/restricted or canceled in 8 countries pencycuron urea no U IV none no data HT MT MT MT MT polyoxin biopesticide no none III none no data MT MT NAT polyoxin D zinc salt biopesticide yes III R&D toxin no data MT MT NAT prochloraz azole no III none Cancer-possible no data MT NAT MT MT MT prochloraz banned/restricted or canceled in 1 country procymidone unclassified no U Cancer-known no data MT NAT NAT MT MT ST MT Endocrin-suspect propamocarb HCl carbamate yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

propiconazole azole yes no II II & III cancer-possible potential MT MT ST MT MT

R&D toxin propineb dithiocarbamate Zn no U R&D toxin no data MT PNT PNT MT MT MT MT propineb banned/restricted/canceled in 2 countries

pyraclostrobin strobin yes no none II & III none no data ST MT MT MT HT

pyrazophos phosphorothiolate no II none none no data MT HT MT ST MT MT HT VHT pyrazophos banned/restricted/canceled in 1 countries pyrimethanil anilinopyrimidine yes no U III Cancer-possible no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT Endocrin-suspect quintozene (PCNB) substituted benzene yes no III Cancer-possible no data MT VHT Endocrin-suspect PCNB banned/restricted or canceled in 8 countries





spiroxamine unclassified yes no II III none no data MT MT MT MT MT sulfur Inorganic yes no U III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT TCMTB (busan) mercaptobenzothiazole yes no none I Cancer-possible no data VHT ST VHT

tebuconazole azole yes no III II & III Cancer-possible potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT

tebufenozide diacylhydrazine yes no U III none potential MT ST ST MT HT MT thiabendazole azole yes no U III Cancer-possible no data ST NAT MT ST ST thifluzamide thiophanate methyl benzamidazole yes no U III cancer-probable potential MT PNT NAT ST R&D toxin thiram carbamate yes no III III Endocrin-suspect no data HT NAT PNT VHT HT NAT HT HT R&D toxin tolclofos-methyl chlorophenyl no no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT tolylfluanid sulfamide no U Cancer-probable no data MT LT HT MT triadimenol triazole yes no III II, III cancer-possible no data MT ST MT MT triadimenol banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country

triadimefon triazole yes no III II & III Cancer-possible potential MT MT PNT MT NAT

Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin tricyclazole azole no II II none no data MT MT MT ST MT ST tridemorph morpholine no II none none no data MT ST MT VHT MT trifloxystrobin strobin yes no none III none no data ST ST MT MT

trifluralin dinitroanaline yes no U II & III cancer-possible no data HT PNT PNT MT HT ST ST ST MT

Endocrin-suspect trifluralin banned/restricted/canceled in 3 countries





triforine piperazine yes no U II & III R&D toxin no data NAT MT NAT MT MT

validamycin carbohydrate no U none no data NAT HT ST NAT vinclozolin dicarboximide yes no U III Cancer-known potential MT NAT PNT NAT MT Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin vinclozolin banned/restricted/canceled in 3 countries

zineb dithiocarbamate no no U II & III Endocrin-suspect no data MT MT MT NAT MT NAT ST ST ST

R&D toxin ziram dithiocarbamate yes no III III cancer-possible no data HT NAT MT HT MT HT Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin ziram banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country

herbicides

2 4 D chlorophenoxy acid yes no II III cancer-possible potential ST HT MT ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST 2, 4 D banned/restricted/canceled in 5 countries Endocrin-suspect 2 4-D dimethylamine salt chlorophenoxy acid yes no II III cancer-possible potential NAT NAT ST NAT NAT 2 4 D ester chlorophenoxy acid no none none cancer-possible no data 2 4 D amine chlorophenoxy acid no none none cancer-possible no data 2 4 5-T chlorophenoxy acid no (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) alachlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, III Cancer-known known MT NAT NAT MT MT ST ST Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin alachlor banned/restricted/canceled in 5 countries


herbicides Human Health Issues



acetochlor chloroacetanilide yes no III II, IIII cancer-known potential MT MT ST MT MT Endocrin-suspect anilofos OP no II III none no data MT ST MT ametryne triazine yes no III III endocrine disruptor potential ST MT NAT MT MT ST aminopyralid pyridine carboxylic acid amitrole triazole yes yes U III known carcinogen potential NAT MT NAT MT ST ST endocrin disruptor amitrole banned/restricted/canceled in 3 countries ammonium thiosulfate inorganic yes none III none no data asulam sodium carbamate yes U IV none no data MT MT MT NAT MT atrazine triazine yes no U III cancer-possible known ST NAT PNT ST ST ST ST ST ST Endocrin-suspect benfluralin dinitoraniline yes no U II, III cancer-possible no data HT MT MT ST MT ST MT MT bensulfuron methyl sulfonyl urea yes no U II & III none no data NAT MT ST MT ST NAT bensulide OP yes no II II & III none potential HT MT MT MT bentazon benzothiazinone yes no III III none no data NAT MT MT MT ST MT bifenox diphehyl ether no U III none no data MT NAT MT MT VHT bispyribac-sodium unclassified yes no U III none no data MT ST NAT MT MT

bromacil uracil yes no U II, III, IV cancer possible known NAT MT NAT ST ST

endocrine disruptor butaclor chloroacetanilide no U III cancer likely no data HT ST MT MT MT MT HT MT carfentrazone-ethyl triaolinone yes III III none no data MT NAT NAT MT MT MT chlorsulfuron sulfonyl urea yes no U III R&D toxin potential ST MT ST MT ST HT clefoxidim cyclohexanone no none none none no data clethodim cyclohexenone yes no none II & III none potential MT MT MT MT MT





clomazone isoxazolidinone yes no II III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT HT cyclosulfuramon sulfonylurea no U none none no data MT MT MT MT MT cyhalofop-butyl phenoxypropionate yes no U II none no data MT MT NAT MT MT

dalapon-sodium halogenated aliphatic no U II & III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT

dalapon-sodium banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country DCPA (dacthal) alkyl phthalate yes no U III cancer possible known ST NAT ST

dicamba a benzoic acid yes no III II & III R&D toxin potential ST NAT NAT ST

dichloroprop-P aryloxyalkanoic acid no no III III cancer-possible no data NAT NAT MT NAT MT MT R&D toxin diclofop-methyl phenoxypropionate yes yes III I & II cancer-probable no data HT NAT ST R&D toxin difenoconazole azole yes no III III cancer-possible no data MT MT ST MT MT HT dinitramine dinitroanaline no U none none no data MT MT diphenamid amide no no III III none potential ST NAT NAT NAT ST diquat (dibromide) bipyridylium yes no none III none potential NAT NAT MT NAT MT ST ST diuron urea yes no U III known carcinogen known ST ST ST ST MT ST EPTC + antidote thiocarbamate yes no III II, IIII R&D toxin potential MT HT MT ST ST ethafluralin dinitroanaline no U II cancer-possible no data MT MT MT MT MT ethephon OP yes no U III none no data NAT MT MT MT NAT NAT NAT ethoxysulfuron sulfonylurea no none none none no data MT ST MT MT

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid yes no none II & III none no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT

fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid yes no III II & III none no data MT ST PNT ST

fluazifop-p-butyl banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country fluchloralin dinitroanaline no no III II none no data VHT MT MT HT MT VHT VHT flufenoxuron benzoyl urea no U III none no data HT ST MT MT HT





fluorodifen nitrophenyl ether

no none I, II, III none no data HT ST

fluorodifen listed by WHO as obsolete pesticide fluroxypyr unclassified yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT HT flusilazole azole no III III none no data MT MT MT MT MT flusilazole banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country fomesafen diphehyl ether yes III I & II cancer-possible no data NAT MT NAT MT NAT ST

glufosinate ammonium unclassified yes no none II & III none no data NAT NAT MT MT NAT ST

glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no U II & III none potential ST ST NAT PNT MT ST

halosulfuron-methyl pyrazole yes no U III none potential ST MT ST ST ST NAT haloxyfop(-P-)methyl a propionic acid no none known carcinogen no data HT MT MT MT hexazinone triazinone yes no III I, III none known NAT MT NAT NAT ST ST imazamox imidazolinone yes no none III none no data NAT imazapic imidazolinone yes no none III none no data MT MT NAT MT imazapyr imidazolinone yes no U III none no data ST MT ST MT NAT iodosulfuron methyl NaCl sulfonylurea yes no III none no data NAT PNT PNT ST isopropalin dinitroanaline no III none no data MT MT isopropalin on WHO obsolete pesticide list isoprothiolane phosphorothiolate no III III none no data MT MT ST MT isoxaflutole isoxazole yes yes III cancer known no data ST MT ST MT MT MT ioxynil hydroxybenzonitrile no II none no data MT MT HT MT MT MT linuron urea yes no U III Cancer-known potential MT NAT MT MT ST MT ST MT Endocrin-suspect R&D toxin linuron banned/restricted/canceled in 2 countries MCPA chlorophenoxy acid yes no II II, IIII cancer-possible no data ST PNT NAT ST ST NAT NAT ST MCPA banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country





mecoprop-p (MCPP) chlorophenoxy acid yes no III II & III cancer-possible potential MT MT MT MT merphos OP no none II & III none no data HT merphos banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country mesosulfuron-methyl sulfonylurea yes no none II & III none no data MT MT MT MT MT methabenzthiazuron urea no U IV none no data MT HT MT MT MT s-metolachlor chloroacetanilide yes no none III cancer-possible known MT ST MT MT MT endocrine-suspect metribuzin triazinone yes no II II & III Endocrin-suspect potential MT NAT MT MT ST ST metsulfuron (methyl) molinate thiocarbamate yes II IV cancer-possible potential MT MT MT MT MT Endocrin-suspect monosodium methanearsonate organometal yes no III II, III cancer known potential ST MT ST MT ST (also called MSMA) napropamide alkanamide yes no U I, III cancer known potential ST MT MT ST MT naptalem phthalamate no U none none no data MT NAT ST ST nitralin dinitroanaline no III none no data ST ST MT nitralin listed by WHO as obsolete pesticide norflurazon pyridazinone yes no U III cancer-possible known ST NAT ST MT MT MT oryzalin dinitoaniline yes no U III cancer likely potential MT MT MT MT HT HT endocrine disruptor oxadiargyl unclassified no none none no data MT NAT MT MT NAT oxadiazon oxidiazole yes no U II & III cancer-known no data MT MT ST MT MT ST HT R&D toxin oxyfluorfen diphehyl ether yes no U II, III cancer-possible no data HT PNT PNT HT HT HT paraquat bipyridylium yes yes I & II II Parkinsons potential ST NAT MT ST ST ST NAT ST pendimethalin dinitroanaline yes no III III cancer-possible no data MT NAT ST MT MT endocrine-suspect penoxsulam triazopyrimidine yes no U III cancer-possible no data ST MT ST MT MT





picloram pyridinecarboxylic acid yes no U I, III endocrine disruptor known ST MT MT NAT ST NAT ST ST piperofos OP no II II none no data MT MT ST MT HT pretilachlor chloroacetanilide no U none no data MT MT ST MT profoxydim cyclohexanone no none none none no data MT NAT MT MT propamocarb HCl carbamate yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT propanil analide yes no III II & III cancer-possible potential MT NAT MT ST NAT ST ST ST propaquizafop a propionic acid no U none no data quizalofop-p-ethyl a propionic acid yes no none I & III none no data MT MT MT MT MT quizalofop-p-tefuryl aryloxyphenoxypropionate yes no II III cancer-possible potential MT MT NAT MT MT pyrazosulfuron-ehtyl sulfonylurea no U none none no data NAT MT NAT NAT pyribenzoxim unclassified no none none none no data MT MT quinclorac Quinolinecarboxylic a. yes no U III cancer-known potential MT NAT MT MT R&D toxin rimsulfuron sulfonylurea yes no U III none potential NAT MT NAT MT NAT sethoxydim cyclohexadione yes no III II & III none potential ST MT ST MT MT ST ST ST simazine triazine yes no U III cancer-possible known ST MT NAT NAT NAT NAT ST ST HT endocrin disruptor R&D toxin simazine banned/restricted/canceled in 1 country tebuthiuron urea yes no III III R&D toxin potential NAT MT NAT NAT terbuthylazine triazine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT MT HT terbutryn triazine no no U II & III cancer-possible potential MT NAT NAT MT MT thenylchlor chloroacetanilide no none none none no data MT MT MT MT thiazopyr pyridine yes no none II & III cancer-possible potential MT MT MT MT MT MT endocrine disruptor tiocarbazil thiocarbamate no U none none no data MT MT NAT triasulfuron sulfonylurea yes U III cancer-known potential MT MT NAT MT MT


rodenticides Human Health Issues



brodifacoum coumarin yes yes Ia III none no data MT MT

bromethaline unclassified

yes no Ia II & III none no data HT HT HT

bromodiolone coumarin yes no Ia III none no data HT PNT MT chlorophacinone indandione yes no Ia II, III none no data HT MT HT coumaphos OP yes yes Ib I none no data MT HT MT HT HT MT cumatetralyl coumarin no Ib I none no data MT MT MT difenacoum coumarin yes no Ia III none no data HT HT MT difethialone coumarin yes no Ia II, III none no data VHT HT MT HT diphacinone 1,3-Indandione yes no Ia II, III none no data MT ST ST flocoumarfen coumarin no Ia none no data HT MT MT salmocumarin biorodenticide--not found registered anywhere; experimental use only

warfarin coumarin yes no Ib II & III R&D toxin no data NAT MT NAT NAT

zinc phosphide (fumigant) inorganic yes yes Ib I, II, III R&D toxin no data HT VHT HT

molluscsicides metaldehyde

aldehyde yes yes II II & III Cancer-probable potential NAT PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT

methiocarb carbamate yes yes Ib

I & III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT

fumigants aluminum phosphide inorganic yes yes none I none no data HT HT HT MT dazomet unclassified yes no III III none potential ST PNT ST MT HT HT metam sodium dithiocarbamate yes yes II I Cancer-probable MT MT MT VHT VHT HT R&D toxin methyl bromide halogenated organic yes yes none I R&D toxin no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT magnesium phosphide inorganic yes yes I none no data MT HT MT


bactericide Human Health Issues



oxytetracycline HCl carboxamide yes no none III R&D toxin no data NAT MT NAT NAT validamycin carbohydrate no U none none no data NAT HT ST NAT

ripening agents used for processing fruits and vegetables

calcium carbide inorganic no no none none none no data calcium carbide can release highly toxic & inflamable phosphine and acetylene gases, & may contain arsenic ethylene gas organic yes no none I R&D toxin no data ST

disinfectants used for processing fruits and vegetables & clean-up chlorhexidine gluconate organic yes no none III none no data NAT chlorine inorganic yes no none I none no data HT MT MT HT HT HT HT citric acid acid yes no none III none no data NAT cresol (-meta) phenol (benzene) yes no none II possible cancer no data ST ST crystal (gentian) violet unclassified no no none III possible cancer no data HT ethyl alcohol organic yes no none II R&D toxin no data NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT formaldehyde organic yes no none I known carcinogen no data NAT NAT NAT ST hydrochloric acid acid yes no none I none no data NAT NAT iodine inorganic yes no none I none no data MT HT phenol benzene yes no none II & III none no data ST ST NAT NAT ST NAT ST potassium iodide inorganic yes no none I none no data NAT NAT sodium hydroxide base yes no none II & III none no data NAT sulfuric acid acid yes yes none I none no data ST ST

KEY: for chemical classes, OP = Organophosphate; IGR = Insect Growth Regulator; EPA Reg = Registered by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) RUPs = Restricted Use Pesticides; Acute tox = Acute toxicity by World Health Organization (WHO) & EPA classification methods, from I (hightly toxic) to IV (nontoxic) U = Unlikely to be toxic; Chronic tox = chronic human health toxicity issues; G-water = Groundwater contamination; R&D toxin = reproductive and developmental toxin Ecotox = Environmental toxicity classification: NAT = Not Acutely Toxic; PNT = Practically Non-Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; VHT = Very Highly Toxic; crust = crustaceans; aqu ins = aquatic insects


ANNEX 2: CONSULTANT’S STATEMENT OF WORK

The following is extracted from the Consultant’s Contract: PART IV - STATEMENT OF WORK As part of his assignment, the consultant will conduct the following tasks:

• Prior to departure, the consultant will review updated cluster Work Plans to determine the levels and types of pesticide risks likely to be found, and work with IRG NRM Specialist, Indhira de Jesus, to determine specific sites to be visited in the Dominican Republic;

• While in the Dominican Republic, the consultant will work with the Agro-RED to team to identify and analyze significant issues necessary toward completion of the PERSUAP;

• After returning from the Dominican Republic, the consultant will write a draft PERSUAP (using the draft PERSUAP template provided to him) to be reviewed by IRG and then submitted to USAID;

• After USAID reviews the PERSUAP, the consultant will respond to any comments and resubmit the PERSUAP to IRG to then be resubmitted to USAID.


ANNEX 3: FIELD VISITS SCHEDULE

PROGRAMA DE VISITAS PARA EL PERSUAP Fechas: Octubre 12 al 20 Consultor: Alan Schroeder

FECHA HORA ACTIVIDAD RESPONSABLE PARTICIPANTES

Domingo12 Llegada Sr. Alan Schroeder

Lunes 13 VISITA OFICINAS EN SANTO DOMINGO 9:30 am Recoger Sr. Schroeder en Hotel xxx USAID/RED? 10:30 am Reunión oficina USAID/RED COP COP/Indhira De

Jesús 11:00 am Reunión MIP, Porfirio Alvarez Indhira de Jesus IDJ/Pilar

Ramirez 1:00 pm Almuerzo 2:30 pm Reunión Staff USAID/RED COP USAID/RED

Team 5:30 pm Reunión SEA/CONIAF COP COP/Indhira De

Jesús

Martes 14 VISITA FINCAS EN BANÍ Y SAN CRISTÓBAL 7:30 am Salida desde el Hotel USAID/RED 8:30 am Recibimiento en Bani Ángel Ayala IDJ/ Maximo

Jerez 9:00 am Visita Finca Mangos de Matanzas R. Leger 10:30 am Salida hacia Finca Convencional Ángel Ayala 12:00 m Almuerzo 2:00 pm Recibimiento en Cambita José Rosa 2:30 pm Visita a Fincas de Aguacate José Rosa 5:00 pm Salida – Transporte Sr. Schroeder a Hotel Santo

Domingo USAID/RED

Miércoles 15 VISITAS A CONSTANZA Y JARABACOA 6:00 am Salida del Hotel Santo Domingo USAID/RED IDJ/ Juan

Aracena 9:00 am Recibimiento en Constanza Sr. Onésimo Reyes

9:30 am Visitas a Agroquímicas y Fincas Miguel Báez 11:00 am Salida hacia Jarabacoa USAID/RED 12:10 pm Almuerzo en Típico Bonao 2:00 pm Recibimiento en Jarabacoa Fatima Franco 2:30 pm Visita a Factoría Ramirez e Hijos Fatima Franco


FECHA HORA ACTIVIDAD RESPONSABLE PARTICIPANTES

3:15 pm Visita a Agroq. Y Fincas de Café Fatima Franco 5:00 pm Salida para Santiago (Dormir en Sgto.) USAID/RED 7:30 pm Reunion con Certificador (Luis Vargas u Olga

Abreu) Maximo Jerez IDJ/Maximo

Jerez Jueves 16 VISITA A MAO Y MONCIÓN 7:30 am Salida para Mao USAID/RED IDJ/Maximo

Jerez 9:00 am Recibimiento en Mao Martín Peña 9:30 am Visitas a Agroquímicas y Fincas Elso Jaquez 12:10 pm Almuerzo en Mao 1:00 pm Salida hacia Monción USAID/RED 2:00 pm Recibimiento en Monción Don Nicolás

Almonte 3:00 pm Visita a Fincas de Yuca 5:00 pm Salida hacia Santo Domingo USAID/RED Viernes 17 VISITA OFICINAS EN SANTO DOMINGO Y YAMASA 8:00 am Recogida al Hotel USAID/RED 8:30 am Reunión oficina USAID-RED Dr. Jesus DLS 9:00 am Reunión AFIPA/ Visita FERQUIDO; Sr. Felix

Piña Indhira de Jesus IDJ/ Pilar

Ramirez 11:00 am Reunión SEMARENA?? Indhira de Jesus 12:00 pm Almuerzo 1:00 pm Salida hacia Yamasa USAID/RED IDJ/ Pilar

Ramirez 2:00 pm Visitas a Bloque CONACADO Pilar Ramirez 3:00 pm Visita a Fincas de Cacao Pilar Ramirez 5:00 pm Salida hacia Santo Domingo USAID/RED Sábado 18 VISITA FINCAS EN COTUÍ 7:30 am Recoger Sr. Schroeder en Hotel xxx USAID/RED IDJ/Pilar

Ramirez/ Jose Manuel Gome/ Maximo Jerez?

9:00 am Visitas a Agroquímicas Pilar Ramirez 10:30 am Visita a Fincas de Pina Pilar Ramirez 12:00 pm Almuerzo y regreso a Santo Domingo USAID/RED Lunes 20 TBA Reunión USAID

ALAN SCHROEDER’S FIELD VISITS FOR SECOND EDITION OF PERSUAP AND DEVELOPMENT OF PMPs First TDY: April 27 – 30, 2009 Accomplishments Include: 1. Collected more information on crops and pests for revised PERSUAP, launched planning for

Integrated Pest Management Plans (PMP).


2. Interviewed vegetable farmers in Constanza to collect additional crop/pest/prevention/pesticide information. Met with 13 farmers for 2 hours to answer questions and gather more information.

3. Designed crop matrix for assigning PMP production tasks to Luis, Jeanette and Alan. 4. Interviewed Sardis Medrano to advise IRG on her appropriateness for designing the PMPs. 5. Produced individual PMPs for each RED crop so farmers have a seasonal and/or crop phenology‐

based field decision tool, to follow BMPs/GAPs/IPM.

Second TDY: June 14 – 22, 2009 Accomplishments Include:

1. Guidelines established for the development of DR‐RED Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for all USAID/RED crops, as follows:

a. List 3‐4 or so major pests (those which farmers prevent and use resources to control) for each crop;

b. Research and compile Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tactics, including natural and synthetic pesticides, used in the top two agriculture production states in the USA (Florida and California), as well as any existing information from the Caribbean, and document those as recommended practices that USAID/RED farmers may try and adopt.

2. Met with consultants Sardis Medrano Cabral and Jeannette Dominguez Aristy to guide the development of data for DR‐RED PMPs for each RED crop.

3. Developed PMPs for Cole crops (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage), Leafy crops (iceberg and romaine lettuces), Auyama (pumpkins), Apio, Zapote (mamae), Lechosa (papaya), Oregano, Limon, Remolacha, Espinaca, and Molondron.

4. Reviewed and edited PMPs developed by Jeannette on Zafarraya crops berengena (American, Chinese, Japanese eggplants), Bangaña (squash), Musu (long squash), Cundeamor (Chinese bitter melon, pepino persa, Vainitas (long beans), Carambola, Guayaba, chinola (maracuja), Mamae (zapote), Tindora, Aji picante and Cubanela.

5. Reviewed and edited PMPs done by Sardis Madrano on papas, Yuca, Batata, Tomate, Pepino, Sandia, Zanahoria, Melon, fresa, Rabano, Espinaca, Tomate cherry, Mango, Aguacate, Café, Cacao, Limon, Naranjas, Piña, Banana, Guandules.

6. Edited two tables from October 2008 PERSUAP to update with new crops/locations, as follows: a. Table 3‐5 entitled “IPM Tools that are used and could be used in DR on RED cropping

systems”. b. Updated list of pesticides with new clusters that have been added since October 2008.

7. Debriefed with MEO Odalis Perez and CTO Luis Gonzalez at USAID to debrief on trip products and issues.

8. Debriefed with COP Jesus de Los Santos.


SARDIS MEDRANO’s FIELD VISITS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PMPs (these field visits do not include the time spent analyzing and compiling data, in addition to the many telephone conversations ground‐truthing the information collected and comparing it with data from other areas)

Date Location

19 May 2009 CAFÉ, CODOCAFE (San Jose de Ocoa)

22 May 2009 CAFE, NACAS (San Cristobal)

26 May 2009 Est. Frutales Bani IDIAF (Peravia)

27 May 2009 BANANO COPROBATA, MANGO CLUSTER (Azua and Peravia)

29 May 2009 CLUSTER DE CAFÉ and VEGETALES (Jarabacoa)

05 June 2009 CACAO, YACAO AND FUNDOPO (San Cristobal)


ANNEX 4: INTERNATIONAL PIC LIST

Updated (2007) PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals

PIC Chemicals as of 2007 (41 chemicals: 24 pesticides, 6 severely hazardous pesticide formulations and 11 industrial chemicals)

2,4,5-T aldrin asbestos (crocidolite) asbestos (actinolite, anthophyllite, amosite, and tremolite) binapacryl captafol chlordane chlordimeform chlorobenzilate DDT dieldrin dinitro-ortho-cresol dinoseb 1,2-dibromoethane DNOC and its salts

ethylene dichloride ethylene oxide fluoroacetamide heptachlor hexachlorobenzene hexachlorocyclohexane lindane mercury compounds methamidophos methyl-parathion monocrotophos (2002) parathion pentachlorophenol phosphamidon polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) tetraethyl lead tetramethyl lead toxaphene tris (2,3 dibromopropyl) phosphate mixtures of benomyl, carbofuran and thiram (sold as Granox TBC & Spinox T, which are risk-prone seed treatments manufactured and used in West Africa)


ANNEX 5: EPAS BANNED/SEVERELY RESTRICTED/SEVERELY HAZARDOUS LISTS

UNITED NATIONS (UN) PIC AND US PIC NOMINATED PESTICIDES LIST Following is a list of 22 UN PIC pesticides, 4 UN Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations (SHPF), 6 UN PIC pesticides added during the interim period, and 36 additional U.S. actions reported, originally nominated for inclusion on the PIC list, and based on PIC definitions of the voluntary program. (Two of the six interim pesticides were included in the original U.S. list, bringing the total to 64.)

# Pesticide UN PIC List

Banned Severely Restricted

SHPF

1 aldrin x x no no

2 arsenic trioxide no no x no

3 asbestos all forms (Interim) x x no no

4 benzene hexachloride[BHC] x x no no

5 binapacryl (Interim) no x no no

6 2,3,4,5-Bis(2-butylene)tetrahydro-2-furaldehyde [Repellent-11] no x no no

7 bromoxynil butyrate no x no no

8 cadmium compounds no x no no

9 calcium arsenate no x no no

10 captafol x x no no

11 carbofuran (granular only) no no x no

12 carbon tetrachloride no x no no

13 chloranil no x no no

14 chlordane x x no no

15 chlordecone (kepone) no x no no

16 chlordimeform x x no no

17 chlorobenzilate x x no no

18 chloromethoxypropylmercuric acetate [CPMA] no x no no

19 copper arsenate no x no no

20 daminozide/alar no no x no

21 DBCP no x no no


22 DDT x x no no

23 dieldrin x x no

24 dinoseb and salts x x no no

25 Di(phenylmercury)dodecenylsuccinate [PMDS] no x no no

26 DNOC (Interim) x x no no

27 1,2-dibromoethane ethylene dibromide - EDB) x x no no

28 ethylene dichloride (EDC) (Interim) no x no no

29 ethylene oxide (ETO) (Interim) agricultural uses only no no x no

30 endrin no x no no

31 EPN no x no no

32 ethyl hexyleneglycol [6-12] no x no no

33 fluoroacetamide x x no no

34 heptachlor x no x no

35 hexachlorobenzene [HCB] x x no no

36 lead arsenate no x no no

37 leptophos no x no no

38 lindane x no x no

39 mercury compounds (mercurous chloride and mercuric chloride)

x x no no

40 methamidophos x no no x

41 methyl parathion x no no x

42 mevinphos no x no no

43 mirex no x no no

44 monocrotophos x x no no

45 nitrofen (TOK) no x no no

46 OMPA (octamethylpyrophosphoramide) no x no no

47 parathion (ethyl) x no no x

48 pentachlorophenol x no x no

49 phenylmercury acetate [PMA] no x no no

50 phenylmercuric oleate [PMO] no x no x

51 phosphamidon x no no no

52 potassium 2,4,5-trichlorophenate [2,4,5-TCP] no x no no

53 pyriminil [Vacor] no x no no

54 safrole no x no no

55 silvex no x no no

56 sodium arsenate no no x no

57 sodium arsenite no x no no

58 TDE no x no no

59 Terpene polychlorinates [Strobane] no x no no

60 thallium sulfate no x no no

61 toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) (Interim) x x no no

62 tributyltin compounds no no x no

63 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4,5-T] x x no no

64 vinyl chloride no x no no

* Pentachlorophenol is still registered for use in the U.S. as a wood preservative.


ANNEX 6: TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES: EPA AND WHO CLASSIFICATIONS

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications

Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.

a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)

Class Descriptive term

Mammalian LD50 Mammalian Inhalation LC50

Irritation Aquatic invert/fish (LC50 or EC50)2

Honey bee acute oral (LD50)

Oral Dermal Eye1 Skin

I Extremely toxic ≤50 ≤200 ≤0.2 Corrosive Corrosive < 0.1 II Highly toxic 50-500 200-2000 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee III Moderately

toxic 500-5000

2000-20000

2.0-20 No corneal opacity

Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 µg/bee

IV Slightly toxic ≥5000 ≥20000 ≥20 None Moderate or slight

10.1-100

Relatively non-toxic

101-1000

Practically non-toxic

1001-10,000 > 11 µg/bee

Non-toxic > 10,000 1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists

during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation


2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water

b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)

Class Descriptive term Oral LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Solids Liquids Solids Liquids Ia Extremely hazardous ≤5 ≤20 ≤10 ≤40 Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400 II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000 III Slightly hazardous ≥501 ≥2001 ≥1001 ≥4001

U Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use ≥2000 ≥3000 - -


ANNEX 7: RUP CRITERIA

Pesticide Active Ingredient (AI) name Specific formulations Specific uses Criteria for RUP

Acetochlor Emulsifiable concentrate Field corn, popcorn, forage/feeder corn

Ground and surface water concerns

Acrolein As sole active ingredient All uses Human inhalation hazard, adverse effects on avian and aquatic organisms

Alachlor All formulations All uses Oncogenic potential

Aldicarb As sole active ingredient and in combination with other actives; all granular formulations

All uses Accident history

Aluminum phosphide As sole active ingredient All uses Human inhalation hazard

Amitraz All formulations Pears Possible oncogenicity

Amitrole All formulations All uses except homeowner Oncogenic potential

Arsenic acide All formulations except brush-on

All dessicant uses; all wood preservative uses

Oncogenicity, mutagenicity and repro/fetotoxicity

Arsenic pentoxide All formulations Wood preservative uses Potential oncogenicity, mutagenicity, repro/fetotoxicity

Atrazine All manufacturing and end use Agricultural and industrial uses

Ground water contamination potential; worker exposure concerns

Avermectin (Abamectin) Emulsifiable concentrate Cotton and citrus Toxic to fish, mammals and

aquatic organisms

Avitrol All formulations All uses Hazard to fish and non-target birds

Azinphos-methyl All liquids with greater than 13.5% concentration; others on a case-by-case basis

All uses

Human inhalation hazard, acute toxicity, hazard to avian, aquatic and mammalian species

Bendiocarb Granular and wettable powder Turf Toxicity to aquatic and avian species

Bifenthrin Emulsifiable concentrate Cotton Toxic to fish and aquatic organisms

Bis(tributyltin)oxide Solution - ready to use Antifouling paint Toxic to aquatic organisms including shellfish

Carbofuran All formulations except pellets and tablets All uses Acute inhalation toxicity;

avian toxicity (granular)

Chlorophacinone Tracking powder, dust and ready to use 0.2% (EPA Reg. Nos. 7173-113 and 7173-172

Inside buildings Human hazard, potential for food contamination, possible inhalation hazard

Chloropicrin All formulations greater than 2% and all formulations (rodent

All uses (greater than 2% including rodent control)

Acute inhalation toxicity, hazard to non-target



control) organisms

Chlorpyrifos Emulsifiable concentrate Agricultural uses Avian and aquatic toxicity

Chromic acid All formulations except brush-on All wood preservative

Oncogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and fetotoxic effects

Clofentezine All formulations All uses Additional data required to remove the restriction

Coal tar Solution - ready to use Wood preservative Oncogenicity and mutagenicity

Coal tar creosote All formulations Wood preservative Possible oncogenic and mutagenic effects

Coumaphos Flowable concentrate Indoor food and indoor nonfood Acute oral toxicity hazards

Cube resins other than rotenone Emulsifiable concentrate Small fruits, currants, certain

berries Chronic eye and inhalation effects

Cyfluthrin 25% Emulsifiable concentrate Agricultural Acute toxicity to applicators, fish and other aquatic organisms

Cyhalothrin Emulsifiable concentrate Cotton Environmental data requirements

Cypermethrin All formulations All agricultural crops Oncogenicity, hazard to non-target organisms

Deltamethrin Emulsifiable concentrate Cotton High toxicity to aquatic organisms

Diazinon

Granular, emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powders

Small fruits and certain berries Avian and aquatic toxicity

Dichlobenil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile Terrestrial Conditional

Dichloropropene All formulations (94% liquid concentrate is the only formulation)

All uses

Probable human carcinogen, oncogenic, acutely toxic by oral and inhalation routes

Diclofop methyl All formulations All uses Oncogenicity

Dicrotophos All liquid formulations 8% and greater All uses

Acute dermal toxicity, residue effects on avian species

Diflubenzuron Wettable powders All uses Hazard to wildlife

Disulfoton

All ECs 65% and greater, all ECs and concentrate solutions 21% and greater with fensulfothion 43% and greater, all ECs 32% and greater in combination with 32% fensulfothion and greater

All uses, commercial seed treatment (non-aqueous solution 95% and greater).

Acute dermal toxicity, inhalation hazard

Emamectin benzoate 4-epimethlyamino-4-deoxykavermectin BLA and B1b benzoates

Insecticide, miticide Toxicity to fish

Esfenvalerate 66% emulsible concentrate Insecticide Toxicity to fish and aquatic organisms



Ethoprop

Emulsifiable concentrates 40% and greater (aquatic uses); all uses (granular and fertilizer formulations

Aquatic uses (ECs 40% or greater); all uses (granular and fertilizer formulations)

Acute dermal toxicity

Fenamiphos Emulsifiable concentrates 35% and greater All uses

Acute dermal toxicity, avian acute oral toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity

Fenbutatin-oxide Wettable powder Grapes Very high toxicity to aquatic organisms

Fenpropathrin 2.4 emulsifiable concentrate spray Agricultural uses

Environmental concerns: toxic to fish and aquatic organisms

Fenthion Emulsifiable concentrate Mosquitocide Very high acute toxicity to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates

Fipronil All formulations Insecticide/miticide Conditional amended

Hydrogen cyanamide 50% active ingredient Desert grown grapes Potato orrosive effects to skin and eyes

Lambda-cyhalothrin All formulations All uses Toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates

Magnesium phosphide All formulations All uses Inhalation hazard

Methamidophos Liquid formulations 40% and greater, dust formulations 2.5% and greater

All uses Acute dermal toxicity, residue effects on avian species

Methidathion All formulations All uses except nursery stock, safflower and sunflower

Residue effects on avian species

Methiocarb All formulations Outdoor commercial and agricultural uses

Possible hazard to avian, fish and other aquatic organisms

Methomyl

As sole active ingredient in 1 to 2.5% baits (except 1% fly bait), all concentrate solution formulations and 90% wettable powder formulations (not in water soluble bags)

Nondomestic outdoor and all other registered uses (agricultural crops, ornamentals and turf)

Residue effects on mammalian species, other hazards - accident history

Methyl bromide All formulations All uses Acute toxicity and accident history

Methyl isothiocyanate Solution - ready to use Fungicide for wood, wood preservative

Exceeds classification criteria of 40 CFR 152.170

Methyl parathion All formulations All uses

Residue effects on mammalian and avian species, hazard to bees, acute dermal toxicity

Niclosamide All wettable powders 70% and greater All uses

Acute inhalation toxicity, effects on aquatic organisms

Nicotine Liquid and dry formulations 14% and greater (greenhouse); all formulations (cranberries)

Greenhouse applications, all applications to cranberries

Acute inhalation toxicity, effects on aquatic organisms

Nitrogen, liquid Solution - ready to use Termiticide Highly corrosive upon



contact with skin or eyes

Oxamyl Liquid formulations, granular on a case-by-case basis All uses

Acute oral toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, avian oral toxicity

Oxydemeton methyl All products All uses Reproductive effects

Paraquat All formulations and concentrations except certain mixtures - see label

All uses Human toxicological data, other hazards - use and accident history

Pentachlorophenol All formulations Wood preservative uses Possible oncogenic, teratogenic and fetoxic effects

Pentachlorophenol, Sodium S All formulations Wood preservative uses

Possible oncogenic, mutagenic and/or fetotoxic effects

Permethrin All formulations Agricultural crop uses Highly toxic to aquatic organisms, oncogenicity

Phorate Liquid formulations 65% and greater (all uses); all granular formulations (rice)

All uses (65% and greater); granular formulations (rice)

Acute oral and dermal toxicity for granulars, residue effects on avian and mammalian species (foliar application of liquid formulation only), effects on aquatic organisms

Piperonyl butoxide Emulsifiable concentrate Small fruits, certain berries, currants Not specified

Profenofos Emulsifiable concentrate 59.4%, EPA Reg. Nos. 100-599 and 100-669

Cotton Corrosive to eyes

Pronamide All 50% wettable powders All uses Oncogenicity

Propanoic acid Emulsifiable concentrate

Wheat, rice, edible chrysanthemum, cotton, clover, alfalfa, wheat-grass, sideoats grama, little bluestem

Not specified

Pyrethrins Emulsifiable concentrate No uses listed Chronic eye effects

Resmethrin All formulations Mosquito abatement and pest control treatments at nonagricultural sites

Acute fish toxicity

Rotenone 2.5/5.0 EC, 5.0% +20.0% wettable powder Fish toxicant Chronic eye and inhalation

effects

Simazine Emulsifiable concentrate Grapes and certain berries Not specified

Sodium cyanide All capsules and ball formulations All uses

Human inhalation hazard, hazard to non-target species

Sodium dichromate All wood preservative formulations except brush-on Wood preservative uses

Oncogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and fetotoxocity

Sodium fluoroacetate All solutions and dry baits All uses Acute oral toxicity, hazard to non-target organisms, use and accident history



Sodium hydroxide Ready to use solution Control tree roots in sewage systems

Acute toxicity; eye, inhalation and dermal hazard

Sodium methyldithiocarbamate 32.7% anhydrous

Soil fumigant to control soilborne pests of ornamental, food and fiber crops and for root control in sewage systems

Dermal toxicity and teratogenicity. Acute toxicity of metam sodium and its intended use in controlling sewer root growth

Strychnine Dry baits, pellets and powder formulations - see specific labels

Formulations greater than 0.5%: all uses. All formulations: all uses calling for burrow builders. Formulations less than 0.5%: all uses except below-ground hand application.

Acute oral toxicity hazard to non-target avian species; use and accident history

Sulfotepp Sprays and smoke generators All uses Inhalation hazard to humans

Sulfuric acid Solution - ready to use Potato vine desiccant Extremely corrosive - acute toxicity to humans

Sulfuryl fluoride All formulations All uses Acute inhalation hazard and possible acute toxicity hazard in humans

Tefluthrin Granular formulations Corn grown for seed Environmental concerns Toxicity to fish and aquatic organisms

Terbufos Granular formulations 15% and greater All uses

Residue effects on avian species; acute oral and dermal toxicity and risks to aquatic organisms and other wildlife from runoff

TFM Impregnated material Aquatic pest control Complexity in use- requires specialized training, equipment and clothing

Tralomethrin All formulations All agricultural crop uses Toxicity to aquatic organisms

Tributyltin fluoride Solution - ready to use Antifouling paint Toxicity to aquatic organisms including shellfish

Tributyltin methacrylate Solution - ready to use Antifouling paint Toxicity to aquatic organisms

Triisopropranolamine Emulsifiable concentrate All uses

Hazard to non-target organisms, specifically plants both crop and noncrop

Triphenyltin hydroxide All formulations All uses Possible mutagenic effects

Zinc phosphide

All dry formulations 60% and greater; all bait formulations; all dry formulations 10% and greater

All uses - non-domestic outdoor uses (other than 1-2% formulation in/around buildings); domestic uses

Hazard to non-target organisms, acute oral toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity


ANNEX 8: A GENERAL IPM PLANNING AND DESIGN PROTOCOL

The design of an IPM program can be developed with all of the fundamental parts of any good management plan. The vital parts of a plan include a definition of the targeted primary (small or large-holder farmers) and secondary (marketers, processors, transporters, and consumers) beneficiaries, implementation partners (farmers, laborers, extension personnel, national, regional and international organizations), listed production constraints (problem identification) and IPM strategies for dealing with them.

Elements of IPM Program

Since IPM is not generally an active part of crop production in DR, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program is addressed below.

Step 1: Evaluate and use non-pesticide management options first.

Use both preventive and responsive/curative options that are available to manage pest problems. Farmers may prevent pests (and avoid requiring pesticides) by the way they select plants, prepare the site, plant and tend growing plants. Along with prevention, farmers may respond to or cure the problem via physical, mechanical or biochemical methods.

General Preventive Interventions:

Plant selection

• choose pest-resistant strains

• choose proper locally-adapted plant varieties

• diversify plant varieties or inter-crop plants

• provide or leave habitat for natural enemies

Site preparation and planting

• choose pest-free or pest-avoidance planting dates (e.g., early planting in rainy season avoids stem borers in cereals)

• enhance/provide shade for shade-grown crops

• assign crop-free (fallow) periods and/or rotate crops


• install buffer zones of non-crop plants and/or physical barriers

• improve soil health

• use and appropriate planting density

• rotate crops

• low-till, no-till

Plant tending/cultivation practices

• fertilize and irrigate appropriately

• remove weeds while small and before sowing crop

Responsive/Curative Interventions:

Physical/mechanical control

• remove or destroy diseased plant or plant parts & pests

• weed

• install traps

Biochemical control

• pheromones (very effective, but not currently easily accessible or economical, however, they are becoming more so)

• homemade botanical pesticides

• repellents

Biological control

• release or augment predators

• release or augment parasites/parasitoids

• release or augment microbial pesticides

Step 2: Assess IPM Needs and Establish Priorities. In planning IPM project consider crop protection needs, farmers’ perceptions of pest problems, pesticide use history and trends, availability of IPM technology, farming practices, access to sources of IPM expertise, support for IPM research and technical assistance, and training needs for farmers and project field extension workers.

Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of IPM technology under various institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require rapid and inexpensive adaptation and validation research. During the planning stages of an IPM program, the inputs from experienced IPM specialists will be extremely useful. If possible, set up


an initial planning workshop to help define and orient implementation activities, and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Step 3: Learn and value farmers’ indigenous IPM tactics, and link with and utilize all local resources/partners. Most farmers are already using their own forms of IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These include: mechanical and physical exclusion; crop rotation, trap crops, cover crops, and green manures; local knowledge of strategic planting or harvesting times; water, soil and fertilizer resource management; intensive intercropping with pest-repellent plants; leaving refuge habitat for natural enemies; soil augmentation and care leading to healthy nutrient cycling; transplanting; and weeding.

Accurate assessments of these farmer technologies, as well as of actual losses due to different constraints in farmers’ fields are a must, before designing a crop production and pest management program. Crop loss figures provided by small and large farmers alike, and thus projected and reported by international organizations, are often inaccurate, and thus overestimated.

Step 4: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although hundreds of species of organisms can be found in a crop at any one time, only a few of them may cause substantial crop losses, and be considered pests. Become familiar with the key pests of target crops, whether they are primary or secondary pests, how to positively identify them. Monitor their population size, the kind of damage that they cause, and their life cycle. These usually amount to a relatively small number of species on any one crop and can include any combination of insects, pathogens, weeds, diseases, and vertebrates. A few other species, known as secondary or occasional pests, attain damaging status from time to time; especially if over-spraying occurs and kills natural predators that naturally regulate their populations.

The vast majority of insect species found in any one crop are actually predators and parasites of the plant-feeding species. Many small-holder farmers are not aware of these distinctions and must be taught to correctly identify the more common beneficial species, as well as pests, found in their crops. Incorrect identification of beneficial insects, predators or neutral insect species, may lead to unnecessary pesticide applications. This diagnostic phase requires sampling and careful observation. Usually, most key pests are fairly well known by local farmers and government extension personnel. However, a few species may be poorly known or understood because they occur at night, are hidden, or small. These include soil-inhabiting species such as nematodes and insect larvae (wireworms, white grubs, cutworms), mites, and pathogens (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi). In addition, farmers usually do not understand the role of some insects as vectors of plant diseases.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM. A number of activities are very effective in promoting IPM in developing countries:

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs

The adoption of new techniques by small- and large-holder farmers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making and practice. First, frequent (usually weekly) sessions are conducted for 10–20 farmers during the cropping season in farmers’ fields by trained instructors or extension agents. Because these IPM training sessions take place in the farmers’ own environment, (1) they take advantage of the farmers’ own knowledge; and (2) the farmers understand how IPM applies to their own farms.


Of these IPM training sessions, four or five analyze the agroecosystem. They identify and describe conditions such as soil type, fertility, and needs, weather, crop stage, each pest, their natural enemies, and relative numbers of both. Illustrations and drawings are provided, as necessary. Extensionists apply a Socratic method, guiding farmers with questions to discover important insights and supplying information only when absolutely necessary.

Farmers may also experiment with insect zoos where they can observe natural predators of their pests in action and the impact of pesticide on both. Knowledge and skills necessary for applying IPM are best learned and understood through practice and observation, understanding pest biology, parasitism, predation and alternate hosts; identifying plant disease symptoms; sampling population size; and preparing seed beds.

Recovering collective memory

Pest problems often emerge because traditional agricultural methods were changed in one way or another, or lost. These changes can sometimes be reversed. This approach uses group discussions to try to identify what changes might have prompted the current pest problem.

Smallholder support and discussion groups

Weekly meetings of smallholders, held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems can be useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit).

Demonstration project

Subsidized experiments and field trials at selected farms can be very effective at promoting IPM within the local community. These pilots demonstrate IPM in action and allow comparison with traditional synthetic pesticide-supported cultivation.

Educational material-DR

In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Such material is essential. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective. A study in Nicaragua found videos to be the most important factor in motivating farmers to adopt IPM.

Youth education

Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future farmers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Organic food market incentive

Promoting organic certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing organic food market can be a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers. Many IPM project consist of partnerships between two or more organization, e.g., donors, governments, PVOs and NGOs. If these partnerships are


not forged with care, the entire project may be handicapped. The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM

Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM”—only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.

Confirm partner institutions’ commitment

Often, organizations make commitments they do not intend to (or are unable to) fulfill completely. The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

• IPM program integration into larger project. The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall program. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

• Cost sharing. The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.

• Participation of key IPM personnel. Large partner organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM who are assigned specifically to IPM work. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly. The growth of pest populations usually is related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance. The crops must be inspected regularly to determine the levels of pests and natural enemies and crop damage. Current and forecast weather should be monitored. Farmers, survey personnel, and agricultural extension staff can assist with field inspections. They can train other farmers to be able to separate pests from non-pests and natural enemies, and to determine when crop protection measures, are necessary.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools. A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques. IPM does not require predetermined numbers or combinations of techniques, nor is the inclusion or exclusion of any one technique required for IPM implementation. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low. When dealing with crops that are already being treated with pesticides, IPM should aim first at reducing the number of pesticide applications through the introduction of appropriate action thresholds, while promoting appropriate pesticide management and use practices and shifting to less toxic and more selective products and non-chemical control methods. In most cases, NGOs/PVOs will probably need to deal with low to moderate levels of pesticide use. Either way, an IPM program should emphasize preventive measures and protect a crop, while interfering as little as possible with the production process.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers. Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help farmers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in farmers’ fields (as


opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitor and Evaluate. First, develop data collection tools, and then collect baseline data at the beginning of the project to identify and determine the levels of all variables that will need to be tracked. These may include numbers and types of pests, predators, and soil microorganisms; relative numbers of all non-target animals (birds, lizards, etc.) that may be negatively impacted if pesticides are used; soil and water samples to determine levels of pesticide residue; soil samples to learn dominant soil types and to predict soil nutrition, requirements, and fertilizer/pesticide activities; pesticides, application and safety equipment available; and, amounts and type of training received by target audiences.

Develop methods for measuring the effectiveness of each IPM tactic used, and of their sum in reducing pest damage and crop losses. Also, develop methods for monitoring environmental health (maintaining and encouraging high levels of predators and soil microorganisms) and human health if pesticides are used. Kits are available for determining the level of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides to which farmers and applicators have been exposed. Make checklists for farmers to use when applying pesticides that indicate the type of application and safety equipment used, and the rates at which pesticides were applied.


ANNEX 9: MITIGATING POTENTIAL PESTICIDE DANGERS GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, take the following measures to mitigate and reduce their risks to human health and the environment. Note that risk is a function of both toxicity and exposure. Reducing risk means (1) selecting less toxic pesticides and (2) selecting pesticides that will lead to the least human exposure before, during and after use.

REDUCE EXPOSURE TIME OR THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE BEFORE USING

TRANSPORT:

• separate pesticides from other materials being transported

PACKAGING:

• follow international and national norms and guidelines

• use packaging (small containers) adapted to local needs

• eliminate re-use of packaging materials

STORING:

• develop strict guidelines for village-level storage

• ensure permanent, well-marked labeling

• follow and respect national norms

• use appropriate language and approved pictograms

FORMULATING:

• use appropriate type and concentration


DURING USE

TRAINING:

SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS

SHOULD IDENTIFY LEVEL AND AUDIENCES (DISTRIBUTORS, FARMERS, TRANSPORTERS, ETC.)

USE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT:

• should be adapted to user needs and possibilities

• should assure maintenance and availability of parts and service

USE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING:

• should be adapted to local climatic conditions

• should be adapted to user needs and resource possibilities

• should eliminate exposure rather than just reduce it, if at all possible

FOCUS ON “BUFFER ZONES” AROUND THE FOLLOWING:

• housing

• environment: water, sensitive areas

AFTER USING • know, enforce, respect exclusion or reentry periods after application

• assure proper cleaning and rinsing off of:

applicators’ preparation and application equipment

applicators’ clothing

storage containers

• develop a workable monitoring and evaluation system for:

adherence to national and international policies regarding pest management and pesticides

health effects on applicators, the local population, and domestic animals

efficacy on target pests

impacts on environment: above- and below-ground water, soils, air, drift, biodiversity

elimination of pesticide leftovers and containers


ANNEX 10: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT GUIDE

EPA Recommended Worker Protection Standards

1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required beyond that specified in the Table.

2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove.

3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection.

4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS.

5“Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection.

HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS

Route of Exposure

Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product

I DANGER

II WARNING

III CAUTION

IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwearChemical- resistant Gloves2

Coveralls worn over short-sleeved shirt and short pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical-resistant Gloves2

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes Chemical-resistant Gloves2

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity

Respiratory protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Potential

Protective eyewear5 Protective eyewear5 No minimum4 No minimum4


ANNEX 11: BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE

Get medical advice quickly if you or any of your fellow workers have unusual or unexplained symptoms during work or later the same day. Do not let yourself or anyone else get dangerously sick before calling a physician or going to a hospital. It is better to be too cautious than too late.

First aid is the initial effort to help a victim while medical help is on the way. If you are alone with the victim, make sure the victim is breathing and is not being further exposed to the poison before you call for emergency help. Apply artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing.

Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the label) to the physician. Do not carry the pesticide container in the passenger space of a car or truck.


Poison on skin Act quickly Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

Chemical burn on skin Wash with large quantities of running water

Remove contaminated clothing Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid

treatment of burns

Poison in eye Wash eye quickly but gently Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water Wash for 15 minutes or more Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase

the extent of injury

Inhaled poison Carry victim to fresh air immediately Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned Loosen tight clothing Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s

skin is blue. If patient is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department

Poison in mouth or swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label

Procedure for inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward, Do not allow victim to lie on his back, because the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage

Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat or give syrup of ipecac

Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is

Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting

When not to induce vomiting

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is

a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may get into the lungs and burn there also

If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting


ANNEX 12 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS, AND BAITS REGULATED BY EPA, AS EPA-LISTED

Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Number Allium sativum Garlic Repels insects Low 128827 Allyl isothiocyanate Oil of Mustard Kills & repels insects Questionable 004901 Anise Oil Repels vertebrates Low 004301 4-allyl anisole Estragole Kills beetles Low 062150 Azadirachtin Azadirachta indica Kills & repels insects Low, IV 121701 Neem tree extract Bergamot Repels vertebrates 129029 Canola Oil Brassica Napus Kills many insects Low 011332 B. Campestris Capsaicin Capsicum frutescans Repels vertebrates Low, III 070701 Castor Oil Repels vertebrates Low 031608 Cedarwood Oil Repels moth larvae Low 040505 Cinnamaldehyde Ceylon and Chinese Kills insects, fungi & Low 040506 cinnamon oils repels vertebrates* Citronella Oil Repels insects & Low 021901 vertebrates Cloves, Crushed Low 128895 Dihydroazadirachtin Neem tree extract Kills & repels insects III-IV 121702 Azadirachta indica Eucalyptus Oil Repels insects, mites Low 040503


Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking fleas & mosquitoes Eugenol Oil of cloves Kills insects** Low 102701 Geraniol Oil of rose Repels vertebrates** Low 597501 isomeric w/ linalool Geranium Oil Low 597500 Indole from all plants Trap bait: corn root- Low 25000- worm beetles Jasmine Oil Low 040501 Jojoba Oil Kills & repels whitefly Low 067200 kils powdery mildew Lavandin Oil Repels clothes moth Low 040500 Lemongrass Repels vertebrates Low 040502 Linalool Oil of Ceylon Repels insects, ticks, Low 128838 isomeric w/ geraniol mites & spiders Maple lactone Roach trap bait Low 004049 Methyl salicylate Oil of wintergreen Repels moths, beetle May be Toxic 76601- & vertebrates in large quantity Mint Herb Kills aphids Low 128892 Mint Oil Kills aphids Low 128800 Mustard Oil Repels insects, Low 004901 spiders & vertebrates Neem Oil Kills whitefly, aphids Low 025006 1-Octen-3-ol From clover, alfalfa Trap bait: mosquitoes Low 69037- Orange Repels vertebrates Low 040517 p-Methane-3,8 diol Eucalyptus sp. Repels biting flies, Low mosquitoes 2-Phenylethyl-propionate From peanuts Kills insects, ticks, Low 102601 mites & spiders Pyrethrum Chrysanthemum sp. Stored products use III Red pepper Chilli Repels insects Low 070703 Rosemary Herb Low 128893 Rotenone Derris sp., Tephrosia Controls ticks III


Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Ryania Ryania speciosa Kills thrips, coddling moth, corn borers Sabadilla Schoenocaulon sp. III Sesame Oil Sesamum indicum Pyrethroid synergist Low Soybean Oil Soja Kills insects, mites Low 031605 Thyme Herb Controls aphids Low 128894 1,2,4 Trimethoxy-benzene From squash Trap bait: corn rootwo- Low 40515- rm, cucumber beetles Verbenone From pine trees Repels bark beetles Low 128986 Other, local DR products Safe-T-cide

M-Pede

Oil extracts of neem, garlic & chili pepper that are repellent and toxic to some pests

Mix with water and spray on the crop and pest

Low-Med

Not EPA tested

1. This table does not necessarily describe all plant oil active ingredients. 2. More detailed information available for most of the oils: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm 3. Natural Source: Only one or a few sources are listed. Most of these chemicals are found in many different plants. * attracts corn rootworm beetles, ** attracts Japanese beetles


ANNEX 13: PESTICIDE DISPOSAL OPTIONS

(Translate and Distribute to Users) Pesticide Disposal

If you end up with excess pesticide concentrate, dilute it as directed on the label; then apply it to an area listed on the label. You can dispose of excess pesticide mix by applying it to an area listed on the label. Do not apply more than is recommended. You can also store leftover pesticide until you are able to take it to a hazardous-waste collection site.

An empty pesticide container is not as empty as you might think; a significant amount of pesticide residue can remain inside of it. Triple-rinse an empty container of liquid pesticide before you toss it into the trash. Here’s how: First, when you are down to the last amount of pesticide concentrate, drain the pesticide container into your spray tank for at least 30 seconds.

Fill the empty container one-fifth to one-fourth full of water and rinse thoroughly. Use this rinse water as dilution water for the pesticide concentrate in the sprayer. If the dilution rate allows you to pour all the rinse water into the sprayer, drain it into the sprayer for at least 30 seconds.

Follow the procedure in Steps 2 and 3 two more times. Then spray the pesticide mixture on areas listed on the label. Do not exceed the label’s application rate.

Container Disposal

All empty pesticide containers must be destroyed, and never re-used. It is extremely dangerous to use them for anything else. Consult the pesticide label, the manufacturer, or the manufacturer’s representative for specific recommendations regarding container cleanup and disposal. The following are general guidelines. There are two basic methods for cleaning pesticide containers prior to disposal. Both require that the container be turned upside down and allowed to drain into the spray tank for at least 30 seconds, followed by adding water to the container and rotating it well to wet all surfaces, then draining it again into the spray tank as an additional dilutent.

• Triple Rinse Method: Add a measured amount of water or other specified dilutent so that the container is one-fifth to one-fourth full. Rinse container thoroughly, pour into a tank, and allow it to drain for 30 seconds. Repeat three times. The water rinsate can be used to mix with or dilute more of the same pesticides or it can be sprayed on the target crop.

• Pesticide Neutralization Method: Empty organophosphate and carbamate containers can be neutralized by adding alkaline substances. The following procedure is recommended for 200-liter barrels. Use proportionally less material for smaller containers.

1. Add 20 liters of water, 250 milliliters of detergent, and one kilogram of flake lye or sodium hydroxide.


2. Close the barrel and rotate to wet all surfaces. 3. Let stand for 15 minutes. 4. Drain completely and rinse twice with water. The rinsate should be drained into a shallow pit in the

ground located far away from wells, surface water, or inhabited areas. Containers cleaned by any of the above methods are still not safe to use for any other purpose. Glass containers should be broken and plastic or metal containers punctured or crushed. Containers can then be buried in an isolated area at least 50 cm below ground surface.

Container Type Disposal Statements

Metal Containers (non-aerosol)

Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of container in a sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and local authorities.

Paper and Plastic Bags

Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Glass Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then dispose of in a sanitary landfill or by other approved state and local procedures.

Fiber Drums with Liners

Completely empty liner by shaking and tapping sides and bottom to loosen clinging particles. Empty residue into application equipment. Then dispose of liner in a sanitary landfill or by incineration if allowed by state and local authorities. If drum is contaminated and cannot be reused, dispose of it in the manner required for its liner.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Compressed Gas Cylinders

Return empty cylinder for reuse (or similar wording).

Foil outer pouches of water soluble packets (WSP)

Dispose of the empty outer foil pouch in the trash, as long as WSP is unbroken.


ANNEX 14: RECORDKEEPING ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDE USE


1.- Control Card for Pesticides Use.- This card will stay with farmer, to keep a record on the use of pesticide by crop.

GENERAL DATA

FARMERS NAME

Community: Municipality: Province: Altitude:

USE OF PESTICIDES - 1st TREATMENT

CROP: SURFACE:

Pest to be treated Name of material Date and time of application Quantity used

Environmental conditions:

Justification for use

Other recommended control measures

Result of application

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF IG AND NRM SUPERVISOR:

USE OF PESTICIDES - 2nd TREATMENT

CROP: SURFACE:

Pest to be treated Name of material Date and time of application Quantity used

Environmental conditions:

Justification for use

Other recommended control measures

Result of application

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF IG AND NRM SUPERVISOR:

CONTROL FORM FOR THE USE OF PERTICIDES


References Cited

Abt Associates 2002 DR report titled: “Proyecto de Políticas Nacionales de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales: Diagnóstico Ambiental y Análisis Económico/Fiscal”.

Clay, J. 2004. World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-By-Commodity Guide To Impacts And Practices. 274pp.

FOOTPRINT (2007, 2008). The FOOTPRINT Pesticide Properties DataBase. Database collated by the University of Hertfordshire as part of the EU-funded FOOTPRINT project (FP6-SSP-022704). http://www.eu-footprint.org/ppdb.html.


ANNEX 15: PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS – USAID/RED PROJECT

Crops Pests Management Tools Currently in Use in the DR on USAID/RED-type Crops (not necessarily in use by USAID/RED supported farmers)

Recommended Management Tools

For All Crops • Make and use compost; this will increase soil organic matter and nutrition, decrease soil-borne pathogens, sequester carbon, hold moisture and decrease need for increasingly more expensive synthetic nitrogen fertilizers derived from fossil fuels

• Test for soil structure, pH, macronutrient & micronutrient levels for precision soil amendment targeting

• Regularly test soil moisture levels in order to manage soil-borne diseases and reduce amount of irrigation water needed

• Use raised-bed production to better manage water use, soil moisture and speed seedling growth

• Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing and contour plowing to conserve soil

• Use organic mulches and cover crops to suppress weeds, conserve irrigation water, manage soil moisture, and thus protect soil from rapid salinization

• To add nitrogen and structure to the soil, rotate with nitrogen-fixing legume crops, use inter-planting with legumes, green manures and agroforestry techniques

• To further conserve water, use techniques like drip irrigation Cole (Cruciferous) Crops: Broccoli/Brocoli Location: Constanza

Armyworms/Gusano malasuerte Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera exigua

• Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Regular monitoring • Application of pesticide products

• Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally So, do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are




Cabbage/Repollo Location: Constanza Cauliflower/ Coliflor Location: Constanza

Spodoptera spp containing BT, cypermethrin, methoxyfenozide, abamectin or imidacloprid

the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.

• Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae.

• Destroy weeds along field borders. • Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be

used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations occurring on weather fronts.

• Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds. Monitor and treat with insecticide if one second or third instar larva for every 10 plants is found.

• Because larvae become active at dusk, and sunlight degrades many pesticides, especially biological, the best time for insecticide treatment is in the twilight evening hours.

• The Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) may be used.

• Products containing indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide or cryolite may be used

• To reduce development of resistance, regularly rotate chemicals to different chemical families.

• Organic Methods: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use on organically certified crops, and best sprayed when larvae are small (large larvae are more difficult to kill with these biological compounds).

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Green stink bug (GSB)/ Hiedevivo Nezara viridula

• Usage of resistant varieties • Usage of Actara (thiamethoxam)

• Many parasitoids control GSB eggs and larvae, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly

• Destroy weeds (legumes, thistles, mustards, and mallows) that are good overwintering hosts for adult stink bugs around




fields • A pheromone lure developed in Australia may work on GSB • Organic Methods: Use kaolin clay & insecticidal soap sprays

for use on organically certified produce • Can use products containing lambda-cyahalothrin &

imidacloprid • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-

cyhalothrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Diamond-back moth (DBM)/Plutela, palomichas de repollo Plutela xylostella

• Regular monitoring • Application of pesticide products

containing BT, cypermethrin, methoxyfenozide, abamectin or imidacloprid

• Interplant tomatoes with cabbage. • Use of trap crops such as inter-planted or edge-planted

mustards (but monitor and destroy plants before adults are produced)

• Mating disruption with sex pheromones has been shown to be effective in reducing diamondback moth populations in Florida

• It is preferable to plant cabbage in the rainy season when the population of DBM is deterred by the rain.

• Sprinkle irrigation may reduce the number of caterpillars in the field. If it is applied at dusk, it may limit the activity of adults.

• It is better not to have multiple planting dates in the same area because the older plots will serve as a source of DBM moths for the new plantings. If several planting dates are used, plant the younger crop into the direction of the prevailing winds to make it harder for the moths to fly into new plantings.

• It is very important that cabbage seedlings are clean of DBM before transplanting to the field. Seed-beds should be distant from old plantings and new plots to be planted.

• At harvest time, it is important to cut and, if possible, remove all plant materials that are not harvested (DBM can survive in plant residues and migrate to the next plot)

• The Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) may be used

• Products containing indoxacarb or cryolite may be used. • To reduce development of resistance, regularly rotate

chemicals to different chemical families.




• Organic Methods: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use on organically certified crops.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrim must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Bacterial diseases (bacterios), (various)

• Usage resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Regular monitoring • Application of products containing

copper, tetracyclin or kasuagamycin

• Use clean seed and disease-free transplants • Bacteria are spread by rain, irrigation, and any movement on

water in the field; a change from sprinkler to furrow or drip irrigation may limit its spread.

• Use weed management in the field and surrounding areas • For control, use copper hydroxide.

Club root/Raices gordas Plasmodiophora brassicae

• Application of products containing metalaxyl, copper and mancozeb

• Once in the soil, clubroot fungus remains viable for many years. There is no economical way to eliminate it. Rotation with nonhost crops generally does not provide effective control; however, a 2-year rotation away from crucifer crops and into cereals may be helpful in some instances.

• Minimize the spread of the pathogen by using pathogen-free transplants. It is preferable to use transplants that are produced in soil-less rooting mixes in trays. However, if field-grown transplants must be used, then grow transplants in fumigated plant beds; young plants can be infected for some time without indicating infection and cannot always be detected at transplanting.

• Restrict the movement of contaminated soil (on farm implements) from infested to noninfested fields. Do not use tailwater from contaminated fields to irrigate noninfested fields because the fungus can be transported in water.

• Where fields are already infested with the clubroot pathogen, applying lime to infested fields can help create soil conditions unfavorable for spore germination. In general, apply lime if soil pH is lower than 7.2. Annual applications are usually necessary. Not all soils respond favorably to this treatment.

• Can use products containing metalaxyl, copper and mancozeb • Organic Methods: Crop rotation, proper handling of




transplants and irrigation water, and liming the field are acceptable management tools in an organically certified crop.

Black crickets/Grillos Gryllus sp.

• Controlled for in cabbage greenhouse seed-beds when insecticides are applied for other pests

• Sanitation: is the most important means of eliminating nuisance crickets. Keep all areas in and around greenhouses free of moisture, dense vegetation and weeds (1 foot band next to foundation). Mow lawns, cut weeds, and clean up garbage collection areas. Remove harborage sites such as piles of bricks, stones, rotting wood or mulch and other debris. Caulk and seal all cracks and crevices, especially near the ground level at greenhouse windows and doorways.

• Exclusion: Make sure that all windows and doors are tight fitting with proper screening in place. Exclusion is an important factor as well as light discipline. Avoid bright mercury vapor lights in entryways and along structure perimeters since crickets will be attracted from far distances. Convert to sodium vapor yellow lights (less attractive to insects) instead of white, neon or mercury vapor lights.

• Can use cypermethrin, permethrin, carbaryl, or biological control metarrhyzium anisopliae (Green Muscle).

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using permethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT ALTERNARIA BRASSICAE, A. BRASSICICOLA

• Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Regular monitoring • Application of products

containing iprodione or chlorothalonil

• Alternaria leafspot is occasionally a problem on cabbage during cool, rainy months.

• Use clean seed and practice crop rotation. Fungicides applied as foliar sprays will control this disease. Can use iprodione.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using chlorothalonil must immediately cease using it and switch to a less toxic pesticide as it is a Class 1 toxin.

Cutworms/Gusano cortador Agrotis spp.

• Regular monitoring • Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Application of pesticide products

containing BT, cypermethrin,

• Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.

• Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow




methoxyfenozide, abamectin or imidacloprid

fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.

• After the crop is up, check for a row of four or more wilted plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil for caterpillars.

• If substantial numbers of cutworms are found, baits can be used for control.

• Can use BT kurstaki & aizawai products. • Can use spinosad product Entrust. • Can use carbaryl (Sevin) and indoxacarb • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin

must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Green peach aphid/Afidos Myzus persicae Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae

• Application of products containing thiamethoxam (Actara), imidacloprid, carbaryl or acetamiprid

• When populations are heavy, green peach aphid can stunt seedlings; however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants because green peach aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.

• Many predators and parasites attack aphids, especially in fields that are not sprayed or sprayed with less toxic materials.

• Remove infested culls and weedy species around fields that may harbor the aphid between crops.

• If control is needed, use products containing petroleum oil, carbaryl, acetamiprid, pymetrozine (Fulfill) or malathion.

• Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as sprays of insecticidal soap can give partial control of aphids. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.

Great Southern White Butterfly, Ascia monuste


containing BT, malathion, or imidacloprid

• Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the field.

• Can use products containing malathion or imidaclorpid • Organic Methods: Biological control and sprays of Bacillus

thuringiensis and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are




organically acceptable management tools. Cabbage Budworm Moth Hellula phidilealis


containing BT, malathion or imidacloprid

• Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the field.

• Can use products containing malathion or imidaclorpid • Organic Methods: Biological control and sprays of Bacillus

thuringiensis and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are organically acceptable management tools.

CABBAGE MAGGOT DELIA RADICUM

• Usage resistant varities • Crop rotation • Application of products containing

diazinon, chlorpyrifos, spinosad, abamectin, imidacloprid

• Cool, wet spring weather is favorable to the population development of these pests.

• Where maggots are a perennial problem, grow seedlings for transplants in fumigated soil in the greenhouse or under frames of clear plastic or organdy.

• Avoid hardening transplants near infested fields. • Direct-seeded crops may avoid some injury when a set of drag

chains is attached behind the planter to eliminate the moisture gradiant in the seedrow.

• Adult flies are believed to be able to locate the seed row for egglaying by honing in on the higher moisture levels created when the soil is overturned for planting.

• Older plants may outgrow moderate cabbage maggot populations if maintained with a careful irrigation schedule. Always disk under crop residues immediately after harvest. Maggots can survive for some time in crop residue.

• Do not follow susceptible crops with susceptible crops unless sufficient time has passed for the residue to dry or decompose completely.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using chlorpyrifos must immediately cease using it and switch to a less toxic pesticide as it is an RUP.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Every year, treat spring planted or transplanted crops in areas where cabbage maggot causes economic injury with a band of insecticide at the base of the plant at the time of planting or transplanting. Later sprays cannot be relied upon to effectively




control the pest. Seedbeds for transplanted crops should also be fumigated or treated with an insecticide.

• Once the crop emerges, watch for wilting, lighter green plants, or reduced growth that may indicate a maggot infestation; pull up affected plants and check roots and soil to confirm presence of maggots.

• If several rows of seedling plants are infested, plants may be removed and rows replanted; drenching with insecticide is also an option but such treatments are difficult, costly, and may not be adequate. If roots are tunneled but no maggots are present, maggots have left roots to pupate and insecticide treatments would be of little value.

• Can use abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad. Nematodes/Nematodos (various)

• Crop rotation • Cole crop farmers do not use

nematocides

• To make management decisions, it is important to know which nematodes are present and to estimate their population. If a previous crop had problems caused by nematodes that are also listed as pests of cole crops, population levels may be high enough to cause damage to subsequent crops.

• The use of pest-free transplants is the most important cultural control for nematodes on cabbage. Transplants should be produced in sterile growing medium or in soil that has been fumigated

• If nematode species have not previously been identified, take soil samples and send them to a diagnostic laboratory for identification.

• Sanitation. (1) Thoroughly clean all equipment with water to prevent the spread of the nematodes. (2) Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields without impounding. (3) Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfested fields.

• Cultural practices. Plow under infested plants after harvest to prevent further reproduction of nematodes. Reduce stress on plants by proper fertilization and irrigation.

• Use crop rotation




• Biological control: Use myrothecium verrucaria (DiTera DF). Good results have been obtained with (1) single applications of 25 lb/acre preplant or at planting, (2) 12.5 lb/acre at planting plus 12.5 lb/acre/week 3 weeks after planting, or (3) when multiple applications have been made every 7-10 days for the first 4-6 weeks at rates of 2-4 lb/acre/application. Apply through the irrigation system or banded at the base of the plant. Rates indicate the total amount of product that was applied regardless of band width. Can be combined with fertilizers. If applied through the irrigation system, inject after the filter. Best results are obtained if the product is applied after the soil is saturated, during the last 15-20 minutes of the irrigation. Then flush the system with just enough water to clear the solution out of the irrigation.

Leafy Crops: Iceberg & Romain Lettuce/Lechuga, Lechuga Romano Location: Constanza

Flower thrips/Trips Frankliniella insularis

• Regular monitoring • Usage of blue and yellow sticky

traps • Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Application of products containing

Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam (Actara), and imidacloprid

• Keep production areas free of weeds, which can serve as hosts for thrips populations.

• Monitor and trap flower thrips using blue sticky cards. • Most insecticides must be applied at least two times, 5 to 7

days apart, for efficacy against flower thrips. • The following insecticides may control thrips: Beauveria

bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad

Armyworms/Gusano malasuerte Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera species


containing BT, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, imidacloprid


• Destroy weeds along field borders. • Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg

masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds. • Organic Methods: Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and the

Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use on organically certified crops

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-cyhalothrim and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Leaf hoppers/Salton de • Regular monitoring • Natural enemies include general predators such as lady




las ojas Empoasca spp.

• Usage of resistant varieties • Application of products with

thiamethoxam, (Actara), deltamethrin (Decis) and imidacloprid

beetles, lacewings, ant spiders and Nabid bugs, but they will not provide adequate control of leafhoppers.

• Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation. • Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops. • To minimize spraying, choose insecticides with a long residual

period of effectiveness such as systemic materials, if available. Potential controls include products containing imidacloprid and deltamethrin.

Aphids /Afidos Foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani Red aphid Dactynotus ambrosiae

• Regular monitoring • Usage of yellow sticky traps • Usage of resistant varieties • Application of products with

thiamethoxam (Actara), deltamethrin (Decis), cypermethrin and imidacloprid

• Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations. However, these aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants.

• Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

• Look for aphids on the underside of outer leaves and on both sides of tender central leaves. After cupping, heads should be opened if necessary to look for aphid colonization.

• If control is needed, treat when aphids are reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. Can use insecticides available for post-emergence foliar treatments. Contact insecticides have limited impact as plants enter the cupping stage. Chemicals with systemic or translaminar penetrating activity are essential for aphid control during the cupping through harvest period. While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid transmitted viruses, they do not prevent primary infection of fields.

• Can use imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Fusarium and • Usage of resistant seeds • Clean and disinfecting the greenhouse from plants the debris




Verticiliium wilts Fusarium spp, Verticillium spp

• Regular monitoring • Transplanting of healthy plants • Application of pesticides only

when necessary • Control of weeds and host crops. • Sanitation: cleaning and

disinfecting the greenhouse from plants and the debris from previous crops

• Application of pesticides: Mertec (thiabendazole)

from previous crops. And dispose infected plants or any infested crop.

• Transplant healthy plants. • Clean and disinfect machinery and tools. • Use resistant seed. • Use raised-beds. • Bag all weeds and dispose of them outside the greenhouse;

10 to 40 foot vegetation free zone around the outside perimeter of the greenhouse can provide a dramatic decrease in pets.

• Removal and disposal of infected plants during the cropping season reduces the inoculums in the greenhouse and spread of the disease.

• Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring program.

• Can use Silvacur (tebuconazole), Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), thiabendazole, Ridomil (mancozeb) and Rovral (iprodione)

Downy Mildew/Mildew velloso BREMIA LACTUCA

• Transplanting of healthy and resistant plants.

• Crop rotation away from highly infected fields

• Field draining • Application of pesticides: Ridomil

(mancozeb), Amistar (azoxystrobin)

• Use resistant seed. • Rotate crops • Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a treatment when disease

symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear. • If needed, can use products containing copper, azoxystrobin,

mancozeb, trifloxystrobin.

Lettuce Anthracnose MICRODOCHIUM PANATTONIANUM

• Usage of resistant varieties • Transplanting healthy plants • Crop monitoring before using

fungicides • Application of pesticides: Amistar

(azoxytrobin)

• Use resistant varieties and transplant only healthy plants. • Transplant trays with infected plants should be removed

immediately from production sites. • Workers should disinfest their hands after contact with

infected plants. • If needed, can use products containing azoxystrobin,

trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and teubconazole. Leaf miners/Minador de la hoya

• Regular monitoring • Sanitation

• Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of parasitism before making treatment




Lyriomyza sp. • Application of products containing abamectin, cypermethrin

decisions and use pesticides with care. • Good field sanitation can also greatly reduce the numbers of

this pest. • Cutting forage crops and deep plowing after harvesting crops

aid greatly in reducing leaf miner numbers. • Row covers applied at planting and removed at first bloom

exclude leaf miners. • Plants that are not stressed for moisture can better tolerate

this pest. • Can use products containing abamectin. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Nematodes • Crop rotation • Lettuce crop farmers do not use

nematocides

• Same recommendations as for cole crops

Whitefly,/Mosca blanca, Bemisia tabaci

• Crop rotation • Application of pesticides only

when necessary • Control weeds and host crops • Regular monitoring • Application of pesticides: Actara

(thiametoxam), Drench (trichoderma harzianum)

• In addition to causing direct damage to the plant, whitefly is a vector of viruses.

• Whitefly can also be monitored using bright yellow sticky traps.

• Integrated crop management. • Host free periods conserve natural enemies. • Plant away from the other whitefly host plants like cucurbits. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • If needed, use products containing thiamethoxam, Chess

(pymetrozine), Biotech (hyphomycetous), and trichoderma spp.

Bacterial leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris

• Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Application of products containing

copper hydroxide

• The use of pathogen-free seed is the first step in disease management. However, reliable seed assays and established threshold levels are not yet available.

• When possible, avoid sprinkler irrigation. • Avoid planting back-to-back lettuce crops if the first crop was

severely diseased and infected lettuce residue is present. • Organic Methods: Cultural controls are acceptable for use on




an organically certified crop. • Chemical Control: Copper fungicides can be used, but are

not very effective; they must be applied before infection occurs.

Cucurbits: Pumpkins/ Auyama Location: Constanza

Pickle worm Diaphania nitidalis


containing BT, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, imidacloprid

• Use resistant varieties • Some growers are able to prevent plant injury through careful

timing of their cropping cycle. By planting early, it is often possible to harvest part of the crop before pickleworms appear.

• To reduce numbers of subsequent generations in a given season, growers can destroy infested vines and unused or rotting fruits as soon as the crop is harvested.

• Stems infested with pickleworms can be slit and the borers removed. Soil can then be placed over the injured stem to encourage rooting.

• Can use products containing BT, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, deltamethrin while adults and small larvae are present, before burrowing into the flower or gourd.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Leaf miners/Minador de la hoya Lyriomyza sp.

• Regular monitoring • Sanitation • Application of products containing

abamectin, cypermethrin

• Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of parasitism before making treatment decisions and use pesticides with care.

• Good field sanitation can also greatly reduce the numbers of this pest.

• Cutting forage crops and deep plowing after harvesting crops aid greatly in reducing leaf miner numbers.

• Row covers applied at planting and removed at first bloom exclude leaf miners.

• Plants that are not stressed for moisture can better tolerate this pest.

• Can use products containing abamectin. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin

must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to




open water sources. Cutworms/Gusano cortador Agrotis sp.


containing BT, carbaryl, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, imidacloprid

• Management of cutworm populations begins with the destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.

• Pay particular attention to cucurbit crops that follow barley or corn, especially in fields with heavy soils. If an infestation is localized and only a few plants are damaged, taking the loss or replanting may be sensible. Frequently, damage is most serious at the edges of the field, but stand loss can occur in a clumped pattern throughout the field; spot treatments may be effective in these situations.

• Cultural controls such as weed management by cultivation, irrigation management, and field sanitation are acceptable to use for an organically grown crop.

• At least 2 weeks before planting, eliminate weeds both within and around the field.

• Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop. • After the crop is up, check for a row of four or more wilted

plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil for caterpillars. If you find substantial numbers of cutworms, you can use bait to control most species.

• Can use BT kurstaki & aizawai products, spinosad product: Entrust, indoxacarb and carbaryl.


Celery/Apio Location: Constanza

Leaf miners/Minador de la hoya Liriomyza spp.


abamectin, cypermethrin

• Natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps commonly reduce populations of leaf miners, unless the wasps are killed off by insecticides applied to control other pests. Several other parasites also attack leaf miners. Choose selective pesticides for treating other pests, if possible, to avoid killing parasites and inducing leaf miner outbreaks.

• Leaf miners attack a wide variety of vegetable crops often




grown in proximity to celery. Where possible, avoid planting next to infested fields, especially lettuce fields near harvest.

• Sprays of abamectin and pyrethrin may be used. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


• Organic Methods: sprays of azadirachtin (Neemix) and spinosad are acceptable for use on organically grown produce.

Two-spotted spider mite/Acaros Tetranychus urticae

• Regular monitoring • Sanitation • Application of products

containing lambda-cyhalothrin or dicofol

• Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.

• The major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus.

• Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. Water-stressed trees and plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage. Be sure to provide adequate irrigation. Mid-season washing of trees and vines with water to remove dust may help prevent serious late-season mite infestations.

• Always monitor before treatment with miticides. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil can be used for management.

Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be required.

• Spider mites exposed to carbaryl (Sevin) in the laboratory have been shown to reproduce faster than untreated populations. Carbaryl, some organophosphates, and some pyrethroids apparently also favor spider mites by increasing the level of nitrogen in leaves. Insecticides applied during hot weather usually appear to have the greatest effect on mites, causing dramatic outbreaks within a few days.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-cyhalothrin must receive training and cannot use in close




proximity to open water sources. Armyworms/Gusano malasuerte Spodoptera exigua



• Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.







• Products containing indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) or cryolite may be used.


• Organic Methods: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use on organically certified crops, and best sprayed when larvae are small (large larvae are more difficult to kill with these biological compounds)





Leaf spot – Late blight/Mancha foliar/tizon tardio Septoria apiicola

• Usage of certified clean seed • Application of Silvacur

(tebuconazole), Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), and Rovral (iprodione)

• Cultural Control: Because this pathogen is seedborne, use Septoria-indexed seed. Hot water seed treatments may effectively reduce infestation levels on seed but also may reduce seed germination. There is some indication that storing celery seed for at least 2 years can significantly reduce pathogen viability on seed.

• Plant only disease-free celery transplants. Production of disease-free transplants involves planting of Septoria-indexed or hot water treated seed, roguing of infected plants, and the use of fungicides when necessary.

• Plow under infected celery tissue after harvest and rotate out of celery for at least one year.

• Once plants are established in the field, avoid overhead sprinkler irrigation if possible.

• Reduce movement of equipment through fields when foliage is wet because such passage may spread spores from diseased to healthy plants.

• Organic Methods: Cultural controls and some copper sprays are acceptable for use on organically grown produce.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions: Monitor celery fields for late blight symptoms. If symptoms are detected, protectant fungicides may be required for disease control, especially if sprinkler irrigation is used or rain has occurred. To obtain best results, apply materials at first appearance of disease symptoms. Chemical treatment is not necessary when field temperatures remain below 12°C.

• Can use products Tilt (propiconazole), Quadris (azoxystrobin), Flint (trifloxystrobin), Bravo ultrex and Kocide 101 (copper hydroxide).

Celery early blight/Tizon temprano (misidentified as Alternaria) Cercospora apii

• Usage of certified clean seed • Application of Silvacur


• Cercospora apii is a seedborne pathogen and may also survive in the field on celery debris. Spores are spread via wind and splashing water. Celeriac is also a host of this pathogen.

• Cultural Control: Use Cercospora-indexed seed. Do not plant transplants infected with Cercospora apii.




• Chemical control: Can use propiconazole, azoxystrobin, and trifloxystrobin.


Mamae/Zapote) Location: mostly in South, Zafarraya, Bani

No major pests are found on zapote; farmers do not spray

Papaya/Lechoza Locations: mostly in the South, Zafarraya, Bani

Papaya fruit fly/Mosca de la fruta a lechoza Toxotrypana curvicauda

• Monitoring • Sanitation • Application of pesticides

containing permethrin, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin

• It is too late to attempt control measures after the female fruit fly has deposited eggs in the fruit. Consequently, control procedures should be directed at preventing egg-laying either by mechanical means or by applying insecticides to kill the adult female before she deposits her eggs.

• Control of the fly may be achieved by mechanical protection such as the use of paper bags. Each fruit may be enclosed in a 3-5 pound size bag tied around the fruit stem to hold the bag. Newspaper, one-half sheet (about 12-15 inches in size), may be rolled to enclose the fruit, then tied around the fruit stem, and also the free end. Bagging should begin when the fruit is small, shortly after the flower parts have fallen. This method of control is more adapted to small (1 to 25 plants) than to large (one-fourth acre or more) plantings. Although bagging the fruit is the most certain method of control, it is a laborious process and requires attention at regular intervals (10 to 14 days) to keep the young fruit covered. Also, this procedure will injure some of the fruit unless handled carefully.

• Sanitation is important in the control of the papaya fruit fly. It consists of destroying all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit flies.

• Permethrin (Pounce 3.2 EC applied at 8 oz per acre or Ambush applied at 12.8 oz per acre - in 100 gal of water) is recommended. They may be applied until 7 days before harvest. Do not apply more than 6 times per season.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using permethrin,




lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Cutworms/Gusano cortador Agrotis spp.




• Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.


• If substantial numbers of cutworms are found, baits can be used for control

• Can use carbaryl (Sevin) or indoxacarb for control. • Organic Methods: Use BT kurstaki & aizawai products and

spinosad product Entrust. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-

cyhalothrin and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot allow pesticides to enter open water sources.

Aphids/Afidos Papaya aphid Empoasca papaya Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Green peach aphid Myzus persicae

• Regular monitoring, yellow sticky traps

• Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitation • Application of products with


• When populations are heavy, aphids can stunt seedlings; however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants. Green peach aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.




• Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as sprays of insecticidal soap, which can give partial control of aphids, are Organic Methods. Insecticidal soap sprays,




however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.


Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus

• Regular monitoring • Usage of yellow sticky traps • Sanitation • Application of products with


• Can use orchard design, trap cropping and border trapping using sections of ‘sacrifice’ papaya trees with pheromone traps for control.

• Sanitation by collection and destruction of infested fruits prior to adult emergence from fruits.

• Protein bait sprays with spinosad if they become available. • Use products containing Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol) and

potassium salts of fatty acids (Safer Soap). • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Oregano Locations: Monteplata, Udefa

No major pests are found on oregano; farmers do not spray

Citrus: Lime (Limon) Locations: NE, Cotui, San Francisco de Marcori, Villa Altagracia, San Cristobal

Citrus greening, Huanglongbing, (HLB) Caused by bacterium, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus Transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri)

• Usage of disease-free materials • Sanitation: removing infected

trees

• Usage of certified disease-free planting materials is essential to minimize spread. The use of clean budwood and certified healthy trees is essential.

• Budwood sources and nursery production is carried out under psyllid-proof enclosures and are certified HLB free. Systemic insecticides such as imidacloprid are an important part of psyllid control.

• Scouting for greening infected trees should be done routinely so that infected trees can be removed. We suggest scouting be conducted four or more times per year.

• Diagnosis of HLB may be difficult since some nutrient deficiency symptoms and other problems are often confused with some of the symptoms associated with HLB.

• Removal of infected trees is the only way to ensure that they will not serve as a source of the bacteria for psyllid acquisition and subsequent transmission.




• Prior to removal, the infected tree should be treated with a foliar insecticide (such as spinetoram (Delegate), or systemic insecticides like imidacloprid (Admire Pro) or spirotetramat (Movento) to kill all adult psyllids feeding on that tree.

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

• Regular monitoring • Usage of yellow sticky traps • Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitation • Application of products with


• When populations are heavy, green peach aphid can stunt seedlings; however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants because green peach aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.




• Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as sprays of insecticidal soap partically controls aphids. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.


Spider mitesAcaros Tetranychus spp.


lambda-cyhalothrin or dicofol

• Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.

• Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.






• Always monitor before treatment with miticides. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil for management. Oils and

soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be required. Pesticides containing abamectin may also be used.

• Spider mites exposed to carbaryl (Sevin) in the laboratory have been shown to reproduce faster than untreated populations. Carbaryl, some organophosphates, and some pyrethroids apparently also favor spider mites by increasing the level of nitrogen in leaves. Insecticides applied during hot weather usually appear to have the greatest effect on mites, causing dramatic outbreaks within a few days.

• Organic Methods: Use cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays (such as PureSpray Green).

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-cyhalothrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Beets/Remolachas Location: Constanza

Beet webworm, Hymenia sp.

• Usage of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Frequent monitoring • Sanitation • Application of products containing

imidacloprid, spinosad, abamectin, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin

• Beets can tolerate considerable webworm defoliation without significant economic loss.

• Many biological control agents attack webworms. • Injury and defoliation appear to be worse in weedy fields.

Therefore, keep fields weed-free, particularly from pigweed and lambsquarter.

• No treatment thresholds are available for webworms. Because of the rapidity with which webworm can defoliate plants, closely monitor fields in which webworms are active and apply a treatment if defoliation continues.

• Organic Methods: If management is needed, choose materials such as Bacillus thuringiensis or spinosad that have low impact on natural enemies.


Armyworms/Gusano • Usage resistant varieties • Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce




malasuerte Spodoptera spp.

• Crop rotation • Frequent monitoring • Sanitation • Application of products containing

imidacloprid, spinosad, abamectin, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin

populations naturally. So, do not use broad-spectrum insecticides (see below); monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.











Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora

• Regular monitoring • Usage of yellow sticky traps





• Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitation • Application of products with




• Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as sprays of insecticidal soap can give partial control of aphids. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates.


Whitefly/Mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci


when necessary • Control of weeds and host crops. • Regular monitoring • Application of pesticides: Actara


• In addition to causing direct damage to the plant, whitefly is a vector of viruses.


• Use integrated crop management. • Host freed periods conserve natural enemies. • Plant away from the other whitefly host plants like cucurbits. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • If needed, use products containing thiamethoxam, Chess

(pymetrozine), Biotech (hyphomycetous), and trichoderma spp.

Damping off disease/ Mataplantas Pythium spp

• Regular monitoring, • Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitation • Application of products with

mancozeb, metalaxyl

• Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation canals. Most importantly avoid overirrigating, especially during periods of high temperatures.

• In soils where drainage is a problem, plant in raised beds, use sprinkler irrigation

• Rotate to non-susceptible crops to reduce inoculum potential. Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury to feeder roots.

• If needed, can use products containing thiram or mancozeb (Dithane).

Fusarium/Fusario Fusarium spp

• Regular monitoring • Usage resistant varieties

• To minimize the potential for seedling diseases, use methods that favor rapid seedling emergence, including planting seeds




• Application of Silvacur (tebuconazole), Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), and Rovral (iprodione)

as shallowly as practical and managing soil moisture (preplant irrigate, seed into moist soil and delay second irrigation until seedlings are beyond susceptible stages).

• Buy seeds treated with protective fungicides that are effective against the pathogens in the soil to be planted.

• If needed, can use products containing mancozeb. Cutworms/Gusano cortador Agrotis sp.

• Regular monitoring • Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitation • Application of products with



• Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.


• If substantial numbers of cutworms are found, baits can be used for control

• Use carbaryl (Sevin), indoxacarb, for control • Organic Methods: Can use BT kurstaki & aizawai products

and spinosad product Entrust. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Leaf spot/Mancha foliar Cercospora spp

• Regular monitoring • Usage of resistant varieties • Application of Silvacur


• Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation canals. Most importantly avoid over-irrigating, especially during periods of high temperatures.

• In soils where drainage is a problem, plant in raised beds, use sprinkler irrigation, and rotate to non-susceptible crops to reduce inoculum potential.

• Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury to feeder roots.

• Can use mancozeb (Penncozeb), copper hydroxide (Champ), thiophanate methyl (Topsin M) and pyraclostrobin (Headline).




Nematodes/Nematodos (various)

• Regular crop rotation • Beet farmers do not use

nematocides

• Same recommendations as for nematodes on cole crops

Spinach/Espinaca Location: Constanza

Armyworms/Gusano malasuerte Spodoptera frugiperda



• Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides, monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decisions accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.










• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-




cyhalothrin and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

White rust/Roya blanco Albugo sp.



• Practice a three-year or longer crop rotation to nonhosts with strict sanitation of weeds and volunteer spinach.

• Chemical control strategies are most effective when integrated with sound cultural practices.

• If necessary, use fungicides containing acibenzolar, fosetyl-aluminum, mefoxonam, neem, tebuconazole, iprodione, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, potassium bicarbonate and strobilurin.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)/Mosaico de pepino Transmitted by aphids



• Control aphid vectors. Aphids are controlled by several naturally-occurring parasites and predators including ladybeetles, syrphid fly larvae and lacewings.

• Weeds may act as virus reservoirs and should be removed. However, weed removal will not necessarily prevent virus infections from taking place. No resistant spinach cultivars are available. Chemical controls for the virus vectors are generally not cost-effective.

• Check all areas of the field twice a week, but especially the edges, which are usually the first area to become infested. Because infestations are clumped, be sure to sample several plants in many areas of the field. If high populations develop on seedlings, treat as soon as plants appear stressed.

• For aphid control, the following may be used: acetamiprid, pymetrozine, and imidacloprid.

• Organic Methods: Biological control and sprays of insecticidal soaps are acceptable for use on organically grown produce.


Downey mildews/Mildew Peronospora sp.


(tebuconazole), Stratego

• Use clean, certified seed, rotation, raised-bed and sanitation • Do not plant near other crops susceptible to mildew. • Irrigation: avoid overhead irrigation; if overhead irrigation is

done, do only during the day so that plants can dry out.




(trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), and Rovral (iprodione)

• Maintain good soil drainage practices. • If necessary, use protectant products in the following fungicide

families: copper, dithiocarbamatos, metalaxyl and fosetyl-A-1. Okra/Molondron Locations: throughout the South, in Zafarraya, Santiago and others Sweet Potato/Batata Location: La Vega

Armyworms/Gusano malasuerte Spodoptera sp.



• Scouting is the number one cultural practice recommended for okra production.

• Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.







• Use products containing indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide (Intrepid), cryolite, azadirachtin (neem oil), bifenazate, carbaryl, imidacloprid, kaolin, malathion, oils, permethrin, pyrethrins, +/- rotenone and soaps.

• Organic Methods: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use on organically certified crops, and best sprayed when larvae are small (large larvae are more difficult




to kill with these biological compounds) • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using permethrin

and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Aphids/Afidos: Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii




• Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.


• If control is needed, treat when aphids are reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. Can use insecticides available for post-emergence foliar treatments.

• If control is needed, use products containing petroleum oil, carbaryl, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, pymetrozine (Fulfill), or malathion.

• Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as sprays of insecticidal soap, which can give partial control of aphids. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using permethrin and cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.




Green stink bug (GSB)/ Hiedevivo Nezara viridula

• Usage of resistant varieties • Application of Actara

(thiamethoxam), lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid

• Many parasitoids control GSB eggs and larvae, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decisions accordingly

• Destroy weeds (legumes, thistles, mustards, and mallows) that are good overwintering hosts for adult stink bugs around fields

• Organic Methods: Use kaolin clay & insecticidal soap sprays on organically certified produce

• Can use products containing lambda-cyahalothrin & imidacloprid

• A pheromone lure developed in Australia may work on GSB • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-


Root weevil/Picudo de raices Daiprepes abbreviates

• Usage of resistant varieties • Regular monitoring • Sanitation • Application of carbaryl, malathion

• Currently, sanitary-based containment is practiced as the means to limit the spread of D. abbreviatus. Movement of equipment and materials that might spread the pest from infested to non-infested areas should be restricted. Examples of materials that might harbor viable stages of the weevil include all soil, plants, leaves, grass clippings, sod and stumps.

• Other methods tested include the use of horticultural oils that effectively separate leaves that have been stuck together to protect eggs. When the leaves are separated, eggs desiccate or are more subject to predation and parasitism. Oils also prevent females from gluing eggs to leaves.

• In addition to the methods mentioned above, other integrated management tools are being developed by University of Florida researchers for control of D. abbreviatus. Three strategic components include: short residual foliar insecticide sprays designed to suppress adult populations, and soil applications of chemical insecticides for control of neonate larvae.

• Can use carbaryl or Imidan (phosmet). Sweet potato weevil/ • Usage of material from healthy • Transplant pest free propagules




Piogan Cylas formicarius

plantations • Maintaining a distance of 1km2

within plots • Rigding two times per cycle: first

after weed cleaning and second 75 days later

• Soil desinfection with B. basiana, Ponce (permethrin) or Vydate (oxamyl), Dosis: 3cc/lt, for 5min.

• Cultural practices • Usage of Mocap (ethoprophos)

and carbofuran at tillage • Observe proper harvesting time • Usage of short cycle varieties • Pheromone trapping

• Desinfect the soil through cultural and chemical practices. • Use pheromone trapping. • Use atractive barrier varieties as crop trap. • Maintain 1km2 within different plantations • Use short cycle varieties. • Use Beauveria bassiana as biological control. • Use two rigdings per cycle: 1st after the 1st weed cleaning and

2nd 75 days later. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using oxamyl

(Vydate), ethoprophos (Mocap), and carbofuran, must immediately cease using them; they are Class I toxins and RUPs.

• Those farmers using permethrin (Ponce) must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Pink-spotted Hawkmoth/Gusano Cachon Agrius cingulatus

• Weed control • Crop rotation • Application of of Marshal

(carbosulfan), Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin)

• Natural enemies

• Continue using weed control. • Use natural enemies. • Use selective insecticides. • Use biological control Basillus thuringiensis. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using carbosulfan

must immediately cease using it; it is a Class I toxin and an RUP.


Armyworm/Gusano Cortador Spodoptera eridania Mycrothinis abnormalis

• Weed control • Usage of bait: Sevin® XLR Plus

(carbaryl) plus bran & molasses bait (afrecho and melaza)

• Usage of deltametrina and metamidofos (methamidophos)

• Removal of crop residue. • Weed control. • Use biological control Bacillus thuringiensis. • Use baits, deltamethrin. • Those farmers using cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,

pyrethrum and permethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using methamidophos must immediately cease using it; it is a Class I RUP.




White rust/Roya blanco Albugo ipomoea

• Crop rotation • Usage of healthy material

• Crop rotation • Practice soil preparation • Select fields with heavier soils that are not especially subject

to drought. Early season irrigation may prevent infection of the fibrous roots, reduce disease incidence, and increase yields.

• Prevent spread of the pathogen into new fields by using only certified disease-free storage roots to produce disease-free plants.

• Can try fungicides containing acibenzolar, fosetyl-aluminum, mefoxonam, neem, tebuconazole, iprodione, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, potassium bicarbonate and strobilurin.

Weed/Malezas • Application of: pendimentalina a 5 lt/ha, Norflurazon 3 Kg/ha, Oxadiazon 4 lt/ha, terbutryn 5 lt/ha, Flurazifop-Butil 3 lt/ha

• Pruning 3 times on the cycle preferably every 43 days

• Prune 3 times on the cycle preferably every 43 days. • Try sweet potato chemical fallow: Preplant, preemergence,

pre-transplant glyphosate (Roundup, Durango Touchdown, Glyphomax).

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using terbutryn must cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Cassava/Yuca Location: La Vega

Cassava hornworm/ Gusano cachón de yuca Erinnyis ello

• Good soil preparation • Weed control • Usage of parasitic wasps of the

genus Trichogramma spp. • Usage of entomopathogenic fungi

• Rotate crops with plantains, sweet potato and corn. • Use parasitic wasp genus Apanteles and Trychogramma • Use biocontrol Bacillus thuringiensis. • Practice crop rotation. • Practice weed control.

Chinche de la yuca/ Vatiga iludens

• Monthly applications of Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin, or amitraz)

• Practice biological control. • Apply neem oil. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-


Thrips/Tripidos Frankliniella williamsi Corynotrips stenopterus

• Regular monitoring, blue and yellow sticky traps

• Usage of tolerant varieties • Crop rotation

• Application of products containing Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam (Actara), and imidacloprid




bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad.




Spidermites/Arañita Tetranychus sp.

• Crop sampling • Usage of Agricultural oil • Usage of selected pesticides for

mites like lambda-cyhalothrin or dicofol

• Conduct weekly monitoring and sampling. • Use predatory mites. • Several cultural methods, such as adjusting planting time for

the crop to escape severe damage at young age, mixing varieties to avoid genetic uniformity, and removing infested tips.

• Use entomopatogenic fungi. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil can be used for management.


• Can use insecticides and miticides such as dimethoate and dicofol.


Long horn beetle/ Barrenador de la Yuca Lagocheirus araneiformis

• Usage of healthy material • Removing and burning of affected

plants

• Monitor the edges of the field weakly. • Remove infected material and boil the branches • Use healthy material

Bacterial rots/Bacteriosis Xanthomonas campestris p.v. manihotis

• Pruning and cleaning • Usage of healthy material • Good soil preparation

• Disinfection of management of the equipment • Use resistant material. • Use of healthy plant material. • Practice crop rotation. • For control, use copper hydroxide.

Weeds/Malezas • Two-hand or hoe weeding • Application of pre-emergence

products containing pentamidolina (pendimethalin), diuron, Harness (acetoclor)

• Pre-transplantation and selective treatments with: Command (clomazone)

• Continue applying preemergence products: pentamidolina (pendimethalin), diuron

• Pre-transplant using two-hand pruning and a selective treatment with Comand (clomazone) and senesuper.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using acetoclor must immediately cease using it as it is an RUP.

Taro/Yautia Coco Prov. Monte Cristi,

Mites/Acaros Tetranychus sp.

• Application of Marshal (carbosulfan) every 7 to 8 Days

• Practice regular crop monitoring. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil for pest management. Oils and




Azua (by non-USAID farmers) soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be required.

• Can try to use a product containing dicofol. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using carbonsulfan

must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Peach Aphid/Pulgon rosado Aphis gossypii

• Weed control • Application of abamectin

• Control weeds. • Apply yellow traps. • If control is needed, use products containing. petroleum oil,

carbaryl, acetamiprid, pymetrozine (Fulfill) or malathion. • Organic Methods: Biological and cultural controls as well as

sprays of insecticidal soap, which can give partial control of aphids, are organically acceptable methods. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates.

Taro blight, Tizon foliar de la Yautia Phytophtora colocasiae

• After the wax coating of the leaves disappears, preemergent fungicides are applied such as Aliette (fosetyl aluminum) and Ridomil (metalaxyl)

• Post emergent chemical tools include Galban/Tairel-M (benlaxyl, Mancozeb, Ferbam (ferbam), Curzate (cymoxanil) every 10 days

• Use tear dropping irrigation • Plants on non-traditional areas

were there’s low humidity like: Monte Cristi, Azua, Barahona, San Juan and Peravia on October or September

• After the wax coating of the leaves disappears, apply preemergent fungicides such as Aliette (fosetyl aluminum) and Ridomil (metalaxyl).

• Postemergent chemical tools include mancozeb, Ferbam (ferbam), Curzate (cymoxanil), to be applied every 10 days.

• Use tear dropping irrigation or zurco. • Plant on non-traditional areas were ther is low humidity like

Monte Cristi, Azua, Barahona, San Juan and Peravia on October or September.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using benlaxyl must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Fusarium sp. • Application of benomyl, products containing mancozeb or metiram

• Maintain good soil drainage • Use antagonist fungi such as penicillium and trichoderma Cancro

Rhizoctonia solani




Leaf blight Sclerotium rolfsii

• Use clean pruning equipment • Can use products containing mancozeb or metiram • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using benomyl

must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Tomato/Tomate Locations: Prov. San Juan and La Vega

White fly/Mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci Trialeurodes vaporariorum

• Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding 1 WF per 10 plants, the chemical uses are: Azadirachtin (neem oil), Insect Growth Regulator pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid

• A heavy solution of sugar and agricultural oil

• Follow a quarantine 1 June to 25 August

• Practice regular crop monitoring. • Apply yellow traps. • Use selective chemicals such as: Azadirachtin (neem oil),

Insect Growth Regulator pyriproxyfen, abamectin, imidacloprid.

• Follow quarantine from 1June to 25 August. • Establish a sampling plan based on a threshold of 2

adults/leaf. • Sample 30 leaves per every 25 ha. • Use horticultural oil and insecticidal soap. • Apply on soil nicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid)

at crop initiation. • To avoid the development of resistance to this insecticide, it is

recommended that applications be made to the earliest “at risk” plantings using the lowest labeled rate.

• Fields should be scouted to determine the need for additional applications, using a different active ingredient, preferably an insect growth regulator or other selective material.

• Practice soil mulching. • Use natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, lady beetles

and minute pirate bugs. Cutworm/Gusano cortador Agrotis sp.

• Good soil preparation • Weed control • Increasing plant density • Usage of selective products:

Bacillus thuringiensis: 5, 40, 56 y 71 days after transplanting

• Usage of Sumithion (fenitrothion) and Metomil (methomyl)

• Prepare soil, practice weed control. • Increase plant density. • Use selective products such as Bacillus thurigiensis and

Sumithion (fenitrothion), BT kurstaki & aizawai products, indoxacarb, carbaryl, and Entrust (spinosad).

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using products containing methomyl must immediately cease its use; it is a Class I toxin and an RUP.

Armyworm/Gusano • Usage of contact insecticides and • Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce




soldado Spodoptera spp.

Entrepid (methoxyfenozide), and Rimon (novaluron)

populations naturally, so do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decisions accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachnid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.





• Because larvae become active at dusk, and sunlight degrades many pesticides, especially biological pesticides, the best time for insecticide treatment is in the twilight evening hours.


• Products containing indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) or cryolite may be used.



• Those USAID/RED supported producers using carbosulfan must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Mites/Acaros

• Application of abamectin • Weed control

• Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations. Adequate irrigation is important because water-




Red mite/Arañita roja/ Tetranychus cinnabarinus Broad Mite/Acaro Blanco Polyphagotarsonemus latus

stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.



• Always monitor before treatment with miticides. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil can be used for management.


• Use malathion, neem oil, agricultural oil. Aphids/Pulgone Aphis gossypii Aphis craccivora Macrosiphum euphorbiae Myzus persicae

• Application of Azadirachtin (Neem Oil) and imidacloprid

• Weed control and clean crop residue

• Practicing soil mulching • Application of malathion • Usage of alternate crops • Usage of windbreaks (like fast-

growing giant bamboo) on wind-ward side of fields

• Examine six feet of row (a sample) for every 2.5 acres. When plants have two or fewer true leaves, examine six plants per sample for aphids. If plants have more than three leaves but are not yet blooming, examine the expanded leaf from the top of the main stem. After bloom, examine the terminal trifoliate of the seventh leaf from the tip of any branch. Look at six trifoliates per six feet of row and calculate an average per trifoliate. Treat with appropriate insecticides if aphids reach 3 to 4 per plant.

• Reflective aluminum mulches will deter aphids from landing on plants.

• Apply agricultural oil, detergents and selective insecticides. • Use biological control such as Lady beetles, Chrysopa,

Syrphidae flies and parasitic wasps. • Continue to use soil mulches. • Apply yellow traps.

Leaf Miners/Minador de hojas Liriomyza trifolii


• Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of parasitism before making treatment decisions and use pesticides with care.




abamectin, cypermethrin, dicofol • Good field sanitation can also greatly reduce the numbers of this pest.

• Cutting forage crops and deep plowing after harvesting crops aid greatly in reducing leaf miner numbers.

• Row covers applied at planting and removed at first bloom exclude leaf miners.

• Plants that are not stressed for moisture can better tolerate this pest.

• Monitor crop and apply selective insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (>2 leaves per plant).

• Use neem oil, Vertimec (abamectin) • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Thrips/Tripidos Frankliniella sp. Thrips palmi

• Usage of soil mulches • Weed control • Reflective mulches and other

products are useful in confusing the colonizing adults

• Usage of natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, predatory thrips and lacewing



days apart, for efficacy against flower thrips. • Use reflective soil mulches • Use natural enemies such as Orius insidiosus and

Frankliniella vespiformis. • Avoid planting eggplant, tomatoes and peppers together. • Examine one 6-foot section of row for each 2.5 acres. Gently

exhale on each of 10 flowers per 6-foot section and count the number of thrips seen coming out of the flower. Treat if there are more than 5 thrips per flower.

• The following insecticides may control thrips: Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using carbonsulfan must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Tomato • Field sanitation • Use clean transplants, separate plantings from previous crops




pinworm/Minador de fruto Keiferia lycopersicella

• Removal of infested fruit • Regular crop monitoring • Weed control • Application of Bacillus

thuringiensis (BT) and abamectin

of tomato, eggplant, or potato. • Sanitize fields and destroy crop residue from previous

plantings in order to reduce summer populations. • Apply selective pesticides such as abamectin, and BT to

conserve natural enemies Early blight/Tizon temprano Alternaria solani

• Application of mancozeb, metalaxil or chlorothalonil

• Sanitation, soil preparation

• Follow a regular fungicide application program. Start 2-3 weeks after transplanting or after emergence of seedlings. Apply one of the following at 7-10 day intervals: *Quadris (azoxystrobin) 5-6.2 fl oz/A (0 days-PHI) anthracnose and early blight; 6.2 fl oz/A for late blight (see label for restrictions). *Cabrio (pyraclostrobin) EG 8-12 oz/A (0 days-PHI). Maximum use of 64 oz/A/season.


Marchitez Vascular Fusarium sp.

• Removal of infested material • Usage of fungicides such as

mancozeb, maneb • Soil mulching • Regular crop rotation • Usage of resistant varieties

• Use disease-free seedlings as the first line of defense against wilt.

• Remove and destroy wilted plants and all debris of tomato and other susceptible crops at the end of the growing season.

• Rotate tomato-growing area. • Fungicides for control of leaf blights have no effect on the wilt

diseases, which are internal infections. • Use resistant varieties. • Fungicides will control the spread of disease but will not

eliminate it: mancozeb, maneb tomato and vegetable fungicide, and Ortho Multi-Purpose Fungicide.

• Use plastic-mulch system. Early Blight/Tizon Phytophtora sp.

• Soil mulching • Soil sanitation • Good drainage • Applications of Ridomil

(mancozeb)

• Provide good drainage and prevent flooding. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil moisture, which predisposes plants to infection.

• Keep tops of bed dry to avoid buckeye rot of the fruit. • Plant cereals as a rotation crop may reduce the level of

infestation in the soil. • Resistant varieties are not yet commercially available. • Use Ridomil Gold (mancozeb).




Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)/Virus del gravado del pepino Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)/Virus de la cuchara/ Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV)

• Soil mulches • Disinfection of working tools • Use of certified seed • Vector control • Remove infested plants • Burn of infected material

• Control the virus vectors (see recommendations for each pest) • Minimize plant handling during the growing season to reduce

the amount of virus spread mechanically. • Remove nearby volunteer plants and solanaceous weeds from

production fields, nearby ditch banks, hedges, fencerows or other locations.

• Avoid growing other solanaceous crops. • Use of reflective mulches to reduce aphid visits to plants and

thus delay virus spread. • Plant early to avoid summer season infestations

Nematodes/ Nematodos Meloidogyne sp.

• Soil preparation • Regular crop rotation • Practice field sanitation prioir to

planting • Removal of infested or dead

plants • Most farmers do not use

nematocides


• The use of pest-free transplants is the most important cultural control for nematodes on cabbage. Transplants should be produced in sterile growing medium or in soil that has been fumigated.


• Sanitation: (1) Thoroughly clean all equipment with water to prevent the spread of the nematodes. (2) Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields without impounding. (3) Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfested fields.

• Cultural practices. Plow under infested plants after harvest to prevent further reproduction of nematodes. Reduce stress on plants by proper fertilization and irrigation.

• Rotate crops • Biological control: Use myrothecium verrucaria (DiTera DF).

Good results have been obtained with (1) single applications of 25 lb/acre preplant or at planting, (2) 12.5 lb/acre at planting plus 12.5 lb/acre/week 3 weeks after planting, or (3) when




multiple applications have been made every 7-10 days for the first 4-6 weeks at rates of 2-4 lb/acre/application. Apply through the irrigation system or banded at the base of the plant. Rates indicate the total amount of product that was applied regardless of band width. Can be combined with fertilizers. If applied through the irrigation system, inject after the filter. Best results are obtained if the product is applied after the soil is saturated, during the last 15-20 minutes of the irrigation. Then flush the system with just enough water to clear the solution out of the irrigation.

• Preventive treatment of ascorbic acid and L-arginine may reduce egg hatch.

Weeds/Malezas • Soil preparation previous to planting, crop residue removal and application of Carfentrazone 0.031 lb per acre

• Application of postemergent product containing Clethodim

• For a directed control between lines, application of Sencor CF, (metribuzin)

• Prepare soil prior to planting, remove crop residue and apply Carfentrazone 0.031 lb per acre.

• Apply postemergent clethodim. • For a directed control between lines, use Sencor CF

(metribuzin).

Cucumber / Pepino Prov. Moca, and La Vega

Green Peach aphid/Afido del algodon Aphis gossypii

• Regular crop monitoring • Application of soil mulches • Usage of natural enemies • Usage of abamectin, endosulfan

• Conduct soil mulching • Use yellow traps and mulches • Apply insecticidal soaps or a strong stream of water. • Can use carbaryl (Sevin) • USAID/RED supported farmers cannot use endosulfan; it

is a Class I toxin and an RUP.White fly/Mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci

• Soil mulching • Crop sanitation • Weed control • Application of IGR buprofezin,

and pesticides: Actara (thiametoxam), Drench (trichoderma harzianum)

• Whitefly monitoring should begin at the time of seedling emergence.

• Yellow sticky traps can be used to trap adult whiteflies. • Apply reflective soil mulches. • Avoid broad spectrum insecticides to conserve the natural

enemies, including predators, parasites, and pathogens. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program.




• If needed, use products containing thiamethoxam, Chess (pymetrozine), Biotech (hyphomycetous), and Trichoderma spp.

Cucumber beetle/ Cotorrita roja Cerotoma ruficornis

• Weed control • Soil mulching • Application of biological

insecticides like Neem Oil

• Newly germinated seedlings should be monitored regularly for beetles, and recommended insecticides should be applied as a foliar spray.

• Spray with hose (both sides of leaves), dust with rotenone or Neem Oil.

Cucumber leaf-tier/ Gusano pega hojas Diaphania hyalinata

• Weed control • Removal of infested material • Good soil preparation • Usage of natural enemies,

Bacillus thuringiensis

• Use trap crops • Use live barrier • Eliminate infested material • Trap using a solution of Melaza (molasses) and water or

Azistin and water. • Use biological control with Bacillus thuringiensis, parasitic

wasps of the genus Apanteles or Trichogramma and the ant Solenopsis invicta.

• Avoid spraying in the morning to reduce de impact on pollinators or beneficial fauna.

• Use selective insecticide. Cutworm/Gusano cortador Agrotis subterranea

• Usage of Bacillus thuringiensis • Usage of natural enemies • Soil preparation • Field sanitation • Crop rotation

• Remove crop residue. • Use cultural controls such as weed management by

cultivation, irrigation management, and field sanitation. • At least 2 weeks before planting, eliminate weeds both within

and around the field. • Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop. • Can use BT kurstaki & aizawai products, spinosad product:

Entrust, indoxacarb and carbaryl. Leaf miner/Minador Liriomyza huidobrensis

• Weed control • Field sanitation • Usage of natural enemies,

selective insecticides, and abamectin

• Conduct regular monitoring. • Use yellow and/or green stiky traps for monitoring or mass

trapping • Apply Abamectin • Use biological control by parasitic wasps

Armyworm/Gusano soldado Spodoptera frugiperda

• Weed control • Soil preparation


• Destroy weeds along field borders.




• Usage of natural enemies, Bacillus thuringiensis

• Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations occurring on weather fronts.

• Sanitize fields. • Because larvae become active at dusk, and sunlight degrades

many pesticides, especially biological, the best time for insecticide treatment is in the twilight evening hours.


• Products containing indoxacarb or cryolite may be used. • Organic Methods: Spray natural pesticides Bacillus

thuringiensis aizawai and the Entrust formulation of spinosad, and spray when larvae are small (large larvae are more difficult to kill with these biological compounds).

Spidermites/Acaro Tetranychus sp.

• Crop monitoring • Weed control • Selective insecticide • Application of products containing

bifenazate or dicofol

• Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.




soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be required.

• Pesticides containing abamectin may also be used. Stem canker/Mal del talluelo Alternaria sp.

• Crop monitoring and sampling • Usage of resistant varieties • Sanitize soil • Removal of infested plants • Soil fumigation when needed

• Use resistant plants. • Use an alternating schedule with an organic fungicide for

Alternaria and fixed copper for angular leaf spot. • Remove infected plant debris prior to crop establishment. • Apply protecting fungicides. Follow a 1 to 2 year rotation.




Apply a fungicide at first sign of disease and at 7 to 10 day intervals: Use Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin), maneb and mancozeb.

Fusarium wilt/Marchitez Fusarium sp.

• Usage resistant varieties • Usage of certified seed • Field sanitation • Crop rotation • Soil fumigation

• Use disease resistant varieties. • Apply Sanitation measures. • Discard sick plants. • Use clean seed that has good vigor and has been stored

correctly. Old seed is more susceptible to these pathogens. • Avoid stress to plants by optimizing timing of fertilizer

applications and irrigation. Avoid long irrigation periods and high fertilizer rates.

• Practice good farm and crop hygiene. • Certain commercial microbial products (biocontrols) can be

added to soil or substrates and suppress this disease. Mildiu/ Oidium sp.

• Soil preparation • Field sanitation • Good drainage • Soil fumigation

• Use clean certified seed, rotation, raised-bed and sanitation. • Do not plant near other crops susceptible to mildew. • Irrigation: avoid overhead irrigation; if overhead irrigation is

done, do only during the day so that plants can dry out. • Maintain good soil drainage practices. • If necessary, use protectant products in the following fungicide

families: copper, dithiocarbamatos, metalaxyl and fosetyl-A-1. Cucumber Mosaic Virus/Virus de Gravado del Pepino CMV

• Weed control • Usage of healthy material • Usage of resistant varieties • Soil Mulches • Application of products with

thiamethoxam (Actara), deltamethrin (Decis), cypermethrin, and imidacloprid

• Make sure to control the aphids. • Remove the infected plant and destroy it, do not compost

plants infected with the virus. The fruits from infected plants should also be destroyed.

• Use resistant cultivars, reflective mulches, and mineral oils. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Watermelon and Cantaloupe/Sandia y Melon/ Location: Prov. San Juan

Gusano Cortador Spodopera sp.

• Regular crop monitoring • Soil preparation • Soil Mulching • Upon production phase,

application of Prodine on a weekly basis

• Continue soil preparation. • Practice weed control. • Practice regular crop monitoring. • Apply Bacillus thuringiensis.




Pickleworm/Pega Hojas Diaphania hyalinata

• Early planting; very early spring plantings are seldom damaged

• Control of vines, unused fruits, and adjoining weeds and trash as soon as crop is harvested


containing BT, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, imidacloprid

• Use short cycle hybrids and resistant varieties. • Clean crop residue. • Apply Bacillus thuringensis and to the base and stem

indoxicarb and spinosad. • Can use products containing BT, cypermethrin, imidacloprid,

deltamethrin while adults and small larvae are present, before burrowing into the flower or gourd.

• Those farmers using cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethrum and permethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

White fly/Mosca blanca/ Trialeurodes vaporarium Bemisia tabaci

• Weed control • Sanitation: cleaning of crop

residue • Usage of soil reflecting mulches

• Control of weeds and clean crop residue. • Monitor using bright yellow sticky traps. • Apply soil reflecting mulches. • In addition to causing direct damage to the plant, whitefly is a

vector of viruses. • Practice integrated crop management. • Allow host free periods to conserve natural enemies. • Plant away from the other whitefly host plants like cucurbits. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • If needed, use products containing thiamethoxam,

cypermetrin, imidacloprid, Chess (pymetrozine), Biotech (hyphomycetous).

• Apply selective products like Trichoderma spp. and Beauveria bassiana.

• Those farmers using cypermethrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Mites/Acaro Tetranychus sp.

• Two applications of Vertimec (abamectin)

• Clean crop residue. • Control weeds. • The major predator mites commercially available for purchase

and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus. • Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular

intervals. Water-stressed trees and plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage. Be sure to provide adequate irrigation.




Mid-season washing of trees and vines with water to remove dust may help prevent serious late-season mite infestations.



Leaf miner/Minador de hojas Liriomyza spp.

• Crop sanitation • Application of abamectin

• Hand pick and destroy of infested leaves. • Use soil reflecting mulches. • Can apply abamectin, imidacloprid.

Aphid/Pulgones Myzus persicae Aphis gossypii

• Weekly applications of Muralla (imidacloprid), Confidor (imidacloprid)

• Soil mulches

• Use wind breakers. • Use soil reflecting mulched. • Utilize biological control with lady beetles, Chrysopa, and

Sirphid predators. • Can apply malathion, imidacloprid, permetrin, thiamethoxam. • Avoid applying Confidor, as it generates resistance over

time. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using permethrin


Western flower thrips/ Tripido de las flores/ Frankliniella occidentalis

• Soil mulching • Control of weeds • Application of Engeo

(thiamethoxam) by drench system every 8 days

• Remove weed and crop residue. • Use yellow and blue traps to monitor or for mass trapping. • Regularly monitor crops. • Practice soil mulching. • Can apply Atrin, cypermethrin, and malathion. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Fusarium sp. • At signs of infestation, application of mancozeb, Rodas, Famosadone

• Destroy infested plants. • Promote soil solarization. • Maintatin pH at 7.5. • Use antagonist fungi such as Trichoderma lognorum. • Can control with carbendazim.

Mycosphaerella spp. • Premergent application of Amistar • Use certified seed.




(azoxystrobin), at 50 days after planting (100 gr/ 55 gl)

• Use proper irrigation system. • Remove crop residue. • Use antagonist fungi as Trichoderma lognorum.

Ceniza Tizon Tardio Pseudoperonospora cubensis

• Application of Mancozeb and Famoxadone when there are signs of infection

• Use antagonist fungi like Trichoderma lignorum. • Practice soil solarization. • Disinfect soil.

Carrot/Zanahoria Location: Constanza

Falso medidor y Cortadores Trichoplusia ni Spodoptera exigua

• Control of weeds • Soil sanitation • Application of Bacillus

thuringiensis • Usage of natural enemies

• Use biological control by predators and parasitic wasps. • Practice weed control. • Eliminate crop residue. • Practice selective control with entomopatogenic fungi like

Beauveria bassiana • Organic Methods: Use biological control and sprays

of Bacillus thuringiensis and the Entrust formulation of spinosad.

Thrips /ripidos Thrips palmi Thrips tabaci

• Soil mulches • Field sanitation • Crop rotation • Application of Dicarsol

(formetonate), Oxamil (oxamyl), profenofos, each 7 to 10 days, and agricultural oil between each event of application




bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using formetonate and oxamyl must immediately cease their use; they are Class I toxins and RUPs.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using profenofos must switch to less toxic chemical; it is an RUP.

Mites/Acaros Petrobia sp. Eriophyes sp. Oligonychus sp.

• Application of avamectina. • Weekly monitoring of entire farm. • Application of Kelthane (dicofol),

tetradifon, bromopropylate, dicarzol (imidacloprid), dinocap, methamidophos, or insecticidal soap.

• Preserve natural enemies of mites by avoiding early season, broad-spectrum insecticide applications.

• Water-stressed plants stimulate spider mite outbreaks; be sure to keep the crop properly irrigated. In addition, sprinkler irrigation has been observed to suppress spider mites.

• Can utilize biological control such as release of predatory mites and sprays of insecticidal soap, some oils, and sulfur.




• Application of Bacillus thuringiensis.

• Usage of natural enemies.

• Practice rotation of abamectin (Zephyr), IGR etoxazole (Zeal), spiromesifen (Oberon), hexythiazox (Onager), or other recently registered miticides with the older miticides to help reduce resistance to any one of them and slow the development of resistance in areas where it is not yet a problem.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using methamidophos must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is a Class I toxin and RUP.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using tetradifon, bromopropylate, and dinocap, must immediately cease using them as they are not EPA registered.

Aphids/Pulgones Cavariella sp. Aphis spp. Myzus sp.

• Crop rotation • Application of Confidor

(imidacloprid), Comando (ethion), Actara (thiamethoxam), and Agricultural oil

• Usage of crop barrier with corn • Usage of natural enemies • Usage of biological insecticides • Application of oxamyl, Metamil

(methomyl), Metamidofos (methamidophos), endosulfan and insecticidal soap

• Usage of color traps • Weed control

• Use predators such as green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, and syrphid fly larvae prey on this aphid as well as on other aphid species.

• Sanitation is important in curbing the spread of the viruses that this insect vectors. Discard all crop residues under as soon as harvest is complete. Keeping fields, ditch banks, and fence lines weed free may also help in reducing virus inoculum.

• Disk fields and destroy crop residues in order to control aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

• Look for aphids on the underside of outer leaves and on both sides of tender central leaves. After cupping, heads should be opened if necessary to look for aphid colonization.

• If control is needed, treat when aphids are reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. Can use insecticides available for post-emergence foliar treatments. Contact insecticides have limited impact as plants enter the cupping stage. Chemicals with systemic or translaminar penetrating activity are essential for aphid control during the cupping through harvest period. While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid transmitted viruses, they do




not prevent primary infection of fields. • Can use imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using oxamyl,

methomyl, methamidophos and endosulfan, must switch to less toxic chemicals; they are Class I toxins and RUPs.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using using ethion (in Comando), must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Damping-off Pythium sp.

• On the initial phase of the crop, application of kaptan and previcur

• Usage of certified seed • Adequate drainage • Good soil preparation • Alternation of crops • Avoidance of high plant densities • Avoidance of sprinkler irrigation • Control of crop residue • Application of chlorothalonil,

sulfato or oxicloruro de cobre, and mancozeb.

• Earliest seedings should go on raised beds in well-drained fields.

• Use a precision seeder so seedlings are evenly spaced and not touching one another.

• Treat seed with fungicide: Acquire and Apron XL LS, for control of Pythium only.

• Use Maxim XL for seed plus a dye for control of pathogenic Fusarium and Rhizoctonia spp.

• Ridomil Gold SL (mancozeb) at 1 to 2 pt/A may be applied - preplant incorporated or as a band after planting where Pythium ais a problem.


Bacterial soft rot/ Bacteriosis/ Erwinia carotovora

• Application of good nutritional program to promote resistance once the disease appears on the field

• Planting on raised beds • Usage of copper based fumigants

and harvesting early (minimum 90 days old)

• Plant on raised beds in poorly drained areas to reduce bacterial infections.

• Practice careful harvest handling, grading and sanitation; these are the only effective ways to reduce the problem.

• Use copper products.

Black rot/Alternaria dauci

• Preventive treatment with Robran, iprodione, amistar, mancozeb, and chlorothalonil

• If infestation remains, application of Micobac just before harvesting

• The disease can be kept under control if soil is well-drained soil and crops are rotated.

• Since the fungus can survive in the seed, hot water treatment at 50°C for 15 minutes is recommended.

• Seed treatment with Thiram (3g/kg of seed) before sowing is




time • Crop rotation

effective to control the disease. • Destroy infected plant material in the field to minimize disease

infection. • Apply fungicide copper oxychloride (0.3%) to control the

disease. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using chlorothalonil

must immediately cease using it and switch to a less toxic pesticide as it is a Class 1 toxin.

Leaf blight Cercospora carotae

• Usage of tolerant varieties • Usage of preventive treatment

with Robran, iprovione, amistar, mancozeb, chlorothalonil

• If infestation maintains, usage of Micobac just before harvesting time

• Crop rotation • Usage of windbreakers

• Pathogens can survive from one year to the next in infected plant debris.

• Use disease-free seed because the fungus can survive on or in the seed.

• Apply copper oxychloride (0.3%) early, starting at the first sign of infection, to effectively control leaf blights on carrots. Best control is achieved when fungicides are applied at high pressure and in sufficient water to reach the lower leaves in a dense canopy.


Nematodes/Nematodos • Use of Vydate (oxamyl), biostat, bionema,

• Soil sampling and testing previous to planting

• Crop rotation with potatoes, lettuce, garlic or other crops on the area


• The use of pest-free transplants is the most important cultural control for nematodes on cabbage. Transplants should be produced in sterile growing medium or in soil that has been fumigated.


• Sanitation: (1) Thoroughly clean all equipment with water to prevent the spread of the nematodes. (2) Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields




without impounding. (3) Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfested fields.

• Cultural practices: plow under infested plants after harvest to prevent further reproduction of nematodes. Reduce stress on plants by proper fertilization and irrigation.

• Use crop rotation • Biological control: Use Myrothecium verrucaria (DiTera DF).

Good results have been obtained with (1) single applications of 25 lb/acre preplant or at planting, (2) 12.5 lb/acre at planting plus 12.5 lb/acre/week 3 weeks after planting, or (3) when multiple applications have been made every 7-10 days for the first 4-6 weeks at rates of 2-4 lb/acre/application. Apply through the irrigation system or banded at the base of the plant. Rates indicate the total amount of product that was applied regardless of bandwidth. Can be combined with fertilizers. If applied through the irrigation system, inject after the filter. Best results are obtained if the product is applied after the soil is saturated, during the last 15-20 minutes of the irrigation. Flush the system with just enough water to clear the solution out of the irrigation.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using oxamyl must switch to less toxic chemical; it is a Class I toxins and a RUP.

Weeds/Malezas • After the 25th to the 30th day of emergence, one application of Afalon (linuron) or Fusilade (fluazifop P-butyl)

• Use mechanical and chemical control.

Strawberry/Fresa Location: Prov. La Vega

WFT/Tripido Frankliniella occidentalis

• Usage of protective covers or greenhouse production

• Soil mulches • Application of azadirachtina

(neem oil) • Usage of biological control by

Orius insidiosus • Sampling for thrips by examining

• Continue using biological controls with Orius insidiosus. • Pyriproxyfen provides great reduction in thrips emergence. • Use polybutenes as an insect glue on yellow polythene covers

of the rock-wool mat. • Use blue sticky traps for monitoring pest densities.




early flower clusters White grubs/Gallina ciega, Phyllophaga mali Phyllophaga sp.

• Application of imidacloprid • Maintenance of oil cleaning • Removal of crop residue • Tillage and granulated

formulations to soil: application of Mocap (ethoprophos)

• Practice crop trapping. • Use biological controls such as Beauveria bassiana, and

Metarrizium spp. • Practice soil solarization and tillage. • Practice light trapping of adults. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using ethoprophos

(Mocap) must immediately cease using it; it is a Class I toxin and an RUP.

Twospotted spider mite/ Arañita Roja / Tetranychus urticae Carmine spider mite/ Arañita Tetranychus cinnabarinus

• Application of dicofol, abamectin • Maintenance of plant density of 6-

7 /m2 • Weed control

• Rotate abamectin (Zephyr), etoxazole (Zeal), spiromesifen (Oberon), and hexythiazox (Onager).

• Preplant chilling (vernalization) to directly promotes plant vigor. Fall transplant, nursery location, preharvest chilling, nursery harvest date, and length of pretransplant supplemental cold storage can all affect a plant's vernalization.

• Organic Methods: Use cultural and biological controls, including release of predatory mites, and sprays of rosemary oil or organic stylet oil.

• Avoid unnecessary spraying and treat only infested portions of the plantation.

Gray Mold or Fruit Rot Botrytis sp.

• Application of iprodione as preventive and curative treatment

• Application of protecting treatment mancozeb

• The most important prevention for this disease is to keep the air circulating between plants and to keep the leaves, flowers, and fruit dry.

• Select a well-drained site. Space plants widely in the rows, and avoid planting in excessively wide rows.

• Control weeds, as extra plants in the area will inhibit drying. Powdery mildew/Cenicilla Sphaerotheca macularis

• Application of Flint (trifloxystrobin) • Utilization of soil mulches • Selective chemical treatment of

infested areas

• Use resistant varieties. • Remove infected tissue. • Apply fungicides if necessary.

Slugs/Babosa • Trapping with soil buried gallons filled with beer located 1 trap per 3mts.

• Applicatoin of mollusc poison such as: Babosin, and Deline

• Monitor crops regularly. • Trap slugs. • Use mollusc poison such as salt and copper sulfate.




Raddish/Rabano/ Location: Prov. La Vega

This crop has no pests or diseases of economical importance reported during its short cycle

Mango Location: Prov. Peravia, Azua, San Cristobal

Fruit fly/Mosca de la fruta Anastrepha obliqua

• Monitoring traps • Removal of mature fruit • Cleaning and pruning • Application of neem oil and

Malathion

• Promptly remove mature fruit. • Continue to clean and prune crop residue. • Perform soil and leaf analyses to determine nutritional needs. • Use pruning to open crown to air and sunlight, reducing

diseases and insect incidence. • Graft resistant root and stem material. • Use drip irrigation to reducee soil-borne disease incidence. • Use fruit fly traps for monitoring. • Spray Malathion and neem oil for pest control. • Use sanitation to remove dropped fruit and diseased

branches. Red banded thrips/Tripido Banda roja Selenothrips rubrocinctus

• Disinfection before blooming with malathion and cypermethrin.

• Use natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips.

• Can use malathion, carbaryl. • Disinfection before blooming induction with malathion and

cypermethrin. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin


Mango scale/Escama del mango Aulacaspis tubercularis

• Application of malathion and diazinon

• Application of Callidin (dimethoate) and Damoil (agricultural oil)

• Implement monitoring program. • Use mineral oils, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and bait

sprays. • Apply agricultural oil (Damoil), malathion and Callidin

(dimethoate). • Practice canopy management. • Can use biological control with parasitic wasps. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using diazinon

must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is an RUP. Ants/Hormiga Solenopsis sp.

• Application of Boric Acid • Ants are not controlled for in most

• Can sue Boric Acid. • Practice sanitation by cleaning out nests.




orchards Powdery Mildew Oidium mangiferai

• Daily monitoring, if 2 by plant apply sulphur and application of recommendations for antracnosis

• Application of Alto 100, Triazol, Indar, Cupritosel, last application before harvest with mineral oil

• Application of Hidrocop y Callidin (dimethoate)

• Conduct daily monitoring, if 2 flowers are infested by plant, should use Bayleton (product containing AI triadimefon).

Antracnoses/Anthracnosis Colletotrichum gloeosporoides

• Preventive treatment with Triazol 1lt/ 165gl

• Management with Baycol and Alto 100

• Application of copper based fungicides, maneb, mancozeb, and zineb

• Removal of crop residue and fallen leaf or fruit

• Pruning to promote ventilation

• Practice preventive treatment with Triazol 1lt/ 165gl • Manage with Baycol and Alto 100. • Use copper based fungicides maneb and mancozeb. • Remove crop residue and follen leaf or fruit. • Prune to promote ventilation. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using zineb must

immediately cease using as it is not EPA registered.

Coffee/Café Location: Prov. San Cristobal, Peravia, Monseñor Nouel, Santiago

Coffee berry borer/Broca del café Hypothenemus hampei

• Removal of coffee beans that opened early

• Usage of pheromone traps for each tarea

• Aeration and pruning of the trees used as natural shadow

• Sanitation: collection of coffee beans in milk from days 90 to 120

• Removal of pheromone traps 130 days after blooming

• Remove crop residue and boil the coffee beans. • Remove coffee beans that ripped early. • Use pheromone traps. • Prune and aerate crops. • Prune trees acting as natural shadow. • Collect coffee beans in milk from days 90 to 120. • Remove pheromone traps 130 days after blooming.

Stem Borer/Taladrador del tallo Apate monachus

• Feld sanitation • Pruning

• Continue practicing field sanitation and pruning. • Regularly monitor crops.

Coffee scales/Escamas del cafeto Coccus viridis

• Canopy management • Pruning • Usage of natural enemies

• Continue managing canopy, pruning, and using natural enemies.

• Ensure crop aeration.




Planococcus citri Saissetia coffeae Coffee Slug/Babosa Xyleborus sp.

• Canopy management • Pruning

• Continue managing canopy and pruning.

Rust/Mancha de hierro Cercospora coffeicola

• Pruning • Picking up the leaves • Application of copper based

products, champion, and inmitox • Cutting and burning of residue • Crop aereation

• Continue all current practices.

Ojo de gallo Mycena citricolor

• Canopy management • Crop aeration and pruning • Leaf removal

• The pruning cycles should be shortened in presence of the disease to obtain good production.

• Use calcium and mangnesium, Atemi, Silvacur (tebuconazole), Amistar (azoxystrobin) or copper.

Roya/Roya del cafeto Hemileia vastatrix

• Field sanitation • Crop monitoring • Crop aeration and pruning • Removing of infested material

• Use resistant varieties. • Maintain adequate crop density of 4000 to 5000 pants per

hectare. • Practice rational use of fertilizers only 2-3 applications per

year. • Practice preventive control of pests and diseases 6 to 8 times

per year. • Practice rational pruning starting from the 3rd to 4th harvest

according to the general condition of the plantations. • Apply chemical or hand control of weed 4 to 6 times a year.

Collar rot/Mal del talluelo/ Phytophthora sp.

• Crop monitoring • Soil preparation • Usage of raised beds • Good drainage • Crop aeration and pruning

• Utilize chemical or hand control of weeds 4 to 6 times a year. • Use rational pruning according to the general condition of the

crop.

Weeds/Malezas • At end of the harvest manual removal of weeds two times a year: first weed control a month before the harvest and the second four months after the first

• At end of the harvest manual removal of weeds two times a year: first weed control a month before the harvest and the second four months after the first pruning.

• Minimal cleaning during the months of February, May, June, and September and October.




pruning including the use of Gramatone (grammoxone)

• Minimal pruning during the months of February, May, June, and September and October

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using grammoxone (in Gamatone) must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is an RUP.

Leaf miner/Minador de hojas Perileucoptera coffeella

• Application of Bionature 700 every 10 to 15 days to sand soil

• Application of hot water to disinfect the germination area

• Continue using Bionature 700 every 10 to 15 days to sand soil.

• Continue to use hot water to disinfect the germination area. • Practice sanitation and pruning. • Use resistant varieties.

Limb Blight/Mal Rosado Corticium salmonicolor

• Crop monitoring • Soil preparation • Good drainage • Crop aeration and pruning • Soil fumigation • Removing of infested plants

• Since the fungus thrives best under warm, moist conditions, dense or closely spaced plantings should be avoided. Maintaining plants in a healthy, vigorous state of growth helps to reduce the incidence of this disease.

• Infected branches should be pruned out well below the affected areas and should be burned or completely eradicated to keep the source of infection at a minimum.

• Finally, a fungicide such as a fixed copper or maneb with a spreader-sticker should be applied to affected plants.

Cocoa/Cacao Locations: Prov. San Francisco de Macoris, San Cristobal, Monte Plata, Puerto Plata, Nagua, Monseñor Nouel

Woodpecker/Pajaro carpintero Melanerpes striatus

• Clearing of dead trees that serve as shelter for the birds nest

• Use of scarecrow and fire works • Hanging white plastic cups

• Eliminate dead trees that serve as shelter. • Continue using scarecrow. • Use visual repellents. Hang 3 foot strips along the affected

area you wish to protect. Black rat/Rata negra Rattus rattus

• Usage of a bait made by 1 lb of coconut plus ½ lb of salt boiled

• Usage of bait made with avocado seed plus corn starch

• Usage of natural enemies such as local snakes and training of hunting dogs

• After an inspection of the rat activity, control or eliminate by trapping or baiting.

• Continue using poisonous bait made by: 1) 1 lb of coconut plus ½ lb of salt boiled or 2) one avocado seed plus 1lb of corn starch.

• Continue using natural enemies like native snakes.

Black thread/Mazorca negra Phytophthora palmivora

• Crop pruning • Good soil drainage • Crop aeration and shadow

management • Exposing young plants to direct

• Apply Trichoderma sp. for biological control. • Apply a synthetic suspension of Difolatan, yellow iron oxide

and Sterox NJ as part of preventive strategies. • Remove infected material. • Keep soil well drained.




sun light • Apply mancozeb or basic copper sulfate to the fruit column. • Try to harvest during dry season.

Antracnoses/ Anthracnosis Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

• Pruning and removal of infected residue

• Soil preparation • Good drainage

• Practice proper preharvest and postharvest fruit handling. • Prune out dead limbs and twigs where fungi sporulate. If many

dead leaves are entwined in the canopy, knock them out of the tree.

• Prune low limbs to at least 2 feet (60 cm) off the ground to reduce humidity within canopies by improving air circulation. Dispose of dead wood and old fruit away from trees before bloom. Prune and harvest only during dry conditions and minimize fruit contamination and injury.

• To control, can apply Tebuconazole-triadimenol, sulfato-nitrato.

Yellow aphid/Afido amarillo del cacaotero Macrosiphum martorelli

• Crop monitoring • Usage of yellow sticky traps • Application of Nicotiana

• Monitor crops and mass trap yellow sticky traps. • Control weeds. • Apply selective insecticide or repellents.

Oruga de las hojas Bocchoris pharaxalis

• Application of a solution of ½ lb of nicotiana, plus 3 spoons of surfactant and ½ of one piece of cuava soap every ten days

• Use natural enemies such as predatory wasps or parasitic wasps.

• Apply Beauveria bassiana for control.

Red imported fire ant/ Hormiga Solenopsis geminata

• Application of repellent made with garlic, olive oil and cuava soap.

• Apply avamectin or repellents based on neem oil, garlic, pepper and soap.

Weed/Malezas • Pruning 1-2 times a year from July to September

• Continue pruning and cleaning two times a year

Pineapple/Piña Locations: Prov. Santiago, Monseñor Nouel, Monte Plata

Garden centipede/ Sinfilidos Scutigerella immaculata

• Crop monitoring and sampling • Application of lindane plus Mocap

(ethoprophos) • Granulation of soil as a

prevention strategy before planting, and again 5 months later.

• Application of insecticides such as diazinon, Sistemin (dimethoate) and/or endosulfan

• The best moment to control the green centipede (symphylan) is within the first three weeks of the crop, before the soil is sealed.

• As a rule, drench should be applied between 8 and 12 days after planting and then evaluated two days later for the presence of the pest. If pest is still present, repeat the application 7 days later.

• A garlic and chili extract drench is recommended as an effective organic control method.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lindane,




ethoprophos, diazinon and endosulfan must switch to less toxic chemicals; lindane is a PIC and POP and is not registered by EPA for agricultural use, ethoprophos and endosulfan are Class I RUPs, and diazinon is a RUP.

Pineapple mealybug/ Cochinilla Dysmicoccus brevipes

• Application of malathion, agricultural oil, diazinon, Sistemin (dimethoate), and endosulfan:10 to 13 applications per cycle

• Application of parathion plus agriculture oil

• Monthly monitoring

• Control ants with malathion and agricultural oil. • Physical barriers such as ant fences running parallel to the

field periphery are partially successful in keeping ants out of the field, and subsequently controlling mealybug populations.

• Previously infested fields should be turned over and all crop residues removed and burned.

• Eliminate crop residues and grass roots. • Field borders should be kept clean of weeds and debris that

may support mealybugs between plantings. Weeds also provide alternative food sources that maintain ant populations between periods where mealybug infestations are small.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using diazinon, endosulfan and parathion, must switch to less toxic chemicals; parathion and endosulfan are Class I RUPs, and is an RUP.

Spidermites/Acaros Dolichote-tranychus (Stigmacus) floridanus

• Crop monitoring • 1 or 2 applications of diazinon

• Regularly monitor crops. • Selectively use insecticides. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using diazinon

must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is an RUP. Nematodes/ Nematodos Meloidogyne sp. Pratylenchus sp.

• Alternation of crops that don’t have nematodes such as cassava, sugar cane or corn.

• Application of Furadan (carbofuran), Vydate (oxamyl), Mocap (ethoprophos), Marshal (carbosulfan) from the beginning till the 4th month - alternate 2 or 3 times and apply every 21 days

• Rotate crops regularly. • Sanitize fields. • Conduct field sampling and testing. • Use soil fumigants. • Use biological control and biological amendments. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using carbofuran

(Furadan), oxamyl (Vydate), and ethoprophos (Mocap) must switch to less toxic chemicals; oxamyl and mocap are Class I RUPs, and carbosulfan is not EPA registered.

Weed/Malezas • Two cleanings per year, application of preemergents and postemergent chemicals such as:

• Pineapple weed is difficult to control. Good turf management practices which encourage a dense grass stands offers some defense against pineapple weed infestation.




Harbar, Jesapa, Metrina. • Being a summer annual, a pre-emergent herbicide application may prevent pineapple weed from germinating. Make your post emergent herbicide application to pineapple weed that is actively growing and in the rosette to flower stage of growth.

Pudricion del cogollo/ Phytophtora sp. Pudricion negra del fruto Thelaviopsis sp. Pudricion Rosada Fussarium sp.

• Practice good drainage • Removal of crop residue • Removal of diseased plants • Stem disinfection • Application of Alliette (fosetyl-

aluminum) 2 times a year and if it rains, 3 times a year

• Variety MD2 planted in Oct-Nov • French variety planted on August

• Cut the fruit long and apply copper. • Good soil drainage and use of healthy planting material helps

in minimizing the spread of the disease. • Carefully handle the fruit to minimize mechanical injuries.

Promptly cool and maintain optimum temperature and relative humidity throughout post harvest handling operations. Apply fungicides such as thiabendazole.

Lime/Limon Location: Prov. La Vega

Citrus rust mite/Acaro Tostador de la fruta Phyllocoptruta oleivora

• Application of a mix of Damoil, MDP, Melaza and Azadiractina (neem oil) - 3 applications every 15 days

• For unbiased population sampling, use the adhesive tape method. Begin monitoring the number of mites in three spots, each of one square centimeter, by taping gently on the fruits.

• Use natural enemies such as entomopatogenic fungi or larvae of cecidiomiidae.

• Use one treatment per year of dicofol to avoid resistance. Aphids/Pulgones Myzus persicae Toxoptera aurantii

• Application of a mix of Damoil, MDP, Melaza and Azadiractina (neem oil)

• Usage of barrier crops of Cymbopogon citratum and Sugarcane

Leaf miners/Minador de los citricos Phyllocnistis citrella


• Because citrus leafminer can retard the growth of young trees, apply insecticides to nursery citrus trees and new plantings of citrus. Apply Imidacloprid (Admire or Nuprid) through the irrigation for young trees or to the soil of potted citrus for the longest period of control (1 to 3 months).

• Other suitable insecticides are dimethaote, or to apply Winner 200 SL or Confidor (imidacloprid) to the trunks of the trees.

Purple scale/Queresa o escama goma Lepidosaphes beckii


• Growers should watch for a build-up of mealybugs and scale, and apply a timely spray of the insecticide Malathion (800X) combined with summer oil, Citrol (100X) or Dimethoate




Cottony cushion scale/Escama algodonosa Icerya purchasii

• A systemic product applied within a period of 12 to 28 days program and a sanitary pruning after to remove all the densely infested branches

(1000X). Treating the trunk with Winner 200 SL may also be effective.

• Use biological control by lady beetles and parasitic wasps. • Use selective oil treatments, oil spray or wash dusty trees with

water. • Overwintering insects should be eliminated by pruning

infested branches, and spraying a mixture of insecticide and oil. Carrying out these measures after harvesting the fruit is indispensable to prevent scale and mealybug problems the following season.

• Open the tree by pruning the interior of the canopy to remove suckers, dead branches, and crossing limbs.

• Monitor cottony cushion scale by examining 25 trees in the orchard, spreading branches apart and looking into the interior of the tree. Count the number of live adult female scales (make sure they are alive by pulling apart the scale bodies - they should have liquid inside) per 2 foot branch. If the number of live adult female scale exceeds 4 per branch, a treatment is warranted.

Root weevil/Picudo de las raices Diaprepes abbreviatus


• Use of UV collecting light 3 nights in a row every month

• Adults should be treated with one of the following listed treatments per season: Sevin 80S (carbaryl), Sevin XLR (carbaryl), Kryocide 96 WP or Prokil Cryolite 96 (cryolite) and the larvae with imidacloprid.

Asian Citrus Psyllid/Psillido de los citricos Disphorina citri

• A monitoring plan has been formulated

• Use of neem, and agricultural oil

• Monitor and mass trap with yellow sticky traps. • Can apply spinetoram (Delegate), dimethoate I, Sevin 80S

(carbaryl), Movento (spirotetramat), and imidacloprid (Admire Pro).

Foot rot gomosis/ Gomosis Phytophtora sp.

• Bark or the trees are scraped and a thick layer of Hidrocop is applied, also from the base until the bifurcation of the trunk

• Removal of infected or dead trees • Usage of disease free material • Resistant varieties

• Citrus seedlings must be free of disease when they are planted. This means that growers must have access to certified healthy planting stock. All three diseases can be controlled by spraying the fungicides metalaxyl or fosetyl-aluminum.

• All treatments should be combined with improved drainage, and the use of resistant rootstocks. In areas where




Phytophthora is a problem, soil should be disinfected with a soil fumigant or by heat sterilization before new seedlings are planted.

Tristeza Virus/Tristeza de los citricos

• Usage of certified material • Quarantine • When grafting or top-working,

usage of certified virus-free budwood

• Vector management

• Observe quarantine restrictions to avoid spreading tristeza. • The transmission of the greening organism (GO) and the

transmission of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) occurs at sprouting. • Both psyllids and aphids must be controlled by a foliar spray of

44% Dimethoate (1000X). An alternative spray is 50% Malathion (800X)

• Apply a new systemic insecticide, Winner 200 SL (Confidor - imidacloprid) to the trunk of the tree.

• Monitor the population dynamics of the vector insects in the field. When the trees are sprouting and the danger of infection is high, trees must be sprayed repeatedly every 10-20 days.

Dragon amarillo/ Huanglongbin

• Affected areas are quarantined • A diagnosis and monitoring

program has been formulated • Vector has not been detected

• Place affected areas in quarantine. • Produce healthy certified plants. • Develop a prompt diagnosis and monitoring program.

Slugs/Babos • Usage of common salt • Baited traps treated with yeast • Application of metaldehyde bait

• Use baited traps. • Conduct crop monitoring. • Use Copper sulfate or salt on perimeters. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using metaldehyde

must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is an RUP. Weeds/Malezas • Mechanical cleaning 4 times per

year • Planting Arachis pintoi

• Continue mechanical and chemical controls.

Pigeon Pea/Guandul Location: Prov. La Vega, San Juan

Green stink bug/Hiedevivo Nezara viridula

• Crop monitoring • Application of carbaryl, diazinon,

and monocrotophos if 2 to 3 nymphs were found per each bean

• Use biopesticides • Control weeds. • Use windbreakers • Use selective insecticides and IGR. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using diazinon and

monocrotophos must switch to less toxic chemicals; the latter is a PIC Class I RUP, and the former is an RUP.

Pod borers/Barrenadores de

• Weed control • Monitor crops.




vaina Gusano de los capullos florales y vainas del guandul Etiella zinckenella Gusanos taladradores del Caribe Heliothis virescens y Heliothis zea Taladrador de la vaina Fundella pellucens Barrenador menor de las vainas Elasmopalpus lignosellus

• Field sanitation • Crop monitoring • Application of Lanbametrina

(lambda-cyhalothrin) and Cipermetrina (cypermethrin)

• Use of natural enemies • Removal of infested material

• Apply systemic insecticides. • Treat seeds with acefato, thiodicarb or thiamethoxam. • In open field conditions, apply clorpirifós or deltametrina. • Use biological control with parasitic wasps • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin

and lambda-cyhalothrin must receive training and cannot use in close proximity to open water sources.

Gorgojo del guandul Callosobruchus chinensis

• Pheromone trapping • Application of agricultural oil • Post harvest treatments of

powder of black and hot peppers • Application of cypermethrin and

endosulfan

• Trap pheromones. • Apply agricultural oil. • Use post harvest treatments of black and hot pepper powder. • Use selective insecticides. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin

must receive training and cannot use in closeproximity to open water sources.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using endosulfan must switch to less toxic chemicals; it is a Class I RUP.

Mosca de la vaina Melanagromiza obtusa

• Use of parasitic wasps of the genus Elasmus and Habrobracon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae and Braconidae)

• Application of chemical controls after blooming, every 15 days: cypermethrin, dimethoate, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam.

• Control with parasitic wasps. • Regularly monitor crops. • Apply chemical control when needed with imidacloprid, and/or

thiametoxam. • Use yellow sticky traps. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using cypermethrin





• The use of sticky yellow traps were the most successful method to monitor populations

Hongo de suelo Rhizoctonia sp. Sclerothium sp. Fussarium sp. Phytium sp. Roya Blactomosis sp. Aborto floral Phoma cajani Antracnosis del Guandul Colletotrichum cajani Cancerosis del tallo Xanthomonas campestris

• Usage of good seed that comes for clean cultivars

• Control of weeds and avoidance of water stress

• If symptomatic plants or infested stems are present, they are removed and burned

• Crop rotation every 1 or 2 years • Application of corrective

mesurements such as maneb, zineb y benomyl

• Use certified seed. • Maintain weed control. • Avoid water stress. • Remove and burn infected plants. • Rotate crops every one or two years. • All varieties in the country are susceptible to bacterial and

fungal diseases, so prepare the soil and prevent future infestations.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using benomyl and zineb must immediately cease using it as it is not EPA registered.

Malezas/Weeds • Pre-emergent treatment of oryzalazina and postemergent treatment of glyphosate

• Continue current treatment.

Organic Banana/ Guineo organico Location: Prov. Azua, La Vega, Valverde

Sigatoka negra Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. fijiensis Sigatoka amarilla Cercospora musae

• Usage of healthy plant material • Regular fertilization • Good drainage • Proper canopy management • Weed control • Cutting and pruning of dry leafs • Regional monitoring alert system

in place • Application of mineral oil

• Use clean and certified material. • Use good drainage. • Apply horticulture oils. • Select and prepare soils. • Practice good canopy management. • Remove plant debris. • Practice good moisture management. • Control weeds. • Use tissue culture to produce clean plants.




Thrips/Tripidos del Banano Chaetanaphothrips orchidii and C. signipermis Frankliniella parvula

• Application of solutions of cuava soap, with neem oil, garlic, and Anamu (1/2 lb garlic, 1 handfull of Anamu, ½ piece of soap and 1lb of neem seeds) - from the moment the flowers come down apply the tisana 2 to 3 days, 6 to 7 days later and 99 to 11 days later

• Place pesticide-free bags over fruit bunch; tree bag can be filled with the soapy solution.

• Apply horticultural oils. • Monitor populations and prevent infestations with soap

solution.

Banana weevil/Picudo del platano Cosmopolites sordidus

• Crop monitoring • Field sanitation • Selective chemical control if

needed

• Practice field sanitation. • Use hot water treatment of corms. • Practice baiting/trapping by laying freshly cut corm on ground. • Use tissue culture to produce clean plants. • Cover banana plant wound with soil after pruning or

harvesting. • Maintain healthy, vigorous plants. • Can use biostat, brocaril.

Pudricion de la corona • Fruits hung from the field to the packing site on a mechanical trail

• Washing fruit in chlorinated water • Fruit stored at cool temperature

• Hang fruits from the field to the packing site on a mechanical trail.

• Clean fruits with chlorinated water or at 45C for a few minutes. • Keep produce in cool storage containers.

Banana Aphid/Afido del platano Pentalonia nigronervosa

• Promotion of natural soil covers and diversity

• Use of natural enemies (ladybugs, lacewings, Syrphid flies, parasitic wasps)

• Application of soapy water

• Promote natural soil covers and diversity. • Use natural enemies (ladybugs, lacewings, Syrphid flies,

parasitic wasps). • Apply neem tree barriers. • Apply soapy water.

Nematodes/ Nematodos

• Removal of infested material • Application of 4lb of organic

compost per each plant

• Cover crops. • Compost crop residue. • Use compost to reduce populations (4-5lb per plant). • Apply hot water treatment. • Inoculate soil with beneficial nematodes. • Prop plants with wires. • Improve drainage. • Rotate to non-host crops




• Tissue culture plants. Banana/Guineo tradicional Location: Prov. Azua, La Vega, Valverde

Sigatoka negra Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. fijiensis Sigatoka amarilla Cercospora musae

• Application of systemic products such as: propiconazole, benomyl, carbendazim, mancozeb and clorothalonil

• Usage of healthy plant material. • Good fertilization. • Good drainage • Proper canopy management • Weed control. • Cutting and pruning of dry leafs • Regional monitoring alert system

in place • Application of mineral oil

• Use clean and certified plant material. • Maintain good drainage. • Apply horticulture oils. • Carefully prepare and select site. • Practice canopy management. • Remove plant debris. • Practice moisture management. • Control weeds. • Can apply propiconazole, carbendazim, mancozeb, Tilt

(propiconazole), Bankit (azoxystrobin), and agricultural oil. • Use tolerant varieties. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using benomyl and

chlorothalonil must immediately cease using them as the former is not EPA registered and the latter is a Class1 toxin.

Thrips/Tripidos del banano Chaetanaphothrips orchidii and C. signipermis Frankliniella parvula

• Application of Basudin (diazinon) and chlorpyrifos

• Usage of tree bags

• Use selective insecticides and soap solutions. • Use natural enemies such as Orius sp. or predators as

lacewing, thrips and minute pirate bugs. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using diazinon and

chlorpyrifos must switch to less toxic chemicals; diazinon is a Class I RUP, and chlorpyrifos is an RUP.

Banana weevil/Picudo del banano Cosmopolites sordidus

• Crop monitoring • Trapping • Field sanitation • Usage of selective insecticides

• Maintain good field sanitation. • Use hot water treatment on corms. • Bait/trap by laying freshly cut corm on ground. • Tissue culture to produce clean plants. • Cover banana plant wound with soil after pruning or

harvesting. • Maintain healthy, vigorous plants.

Pudricion de la corona • Application of Biolife after wash on chlorine water wash

• Reduce contact of the harvested fruit with leaf or other plant material to reduce contamination.

• Continue to apply Biolife after chlorine water wash. Banana aphid/Pulgon del banano

• Application of imidacloprid, dinotefuran, flonicamid

• Use natural enemies (ladybugs, lacewings, Syrphid flies, parasitic wasps).




Pentalonia nigronervosa

• Create neem tree barriers. • Use soapy water. • Can use imidacloprid, dinotefuran, flonicamid.

Nematodes/ Nematodos Meloidogyne sp.

• Crop monitoring • Sample testing • Soil preparation and sanitation • Usage of organic amendments • Application of chemical control

with Counter (terbufos), Furadan (carbofuran), and Mocap (ethoprophos)

• Maintain fallow period and cover crops. • Compost crop residue. • Use compost to reduce populations (4-5lb per plant). • Apply hot water treatment. • Inoculate soil with beneficial nematodes. • Prop plants with wires. • Improve drainage. • Rotate to non-host crops. • Tissue culture plants. • Plant in non-traditional areas. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using terbufos,

carbofuran, and mocap must switch to less toxic chemicals; all are Class I RUPs.

Avocado/Aguacate Location: Prov. San Cristobal

Stem borer/Taladrador del Tallo Xylosandrus compactus

• Pruning • Field sanitation • Crop monitoring • Branches with 4 or more

perforations are removed • Application by an stationary

pump: malathion, endosulfan, 200cc/55gl every 45 days avoiding applications two months before harvest

• Pruning and destruction of beetle-infested plant material is essential. Good tree care to promote tree vigor and health will help in resisting infestation or recovering from infestation

• The use of traps baited with alcohol is an alternative for monitoring this beetle as part of a strategy to prevent population outbreaks.

• Use oils, abamectin, dimethoate. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using endosulfan

must switch to a less toxic chemical; it is a Class I RUP.

Avocado Lace bug/ Chinche de encaje Pseudacysta perseae

• Usage of soapy water for February to April infestations

• Sanitary cleaning and pruning in September and October

• Biological sanitation of soil and canopy

• Use of natural enemies

• Conserve natural enemies by choosing “soft” materials such as insecticidal soaps or oil if pesticide application is warranted.

• Natural enemies are very important in controlling some species of lace bugs. Predators of lace bugs include lacewing larvae, lady beetles, jumping spiders, predatory thrips, and predaceous mites.

• At least two species of tiny parasitic wasps kill avocado lace




bug eggs, and also predatory thrips attack avocado lace bug in the Dominican Republic.

• Certain systemic insecticides (imidacloprid), may provide the most effective control.

La Peca Cercospora sp.

• Good drainage • Canopy management • Plant density 7x7mt • Canopy pruning • Usage of tolerant varieties • Planting of susceptible varieties

on dry areas such as linea noroeste and puerto escondido

• Planting of trees that ripen early like: popenoe, pollock, dr. dupui, perneker and bernix

• Usage of variety Choquete, John, Marcus, y Ooth 7 that are more resistant to the fungus and have harvests from October to March

• Usage of variety Semil 34, because of it attributes and commercial value

• If an outbreak occurs, contact cupric products such as: Taldo, borders with calcium used as a preventive and control strategies

• Maintain good drainage. • Practice canopy management. • In a season of normal rainfall, the first spray is the most

important spray. The correct timing and application of the initial spray probably determines your success or failure.

• Can use carbendazim.

Antracnosis/Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

• Good drainage • Canopy management • Plant density 7x7mt • Canopy pruning • Usage of tolerant varieties

• Practice proper pre-harvest and postharvest fruit handling. • If many dead leaves are entwined in the canopy, knock them

out of the tree. Prune low limbs to at least 2 feet (60 cm) off the ground to reduce humidity within canopies by improving air circulation.

• Prune and harvest only during dry conditions and minimize fruit contamination and injury.

• Apply copper compounds, thoroughly spraying on healthy tissue to prevent infection.




La tristeza del aguacate Phytophtora sp.

• Good drainage • Canopy management • Canopy pruning • Usage of tolerant varieties • Avoidance of lime soils • Raised beds • Good aeration • Application of preventive

treatment with Aliette applied to the trunk

• Application of Ridomil Gold (mancozeb) to the soil

• Monitor crops. • Prune canopy. • Use tolerant varieties. • Avoid lime soils. • Use raised beds. • Practice good aeration. • Plant on sandy soil. • Continue using preventive treatment with Aliette (fosetyl-

aluminum) applied to the trunk. • Use Ridomil Gold (mancozeb) to the soil

Acaro del aguacate Oligonychus perseae

• Application of preventive treatment of Vertimec (abamectin) during bloom

• Crop monitoring

• Practice sampling method based on 170 leafs taken from 17 trees.

• Apply Agri-Mek (abamectin) and NR 435 oil.

Trípido de la flor Frankliniella cephalica Selenothrips rubrocinctus

• Crop monitoring • Prior to blooming, one application

Galbotrin

• Practice regular monitoring and trapping. • Apply preventive applications. • Minimize adverse impacts on the natural enemies that usually

provide good control of other avocado pests, including caterpillars, certain mites, scales, whiteflies, and other thrips.

• Modify fertilization (amount, application method, formulation, and timing).

• Modify pruning (the extent and time of branch removal), altering the extent to which trees continue to produce tender foliage during about May and June.

• Ad coarse organic mulch beneath trees and maintain a mulch layer 6 inches thick.

• Rotate among chemical classes when making multiple applications to reduce the development of pesticide resistance.

Pepper/Capsicum annum, Long Red Chile/Aji cubanela Location: Zaffarraya

Thrips/Trips Frankiniela occidentalis

• Usage of blue sticky traps • Regular monitoring • Transplanting healthy plants

• Crop monitoring: farmers should inspect entire area of the greenhouse to locate the presence of pests.

• Clean and disinfect the greenhouse from plants and debris from previous crops. Dispose of or compost infected plants or




• Application of pesticides only when necessary

• Control of weeds and host crops • Sanitation: cleaning and

disinfecting the greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops.

• Control of humidity (RH), and temperature

• Application of pesticides: Actara (thiamethoxam), Drench (trichoderma harzianum), Vertimec (abamectin), Spinosad (Sccharopplipora spinosa), Pounce (permethrin)

any infested crop. • Adult thrips can also be monitored using bright blue sticky

traps. • Use blue painted plates with mineral oil in the base of the

plant to measure thrips. • By maintaining a healthy crop and optimal greenhouse

environment (80% RH), there will be less favorable conditions for a rapid increase in population density of thrips.

• If necessary, apply pesticides in early morning or late afternoon, when flight activity of thrips is at a peak.

• The following insecticides may control thrips: Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad.


Mites, white and red/Acaro blanco Polyphagotarsonemus latus Acaro rojo Tetranychus spp.

• Regular monitoring • Irrigation control • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary • Control of weeds and host crops • Sanitation: cleaning and

disinfecting the greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops

• Application of pesticides: Vertimec (abacmetin), Pegasus (diafenthiuron)

• Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. Sprays of water, insecticidal oils, or soaps can be used for management. Always monitor before treatment.

• Destroy weeds and host crops as soon as possible outside the greenhouse, including the head roads and weeds inside and near the outside of the greenhouse.

• Host freed periods conserve natural enemies. • If pesticides are used, check with your product label or

manufacture’s recommendations for specific information regarding tank mix and used of adjuvant.



• Can use products containing dicofol, abamectin and lambda-cyhalothrin.

• Those USAID/RED supported farmers using lambda-





Powdery mildew/ Mildew polvoso Leveillula taurica

• Usage of resistant seeds • Regular monitoring • Transplanting healthy plants • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary • Sanitation: cleaning and


• Pruning old leaves, branches • Application of pesticides: Amistar

(azoxystrobin), Ridomil (mancozeb)

• Ensure strict sanitation of greenhouse throughout the growing season.

• Conduct a thorough year-end clean up and dispose of all crop debris off-site by burning, burying in a landfill, or better—composting.

• Improve greenhouse climate to reduce relative humidity and increase air circulation

• Crop monitoring. Early disease detection is important for successful powdery mildew control.

• If necessary, use protectant products in the following fungicide families: copper, mancozeb, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, dithiocarbamatos, and fosetyl-A-1.

Fusarium Fusarium solani.

• Usage of resistant seeds • Regular monitoring • Transplanting healthy plants • Application of pesticides only

when necessary • Control of weeds and host crops • Sanitation: cleaning and


• Application of pesticides: Mertec (thiabendazole)

• Clean and disinfect the greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops. And dispose infected plants or any infested crop.

• Transplanting health plants. • Cleaning and disinfecting machinery and tools. • Use of resistant seed. • Use raised-bed. • Bag all weeds and dispose of them outside the greenhouse;

10 to 40 foot vegetation free zone around the outside perimeter of the greenhouse can provide a dramatic decrease in pets.

• Removal and disposal of infected branches or plants during the cropping season reduce the inoculums in the greenhouse and spread of the disease.


• Can use Silvacur (tebuconazole), Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), thiabendazole, Ridomil (mancozeb) and Rovral (iprodione)




Eggplant/Berenjena, Solanum melongena Other varieties: Chinese eggplant, small round eggplant, Japanese eggplant Location: Zaffarraya

Thrips Frankiniela occidentalis

• Resistant varieties • Usage of resistant seeds • Crop rotation • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary • Crop monitoring before spring • Application of pesticides: Actara

(thiamethoxam), Drench (Trichoderma harzianum), Vertimec (abamectin), Spinosad (Sccharopplipora spinosa), Pounce (permethrin)

• Use of resistant varieties. • Correctly identify the problem; if insect or disease, learn the

life cycle and habits. • Learn to anticipate and prevent problems; reduce plant stress. • Rotate crops. • Adult thrips can also be monitored using bright blue sticky

traps. • The following insecticides may control thrips: Actara

(thiamethoxam), Trichoderma, Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad.


Aphis/Afidos Myzus persicae

• Usage of resistant varieties • Use of resistant seeds • Crop rotation • Crop monitoring before spraying • Destroy host and weeds plants • Pesticides: Engeo

(thiamethoxam), Chess (Pymetrozine), Dicarsol (formetanate hydrochloride)

• Cleaning and disinfecting machinery and tools. • Integrated crop management. • Host freed periods conserve natural enemies. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • Plant away the hosts. • Destroy weeds and host crops as soon as possible, including

the head rows. • If needed, use products containing imidacloprid, acetamiprid

or pymetrozine. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using formetanate

hydrochloride must immediately cease using it and switch to a less toxic pesticide as it is a Class Ib toxin and an RUP.

Phytophthora Blight/ Quemazon por phytophtora Phytophthora capsici

• Usage of resistant varieties • Keeping field well-drained • Application of Silvacur


• Use resistant seed. • Use raised-beds. • Monitor crops; farmer should inspect the entire area in the

field to locate the presence of pests. • Planting sites should be well drained and free of low-lying

areas. • The drainage area of the field should be kept free of weeds




and volunteer crop plants. • Clean and disinfect machinery and tools. Flats, plug trays,

benches, seeding equipment, and plant house structures should be disinfected using a sodium hypochlorite solution or other disinfectant.

• If needed, use Silvacur (tebuconazole), Stratego (trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), and Rovral (iprodione), Tilt (propiconazole), Quadris (azoxystrobin), Flint (trifloxystrobin), Bravo ultrex, and101 (copper hydroxide).

Alternaria Leaf Spot/ Mancha foliar por alternaria Alternaria cucumerina

• Resistant varieties • Keeping field well-drained. • Transplanting healthy plants. • Crop monitoring • Application of pesticides: Amistar

(azoxystrobin), Bravo (chlorothalonil)

• Transplant healthy plants. • Use raised-bed. • Cultural Controls: Plant in well-drained soils and avoid planting

in fields with large amounts of decomposed plant debris. • Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • If needed, use Amistar (azoxystrobin), or products containing

propiconazole, azoxystrobin, or trifloxystrobin. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using chlorothalonil



Long fuzzy squash (Lagenaria vulgaris), fuzzy squash. Cundeamor (Momordica charantia), Chinese bitter melon. Pepino (Cucurbita pepo), Persian cucumber.

Whiteflies Bemisia tabaci


when it necessary. • Control weeds and host crops • Crop monitoring • Application of pesticides: Actara

(thiamethoxam), Drench (trichoderma harzianum), Chess (pymetrozine), Biotech (hyphomycetous)

• Correctly identify the problem; if insect or disease, learn the life cycle and habits.

• Monitor crops; farmer should inspect the entire area in the field to locate the presence of pests.

• Monitor whiteflies using bright yellow sticky traps. • Learn to anticipate and prevent problems; reduce plant stress.

Use virus-free and whitefly-free transplants. • Use crop rotation. • During non-planting periods conserve natural enemies. • If needed, use pesticides Actara (thiamethoxam), Drench

(trichoderma harzianum), Chess (pymetrozine), Biotech Thrips Frankliniella

• Usage of blue sticky traps • Crop monitoring

• Planting sites should be well drained and free of low-lying areas.




Tindora (Coccinia grandis). Musu Long squash (Lufa aculangula). Location: Zaffarraya

occidentalis • Transplanting health plants. • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary • Control weeds and host crops. • Cleaning and disinfecting the

greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops.

• Humidity (RH) and temperature control

• Application of pesticides: Actara (thiamethoxam), Drench, Spinosad (sccharopplipora spinosa), Pounce (permethrin)

• Adult thrips can also be monitored using bright blue sticky traps.

• The drainage area of the field should be kept free of weeds and volunteer crop plants, particularly those in the groups.

• If needed, use Actara (thiamethoxam), spinosad (sccharopplipora spinosa), Pounce (permethrin), Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap


Spider mites/Acaro rojo Tetranychus spp.

• Crop monitoring • Application of pesticides:

Spinosad (Sccharopplipora spinosa)


• Plant away the hosts. • Destroy weeds and host crops as soon as possible, including

the head roads. • Always monitor before treatment with miticides. • Use an insecticidal soap or oil can be used for management.

Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be required. Can also use products containing spinosad, dicofol, and lambda-cyhalothrin.


Anthracnose Colletotrichum lagenarium

• Usage of resistant varieties • Transplanting healthy plants • Crop monitoring before use

fungicides • Pesticides: Amistar (azoxytrobin)

• Use resistant varieties and transplant only healthy plants. • Transplant trays with infected plants should be removed

immediately from production sites. • Workers should disinfest their hands after contact with

infected plants. • If needed, use products containing azoxystrobin,

trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and teubconazole.




Alternaria Leaf Spot Alternaria cucumerina

• Usage of resistant varieties • Usage of resistant seeds • Fields well-drained • Transplanting health plants • Regular crop monitoring • Application of pesticides: Amistar

(azoxystrobin), Bravo (chlorothalonil)

• Planting sites should be well drained and free of low-lying areas.

• The drainage area of the field should be kept free of weeds and volunteer crop plants.

• If needed, use products containing azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and teubconazole.


Cercospora Leaf Spot/ Mancha foliar por cercospora Cercospora citrullina

• Crop monitoring before applications

• Application of pesticide Amistar (azoxystrobin)

• Practice integrated crop management. • Transplant healthy plants. • If needed, use products containing azoxystrobin,

trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and teubconazole. Damping-Off/Marchitez premature Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp

• Transplanting healthy and resistant plants.

• Field well-drained • Pesticides: Drench (Trichoderma

harzianum)

• Cleaning and disinfecting machinery and tools. Flats, plug trays, benches, seeding equipment, and plant house structures should be disinfected using a sodium hypochlorite solution or other disinfectant.

• The drainage area of the field should be kept free of weeds and volunteer crop plants.

• Plant resistant varieties • follow good sanitation practices • Control weeds. • If multiple fungicide applications are needed to control,

alternate materials with different modes of action especially if using fungicides with medium to high resistance potential.

Downy Mildew/Bangaña, Pepino/Mildew velloso Pseudoperonospora cubensis

• Transplanting healthy and resistant plants.

• Keeping well drained fields • Applicaiton of pesticides: Ridomil

(mancozeb), Amistar (azoxystrobin)

• Use of resistant seed. • Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a treatment when disease

symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear. • If needed, can use products containing azoxystrobin,

mancozeb, trifloxystrobin.

Bangaña. Powdery Mildew/ Mildew polvoso Sphaerotheca fuliginea

• Usage of resistant seeds. • Regular monitoring • Transplanting health plants. • Application of pesticides only

• Choose resistant varieties. • Deep plow plant residues or compost them. • Practice crop rotation. • If needed, use products containing mancozeb, propiconazole




when it necessary • Cleaning and disinfecting the

greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops

• Pruning old leaves, branches • Application of pesticides: Bravo

(chlorothalonil), Mertec (thiabendazole)

and tebuconazole. • Those USAID/RED supported farmers using chlorothalonil


Viruses (Cucumber mosaic virus, Papaya ringspot virus, Watermelon mosaic virus 2, Zucchini Yellow mosaic virus)

• Monitoring and control of insect vectors.

• Control weeds in and around plantings. This will aid in virus control.

• Treating fields repeatedly for aphid control is not recommended because of the short time period needed by aphids to transmit the virus while feeding.

• Spot-treat aphids only where the disease appears, use acetamiprid, pymetrozine, and imidacloprid.

Long beans , Vainitas/Vigna spp Location: Zaffarraya

Whitefly/Mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci


when it necessary • Control of weeds and host crops • Regular crop monitoring • Application of pesticides: Actara


• In addition to causing direct damage to the bean plant, whitefly is a vector of bean golden mosaic virus.


• Practice integrated crop management. • Host freed periods conserve natural enemies. • Plant away the other whitefly host plants like cucurbits. • Apply pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring

program. • If needed, apply products containing thiamethoxam, Chess

(pymetrozine), Biotech, and Trichoderma spp. Thrips/Thrips palmi • Crop monitoring

• Usage of healthy plants • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary • Control of weeds and host crops • Cleaning and disinfecting the

greenhouse from plants the debris from previous crops.

• Humidity (RH), temperature

• Practice early planting as a control tactic in long bean production.

• Destroy crop residues. • Adult thrips can also be monitored using bright blue sticky

traps. • Establish of a host-free period. • Use resistant varieties. • If needed, apply pesticides in early morning or late afternoon,

when flight activity of thrips is at a peak.




control • Application of pesticides: Actara

(thiametoxam), Drench (Trichoderma harzianum), Spinosad (Sccharopplipora spinosa), Pounce (Permethrin)

• The following insecticides may control thrips: Beauveria bassiana, abamectin, neem extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, potash soap and spinosad.


Leafminers/Minador de la hoja) Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza sativae

• Regular monitoring • Crop rotation • Application of pesticides:

Spinosad (Sccharopplipora spinosa), Trigard (cyromazine), Vermitec (abamectin)

• Destroy vegetation along fence rows and ditch banks surrounding long bean fields to reduce influx of bean leafhoppers.

• Monitor: it is important that farmer inspects the entire area to locate the presence of pests.

• If needed, sprays of abamectin and pyrethrin may be used. • Organic Methods: sprays of azadirachtin (Neemix) and

spinosad are acceptable for use on organically grown produce.

Southern Green Stink Bug/Hiedevivo Nezara viridula

• Crop monitoring before applications.

• Crop rotation. • Application of pesticides: Chess

(pymetrozine), Engeo or Actara (thiamethoxam)

• Use crop rotation. • Monitor developing pods and actively growing shoots, as they

are primary targets. • One of the most essential management tactics is the prompt

destruction of crop residues by removal and composting. • Transplant healthy plants. • Destroy weeds (legumes, thistles, mustards, and mallows)

that are good overwintering hosts for adult stink bugs around fields.

• Organic Methods: Can use kaolin clay & insecticidal soap sprays for use on organically certified produce.

• Can use products containing lambda-cyahalothrin & imidacloprid.


Rust (caused by Uromyces sp.)/Roya

• Crop monitoring • Application of pesticides only

when it necessary. • Usage resistant plants

• Use resistant varieties as an important management tool for bean rust.

• Plant spacing is the most important component of cultural disease management.




• Application of pesticides Amistar (azoxytrobin), Bravo (chlorothalonil)

• Plant in well-drained fields free of low spots that can accumulate water can aid in management of these diseases.

• Rotate with crops that are less susceptible or that must be grown in fumigated, mulched beds.

• If needed, use fungicides containing acibenzolar, fosetyl-aluminum, mefoxonam, neem, tebuconazole, iprodione, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, potassium bicarbonate, and strobilurin.


Guava/Psidium guajava Location: Zaffarraya

Fruitfly Anastrepha sp.

• The guava farmer in DR does not apply pesticides, because guava production is mostly wild varieties around the mountains.

• Prune old leaves and branches and fruits infested • Fruits must be picked before full maturity and harvested three

times a week • Correctly identify the problem; if insect or disease, learn the

life cycle and habits. • Learn to anticipate and prevent problems; reduce plant stress.

Use virus- and whitefly-free transplants. Rotate crops. • Host-free periods conserve natural enemies • Cover the fruits with paper sacs when young (the size of

olive) • Burn or destroy infested crops (could be composted)

Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

• The guava in DR does not apply pesticides, because guava production is mostly wild varieties around the mountains.

• Transplant trays with infected plants should be removed immediately from production sites.

• Workers should disinfest their hands after contact with infected plants.

Leaf Spot (caused by Cercospora spp and Pseudocercospora spp.)

• The guava in DR does not apply pesticides, because guava production is mostly wild varieties around the mountains.

• Use resistant varieties • Use sanitation: prune old leaves, branches. • Crop monitoring is important; farmers should inspect the entire

area in the field to locate the presence of pests. Zapota/Pouteria zapotaLocation: Zaffarraya

This crop is a result of a reforestation program in the Jamao River basin in Provincia Espaillat and Salcedo, so the production is only for harvest. The farmers only report birds, Dullus dominicus and rodents in a minimum scale.

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